Contents^

Table of Contents
date title user score
2025-05-08 11:30:30 Arduino is at work to make bio-based PCBs PaulHoule 69
2025-05-08 16:54:51 Making PyPI's test suite faster rbanffy 101
2025-05-09 20:37:48 Brandon's Semiconductor Simulator dominikh 186
2025-05-09 20:12:36 Stability solution brings carbyne form of carbon closer to practical application westurner 2
2025-05-09 11:57:00 Google launches 'implicit caching' to make accessing latest AI models cheaper rbanffy 4
2025-05-08 11:49:37 Progress toward fusion energy gain as measured against the Lawson criteria sam 232
2025-05-06 11:13:37 Mass spectrometry method identifies pathogens within minutes instead of days pseudolus 136
2025-05-08 09:23:53 Microservices are a tax your startup probably can't afford nexo-v1 307
2025-05-07 22:08:54 Physicists discover an unusual chiral quantum state in a topological material westurner 6
2025-05-04 19:54:17 People are losing loved ones to AI-fueled spiritual fantasies wzm 181
2025-05-06 11:17:11 Musk's xAI in Memphis: 35 gas turbines, no air pollution permits JumpCrisscross 26
2025-05-04 03:13:47 I decided to pay off a school’s lunch debt dredmorbius 587
2025-05-06 11:53:30 A new hairlike electrode for long-term, high-quality EEG monitoring westurner 58
2025-04-22 13:24:27 Nitrogen runoff leads to preventable health outcomes, experts say (2021) westurner 2
2025-04-22 12:46:19 I should have loved biology too nehal96 104
2025-05-02 08:38:35 Trump says Harvard will lose tax exempt status karma_daemon 21
2025-05-02 08:54:24 Show HN: Frecenfile – Instantly rank Git files by edit activity kantord 2
2025-05-01 20:07:23 Felix86: Run x86-64 programs on RISC-V Linux rguiscard 126
2025-04-30 10:49:45 Wikipedia says it will use AI, but not to replace human volunteers thm 79
2025-04-16 17:13:55 Healthy soil is the hidden ingredient gnabgib 254
2025-04-22 11:42:39 Growing from the middle out: An economic model of jobs by and for the heartland hn_acker 4
2025-04-22 13:05:25 Pox: Super-Fast Graphene-Based Flash Memory westurner 2
2025-04-19 14:03:03 String Types Considered Harmful Zen1th 6
2025-04-19 10:42:48 How to Write a Fast Matrix Multiplication from Scratch with Tensor Cores (2024) skidrow 146
2025-04-15 09:10:41 Google Search to redirect its country level TLDs to Google.com lapcat 33
2025-04-19 16:12:32 The Chemistry Trick Poised to Slash Steel's Carbon Footprint westurner 4
2025-04-18 19:29:04 Hypertext TV coloneltcb 228
2025-04-19 07:43:18 Show HN: A VS Code extension to visualise Rust logs in the context of your code arthurgousset 5
2025-04-17 08:26:04 'Cosmic radio' detector could discover dark matter within 15 years rbanffy 34
2025-04-19 13:46:18 High-voltage hydrogel electrolytes enable safe stretchable Li-ion batteries gnabgib 4
2025-04-15 11:42:04 Isolated Execution Environment for eBPF tuananh 20
2025-04-15 04:38:34 Ask HN: Why is there no better protocol support for WiFi captive portals? jgtor 3
2025-04-11 11:25:13 Bilinear interpolation on a quadrilateral using Barycentric coordinates mariuz 143
2025-04-10 11:16:37 Universal photonic artificial intelligence acceleration westurner 14
2025-04-11 09:40:26 Fedora change aims for 99% package reproducibility voxadam 435
2025-04-09 11:26:28 The Mutable OS: Why Isn't Windows Immutable in 2025? ndegruchy 23
2025-04-10 20:15:30 westurner 1
2025-04-09 09:11:50 Man pages are great, man readers are the problem WhyNotHugo 138
2025-04-09 11:48:00 Benzoquinone Anode for All-Organic Long-Cycle Aqueous Proton Batteries westurner 1
2025-04-09 05:38:16 Running CERN httpd 3.0A from 1996 (2022) sysoleg 3
2025-04-09 05:39:04 EngFlow Makes C++ Builds 21x Faster and Software a Lot Safer TheGrizzlyDev 10
2025-04-09 03:41:11 Fixing the Introductory Statistics Curriculum sebg 2
2025-04-08 13:02:40 A step towards life on Mars? Lichens survive Martian simulation in new study westurner 3
2025-04-08 12:42:19 We've outsourced our confirmation biases to search engines PaulHoule 3
2025-04-06 19:06:26 Baby Steps into Genetic Programming todsacerdoti 121
2025-04-06 01:49:32 SELinux on NixOS rosscomputerguy 15
2025-04-06 13:21:54 Max severity RCE flaw discovered in widely used Apache Parquet andy99 174
2025-04-03 08:29:08 A university president makes a case against cowardice pseudolus 468
2025-04-03 08:11:51 InitWare, a portable systemd fork running on BSDs and Linux sunshine-o 167
2025-04-06 13:23:34 Coherent control of a superconducting qubit using light westurner 2
2025-04-06 13:14:47 Deterministic remote entanglement using a chiral quantum interconnect westurner 3
2025-04-01 18:22:46 The state of binary compatibility on Linux and how to address it generichuman 201
2025-04-02 01:36:06 Non-Abelian Anyons and Non-Abelian Vortices in Topological Superconductors westurner 2
2025-04-01 17:58:32 Show HN: Offline SOS signaling+recovery app for disasters/wars nizarmah 163
2025-04-01 18:03:32 I am a solo founder developing this new social media platform shannontkwong 3
2025-03-28 06:28:52 Researchers get spiking neural behavior out of a pair of transistors rbanffy 20
2025-03-31 07:01:50 Compiler Options Hardening Guide for C and C++ pjmlp 232
2025-04-01 14:28:31 Show HN: Make SVGs interactive in React with 1 line shantingHou 54
2025-03-31 10:54:50 Python lock files have officially been standardized ofek 36
2025-03-31 13:42:27 Quantum advantage for learning shallow NNs with natural data distributions westurner 1
2025-03-29 06:12:03 Symmetry between up and down quarks is more broken than expected terminalbraid 87
2025-03-31 12:52:48 Stochastic Reservoir Computers westurner 2
2025-03-31 12:33:09 Glutamate Unlocks Brain Cell Channels to Enable Thinking and Learning westurner 6
2025-03-29 16:02:14 Pixar One Thirty beeflet 3
2025-03-29 16:00:33 Matrix Calculus (For Machine Learning and Beyond) ibobev 183
2025-03-29 02:58:08 Mathematical Compact Models of Advanced Transistors [pdf] nill0 86
2025-03-29 04:27:55 How to report a security issue in an open source project pabs3 10
2025-03-29 15:08:10 Publishers trial paying peer reviewers – what did they find? xqcgrek2 31
2025-03-27 13:05:36 Tracing the thoughts of a large language model Philpax 1071
2025-03-27 08:45:43 Inside arXiv–The Most Transformative Platform in All of Science fprog 92
2025-03-25 10:39:52 Chimpanzees act as 'engineers', choosing materials to make tools docmechanic 93
2025-03-29 12:38:01 Accessible open textbooks in math-heavy disciplines volemo 235
2025-03-28 09:52:58 Getting hit by lightning is good for some tropical trees sohkamyung 141
2025-03-27 13:52:54 Harnessing Quantum Computing for Certified Randomness totaldude87 3
2025-03-24 12:23:56 Fenicsx-beat: Cardiac electrophysiology simulator in FEniCSx westurner 1
2025-03-20 08:13:39 Building and deploying a custom site using GitHub Actions and GitHub Pages linsomniac 54
2025-03-20 13:55:46 AI Supply Chain Attack: How Malicious Pickle Files Backdoor Models jchandra 4
2025-03-22 10:03:37 Ultrafast thermo-optical control of spins in a 2D van der Waals semiconductor westurner 2
2025-03-21 16:16:08 Experimental test of the nonlocal energy alteration between two quantum memories westurner 3
2025-03-20 14:00:10 Conflict-Free Distributed Architecture for Append-Only Writes to Apache Iceberg hackintoshrao 10
2025-03-20 12:27:03 Cement sand substitute made directly from seawater, electricity, and CO2 westurner 4
2025-03-19 14:14:14 Notebooks as reusable Python programs akshayka 117
2025-03-15 15:04:01 Show HN: Aiopandas – Async .apply() and .map() for Pandas, Faster API/LLMs Calls eneuman 62
2025-03-19 22:27:55 Optimization by Decoded Quantum Interferometry westurner 1
2025-03-19 14:42:17 High-fidelity entanglement between telecom photon and room-temp quantum memory westurner 1
2025-03-18 20:04:49 Sound that can bend itself through space, reaching only your ear in a crowd amichail 49
2025-03-13 10:49:06 Did the Particle Go Through the Two Slits, or Did the Wave Function? Tomte 203
2025-03-15 23:45:46 Generate impressive-looking terminal output, look busy when stakeholders walk by riidom 433
2025-03-15 22:40:55 Ask HN: Project Management Class Recommendations? AbstractH24 3
2025-03-15 09:35:58 Directly converting skin cells to brain cells yields 1k% success westurner 2
2025-03-13 18:05:44 Recursion kills: The story behind CVE-2024-8176 in libexpat spyc 161
2025-03-13 15:05:17 The Lost Art of Logarithms ozanonay 566
2025-03-13 22:13:12 Jupyter JEP: AI Representation for tools that interact with notebooks westurner 2
2025-03-13 17:50:32 Datoviz: High-Performance GPU Scientific Visualization Library with Vulkan rossant 6
2025-03-13 16:47:40 High-performance computing, with much less code gnabgib 4
2025-03-13 18:11:02 Proposed Patches Would Allow Using Linux Kernel's Libperf from Python westurner 4
2025-03-13 17:37:14 Beta: Connect your Colab notebooks directly to Kaggle's Jupyter Servers westurner 3
2025-03-13 08:19:21 Is Rust a good fit for business apps? PaulHoule 28
2025-03-13 16:47:08 Trump's Big Bet: Americans Will Tolerate Downturn to Restore Manufacturing voxadam 22
2025-03-12 08:56:01 The DuckDB Local UI xnx 922
2025-03-09 17:02:47 Scientists discover an RNA that repairs DNA damage Jerry2 154
2025-03-12 20:03:38 Supercomputer draws molecular blueprint for repairing damaged DNA westurner 4
2025-03-12 16:25:59 Tunable superconductivity and Hall effect in a transition metal dichalcogenide westurner 4
2025-03-12 15:37:44 D-Wave First to Demonstrate Quantum Supremacy on Useful, Real-World Problem donutloop 5
2025-03-12 13:31:03 Move over graphene Scientists forge bismuthene and host of atoms-thick metals gnabgib 4
2025-03-12 08:08:43 Peer-to-peer file transfers in the browser keepamovin 604
2025-03-11 18:09:11 How to build your own replica of TARS from Interstellar consumer451 2
2025-03-11 18:38:33 Low-power 2D gate-all-around logics via epitaxial monolithic 3D integration westurner 2
2025-03-10 12:56:08 Does Visual Studio rot the mind? (2005) inerte 105
2025-03-10 11:10:07 Cloudflare: New source of randomness just dropped tosh 3
2025-03-09 01:23:02 Stem cell therapy trial reverses "irreversible" damage to cornea 01-_- 224
2025-03-09 20:30:20 If you witness a cardiac arrest, here's what to do colinprince 56
2025-03-01 14:58:33 Ask HN: Optical Tweezers for Neurovascular Resection? westurner 1
2025-03-09 13:04:28 Europe bets once again on RISC-V for supercomputing muxamilian 219
2025-03-08 22:40:51 Online Embedded Rust Simulator kaycebasques 150
2025-03-09 12:31:24 Scientists Confirm the Existence of 'Second Sound' westurner 3
2025-03-05 08:26:55 People Are Paying $5M and $1M to Dine with Donald Trump westurner 13
2025-03-07 06:27:30 AI tools are spotting errors in research papers: inside a growing movement rntn 4
2025-03-07 18:18:45 Covid-19 speeds up artery plaque growth, raising heart disease risk amichail 16
2025-03-01 07:44:40 Asteroid fragments upend theory of how life on Earth bloomed bookofjoe 101
2025-03-04 12:04:17 Launch HN: Enhanced Radar (YC W25) – A safety net for air traffic control kristian1109 166
2025-03-04 19:06:14 NASA uses GPS on the moon for the first time geox 7
2025-03-04 22:32:30 New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-Qubit Processor westurner 2
2025-03-04 21:18:21 Integrated sensing and communication based on space-time-coding metasurfaces westurner 40
2025-03-03 13:45:42 How the U.K. broke its own economy speckx 291
2025-03-04 09:20:22 Live Updates: China and Canada Retaliate Against New Trump Tariffs westurner 12
2025-03-01 15:07:43 IKEA registered a Matter-over-Thread temperature sensor with the FCC thunderbong 12
2025-03-02 14:25:36 Nanoscale spin rectifiers for harvesting ambient radiofrequency energy westurner 2
2025-03-02 11:18:44 Ask HN: Where are the good Markdown to PDF tools (that meet these requirements)? SamCoding 41
2025-03-02 12:00:30 Understanding Smallpond and 3FS mritchie712 262
2025-02-28 07:38:46 SEC Declares Memecoins Are Not Subject to Oversight wslh 102
2025-02-19 06:03:27 PEP 486 – Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments (2015) okl 18
2025-03-01 12:38:43 GSA Eliminates 18F patcon 529
2025-02-28 18:20:38 Inheriting is becoming nearly as important as working pseudolus 678
2025-03-01 13:41:39 Musk ally is moving to close office behind free tax filing program at IRS rntn 91
2025-02-28 23:59:45 Hash Denial-of-Service Attack in Multiple QUIC Implementations weinzierl 4
2025-03-01 10:38:11 Photonic Lightsails Are Our Best Shot at Reaching Another Star westurner 5
2025-02-24 09:06:16 Electric Propulsion Magnets Ready for Space Tests sohkamyung 106
2025-02-28 10:33:39 Violence alters human genes for generations, researchers discover gudzpoz 443
2025-02-27 23:26:52 Surgery implants tooth material in eye as scaffolding for lens qkeast 152
2025-02-28 11:18:34 Medical treatments devised for war can quickly be implemented in US hospitals PaulHoule 30
2025-02-28 06:47:52 Netboot Windows 11 with iSCSI and iPXE terinjokes 194
2025-02-26 16:19:17 Elephant in the room: Quantum computers will destroy Bitcoin r33b33 4
2025-02-28 10:04:43 An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression westurner 32
2025-02-27 17:28:49 IBM completes acquisition of HashiCorp ahurmazda 488
2025-02-26 17:02:15 Jeff Bezos' revamp of 'Washington Post' opinions leads editor to quit layer8 288
2025-02-26 22:43:21 Should Type Theory (HoTT) Replace (ZFC) Set Theory as the Foundation of Math? westurner 2
2025-02-27 10:02:39 Show HN: Probly – Spreadsheets, Python, and AI in the browser tobiadefami 171
2025-02-27 00:10:24 A Systematic Review of Quantum Computing in Finance and Blockchains westurner 1
2025-02-26 23:38:05 lakis 9
2025-02-26 04:57:23 The FFT Strikes Back: An Efficient Alternative to Self-Attention iNic 456
2025-02-26 20:39:25 Intel, Synopsys, TSMC All Unveil Record Memory Densities nill0 4
2025-02-21 20:33:04 Ask HN: Who's been picking up trade deals due to US tariff threats? westurner 4
2025-02-26 13:36:51 The need for memory safety standards todsacerdoti 124
2025-02-26 15:22:22 Piezoelectric Catalyst Destroys Forever Chemicals abe94 5
2025-02-26 12:19:59 History of interactive theorem proving [pdf] nill0 2
2025-02-26 11:08:56 New type of microscopy based on quantum sensors lukan 5
2025-02-25 18:27:18 Show HN: jsonblog-schema – a JSON schema for making your blog from one file thomasfromcdnjs 2
2025-02-22 07:23:56 How core Git developers configure Git chmaynard 317
2025-02-24 13:09:19 Ggwave: Tiny Data-over-Sound Library LorenDB 284
2025-02-25 17:27:39 Missouri woman pleads guilty to federal charge in plot to sell Graceland westurner 2
2025-02-25 07:42:22 Trump Plans to Liquidate Public Lands to Finance Sovereign Wealth Fund throw0101c 8
2025-02-25 06:50:29 US court upholds Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes's conviction stevekemp 79
2025-02-25 12:37:07 Hard problems that reduce to document ranking noperator 318
2025-02-25 01:46:01 Nixon's Revolutionary Vision for American Governance (2017) walterbell 1
2025-02-24 06:46:36 The Wrongs of Thomas More robinhouston 127
2025-02-24 11:11:06 Larry Ellison's half-billion-dollar quest to change farming nradov 170
2025-02-24 14:59:43 Brewing tea removes lead from water geox 16
2025-02-21 17:22:59 Aqueous-based recycling of perovskite photovoltaics PaulHoule 26
2025-02-20 13:49:29 Show HN: Benchmarking VLMs vs. Traditional OCR themanmaran 146
2025-02-22 21:25:51 Making any integer with four 2s LorenDB 367
2025-02-22 05:30:25 The foundations of America's prosperity are being dismantled westurner 5
2025-02-19 20:00:49 Flu deaths surpass Covid deaths nationwide for first time geox 7
2025-02-21 19:56:49 malshe 18
2025-02-21 14:01:59 General Reasoning: Free, open resource for building large reasoning models rglover 88
2025-02-21 15:22:57 Show HN: Slime OS – An open-source app launcher for RP2040 based devices abeisgreat 154
2025-02-21 03:45:25 Sodium-ion EV battery breakthrough pushes performance to theoretical limits Ozarkian 11
2025-02-14 06:38:34 3.5M Voters Were Purged During 2024 Presidential Election [video] westurner 10
2025-02-19 23:23:54 Show HN: ArXiv-txt, LLM-friendly ArXiv papers jerpint 22
2025-02-19 22:54:59 The Raspberry Pi RP2040 Gets a Surprise Speed Boost, Unlocks an Official 200MHz todsacerdoti 36
2025-02-18 23:49:46 "Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies" – Executive Order martialg 715
2025-02-18 18:29:17 Show HN: Subtrace – Wireshark for Docker Containers adtac 369
2025-02-18 09:57:09 Show HN: Scripton – Python IDE with built-in realtime visualizations nightcraft 449
2025-02-18 00:25:05 SWE-Lancer: a benchmark of freelance software engineering tasks from Upwork zone411 111
2025-02-18 14:26:33 Nuclear fusion: WEST beats the world record for plasma duration mpweiher 491
2025-02-18 10:46:20 Qualys Security Advisory: MitM and DoS attacks against OpenSSH client and server mkeeter 4
2025-02-18 11:08:20 Catalytic computing taps the full power of a full hard drive sonabinu 80
2025-02-17 16:59:14 Setting up a trusted, self-signed SSL/TLS certificate authority in Linux previnder 142
2025-02-15 14:36:31 New technique generates topological structures with gravity water waves bryanrasmussen 57
2025-02-18 06:23:26 LightGBM Predict on Pandas DataFrame – Column Order Matters pplonski86 1
2025-02-16 03:33:47 670nm red light exposure improved aged mitochondrial function, colour vision walterbell 333
2025-02-17 16:41:50 Why is there an increase in lung cancer among women who have never smoked? PaulHoule 3
2025-02-17 17:59:07 Ask HN: What are people's experiences with knowledge graphs? swilliams231 3
2025-02-17 16:17:09 CodeWeavers Hiring More Developers to Work on Wine and Valve's Proton speckx 58
2025-02-16 17:38:14 Opposing arrows of time can theoretically emerge from certain quantum systems jnord 96
2025-02-17 09:48:03 Quantum Computing Notes: Why Is It Always Ten Years Away? – Usenix rbanffy 2
2025-02-17 08:02:46 Fluoxetine promotes metabolic defenses to protect from sepsis-induced lethality bookofjoe 148
2025-02-15 15:24:13 NASA has a list of 10 rules for software development vyrotek 374
2025-02-16 16:14:22 Physics Informed Neural Networks nchagnet 96
2025-02-14 17:36:31 We were wrong about GPUs mxstbr 921
2025-02-15 17:33:27 Surely you must be joking, Jupyter notebooks with Ruby [video] mooreds 5
2025-02-13 19:04:48 What if Eye...? smusamashah 414
2025-02-13 03:38:13 Learning fast and accurate absolute pitch judgment in adulthood dr_dshiv 174
2025-02-05 17:30:08 I Applied Wavelet Transforms to AI and Found Hidden Structure bostick101 9
2025-02-13 18:52:32 The OBS Project is threatening Fedora Linux with legal action TheFreim 295
2025-02-13 16:29:46 Are Drinking Straws Dangerous? (2017) westurner 1
2025-02-12 19:24:08 Why cryptography is not based on NP-complete problems blintz 120
2025-02-09 06:53:31 Storytelling lessons I learned from Steve Jobs (2022) tosh 226
2025-02-12 16:15:26 Ask HN: Ideas for Business Cards moneroloop2018 7
2025-02-12 14:16:29 Transformer is a holographic associative memory percy1234 4
2025-02-12 11:39:35 Goedel-Prover: A Frontier Model for Open-Source Automated Theorem Proving [pdf] bikenaga 6
2025-02-10 14:24:42 The return of the buffalo is reviving portions of the ecosystem geox 66
2025-02-10 03:30:54 The state of Rust trying to catch up with Ada [video] pjmlp 170
2025-02-09 13:59:12 Daily omega-3 fatty acids may help human organs stay young gmays 143
2025-02-04 13:24:31 Show HN: Play with real quantum physics in your browser mattvr 156
2025-02-08 12:57:49 Universal validity of the second law of information thermodynamics westurner 2
2025-02-06 16:18:41 AI datasets have human values blind spots − new research rntn 3
2025-02-06 14:03:50 Microsoft Go 1.24 FIPS changes ingve 85
2025-02-06 13:48:05 Show HN: An API that takes a URL and returns a file with browser screenshots gkamer8 208
2025-02-06 11:44:21 The superconductivity of layered graphene westurner 134
2025-02-06 11:35:55
2025-02-05 17:46:59 Show HN: PulseBeam – Simplify WebRTC by Staying Serverless lherman 15
2025-02-06 03:09:42 Elon Musk proposes putting the U.S. Treasury on blockchain for full transparency rmason 14
2025-02-05 13:56:55 Revolutionizing software testing: Introducing LLM-powered bug catchers nadis 7
2025-02-05 10:38:21 OpenWISP: Multi-device fleet management for OpenWrt routers zdw 93
2025-02-04 17:19:49 Calculating Pi in 5 lines of Python swagasaurus-rex 1
2025-02-04 20:22:47 Eco-friendly artificial muscle fibers can produce and store energy PaulHoule 2
2025-02-04 19:15:59 Harmonic Loss Trains Interpretable AI Models lemonfever 4
2025-02-04 16:13:30 Government planned it 7 years, beavers built a dam in 2 days and saved $1M croes 229
2025-02-04 17:29:48 Oracle justified its JavaScript trademark with Node.js–now it wants that ignored healsdata 631
2025-02-04 08:39:12 Build your own SQLite, Part 4: reading tables metadata thunderbong 135
2025-01-31 13:47:13 ArXiv LaTeX Cleaner: Clean the LaTeX code of your paper to submit to ArXiv t55 103
2025-02-04 12:43:33 Quantum Bayesian Inference with Renormalization for Gravitational Waves westurner 3
2025-02-03 20:56:40 Can Large Language Models Emulate Judicial Decision-Making? [Paper] shivamsaran 1
2025-02-03 21:46:06 Homotopy Type Theory leoh 3
2025-02-03 09:30:11 I Wrote a WebAssembly VM in C irreducible 331
2025-02-03 18:41:00 US bill proposes jail time for people who download DeepSeek soundworlds 496
2025-02-02 14:29:45 Waydroid – Android in a Linux container birdculture 520
2025-02-03 02:58:48 37D boundary of quantum correlations with a time-domain optical processor westurner 1
2025-02-01 16:39:03 New thermogalvanic tech paves way for more efficient fridges westurner 91
2025-02-02 17:15:30 Emergence of a second law of thermodynamics in isolated quantum systems westurner 132
2025-02-01 22:19:36 Polarization-dependent photoluminescence of Ce-implanted MgO and MgAl2O4 westurner 12
2025-01-28 18:14:03 3D scene reconstruction in adverse weather conditions via Gaussian splatting PaulHoule 53
2025-02-01 10:41:08 Large Language Models for Mathematicians (2023) t55 89
2025-01-31 11:26:37 Large language models think too fast to explore effectively bikenaga 118
2025-01-31 22:37:05 Ask HN: Percent of employees that benefit financially from equity offers? rickcarlino 27
2025-01-31 22:36:59 Ultra-fast picosecond real-time observation of optical quantum entanglement westurner 3
2025-01-30 10:54:26 Recipe Database with Semantic Search on Digital Ocean's Smallest VM tomato_basil 2
2025-01-24 07:33:08 Moiré-driven topological electronic crystals in twisted graphene westurner 1
2025-01-29 06:52:02 Adding concurrent read/write to DuckDB with Arrow Flight mritchie712 94
2025-01-29 12:56:51 "We're building a new static type checker for Python" shlomo_z 356
2025-01-29 23:25:19 Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art and Future Vision westurner 2
2025-01-29 14:29:44 Tapping into the natural aromatic potential of microbial lignin valorization rolph 2
2025-01-29 14:17:41 Freezing CPU intensive background tabs in Chrome fdoray 2
2025-01-29 13:33:34 X/Freedesktop.org Encounters New Cloud Crisis: Needs New Infrastructure speckx 5
2025-01-29 09:29:50 DOT rips up US fuel efficiency regulations [pdf] belter 3
2025-01-28 19:20:15 DeepSeek's AI breakthrough bypasses industry-standard CUDA, uses PTX pseudolus 136
2025-01-29 10:02:27 Servers and data centers could use 30% less energy with a simple Linux update westurner 2
2025-01-21 11:20:18 Concept cells help your brain abstract information and build memories headalgorithm 147
2025-01-28 08:28:40 Show HN: Design/build of some parametric speaker cabinets with OpenSCAD naggie 66
2025-01-28 16:09:29 Plant-based alternative for harmful algal bloom mitigation discovered westurner 1
2025-01-25 18:27:11 Tool touted as 'first AI software engineer' is bad at its job, testers claim amichail 119
2025-01-24 07:32:15 Superconducting e-structure of CuAl2-type transition-metal zirconide Fe1-xNixZr2 westurner 2
2025-01-22 19:04:25 Nanoscale imaging and control of altermagnetism in MnTe westurner 1
2025-01-22 10:25:32 Show HN: Stratoshark, a sibling application to Wireshark geraldcombs 321
2025-01-21 13:12:34 MIT Unveils New Robot Insect, Paving the Way Toward Rise of Robotic Pollinators bookofjoe 49
2025-01-21 13:03:36 Show HN: Pytest-evals – Simple LLM apps evaluation using pytest almogbaku 13
2025-01-13 22:32:27 Laser technique measures distances with nanometre precision westurner 39
2025-01-18 08:14:15 Show HN: Terraform Provider for Inexpensive Switches brennoo 90
2025-01-17 15:00:30 Optimizing Jupyter Notebooks for LLMs alexmolas 32
2025-01-11 07:35:27 Ask HN: Next Gen, Slow, Heavy Lift Firefighting Aircraft Specs? westurner 2
2025-01-16 21:39:04 Imaging Group and Phase Velocities of THz Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Graphene westurner 2
2025-01-10 16:42:54 Reversible computing escapes the lab jasondavies 275
2025-01-12 14:42:38 Customasm – An assembler for custom, user-defined instruction sets zdw 73
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2024-06-12 11:01:30 Python wheel filenames have no canonical form woodruffw 60
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2023-09-08 12:10:55 Maybe Rust isn’t a good tool for massively concurrent, userspace software mrkline 704
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2023-09-04 18:51:41 Multiple Notepad++ Flaws Let Attackers Execute Arbitrary Code goplayoutside 83
2023-09-04 10:13:00 Wayland does not support screen savers bobse 58
2023-09-02 13:08:46 Recursively summarizing enables long-term dialogue memory in LLMs PaulHoule 273
2023-09-01 15:44:10 Space travel via tether between asteroids osivertsson 103
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2023-09-01 11:59:41 Police Seized Innocent Peoples Property, Kept It for Years. What Will SCOTUS Do? wahnfrieden 218
2023-08-31 07:51:19 NASA officials sound alarm over future of the Deep Space Network bpierre 214
2023-08-31 13:00:22 Teaching with AI todsacerdoti 452
2023-08-31 10:24:35 Smaller, more versatile antenna could be a communications game-changer westurner 2
2023-08-29 05:13:14 Secure Boot on ESP32 Platforms pdubouilh 67
2023-08-30 15:40:49 SELinux in Linux 6.6 Removes References to Its Origins at the US NSA profwalkstr 10
2023-08-29 00:57:35 How to share a NumPy array between processes jasonb05 67
2023-08-27 01:51:10 Ubus (OpenWrt micro bus architecture) todsacerdoti 113
2023-08-27 15:51:10 Show HN: RISC-V Linux Terminal emulated via WASM edubart 5
2023-08-27 14:58:19 MOOC: Reducing Internet Latency: Why and How osivertsson 3
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2023-08-22 13:56:52 Asyncio, twisted, tornado, gevent walk into a bar BiteCode_dev 195
2023-08-25 08:25:59 Show HN: PlotAI – Create Plots in Python and Matplotlib with LLM pplonski86 51
2023-08-23 19:39:11 Princeton ‘AI Snake Oil’ authors say GenAI hype has ‘spiraled out of control’ CharlesW 110
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2023-08-23 15:38:28 H.R.2673 – American Innovation and R&D Competitiveness Act of 2023 ebolyen 4
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2023-08-22 13:41:04 Physicists use a 350-year-old theorem to reveal new properties of light waves westurner 6
2023-08-22 13:39:38 Artificial intelligence is ineffective and potentially harmful for fact checking anigbrowl 1
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2023-08-20 19:01:31 Cell therapy repairs cornea damage with patient's stem cells gives trial results wglb 177
2023-08-20 07:00:55 All of Physics in 9 Lines harperlee 199
2023-08-19 09:48:16 Neuroscientists successfully test theory that forgetting is a form of learning gardenfelder 26
2023-08-18 10:00:55 Sargablock: Bricks from Seaweed thunderbong 168
2023-08-15 19:39:30 Bali rice experiment cuts greenhouse gas emissions and increases yields PaulHoule 263
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2023-08-13 17:49:45 Karpathy's llama2.c ported to pure Python atairov 6
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2023-08-10 09:56:24 Do Machine Learning Models Memorize or Generalize? 1wheel 436
2023-08-10 09:48:39 MetaGPT: Meta Programming for Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework Anon84 148
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2023-08-02 11:36:31 Open-sourcing AudioCraft: Generative AI for audio iyaja 905
2023-07-31 11:59:02 An open-source, free circuit simulator jerryjerryjerry 157
2023-07-31 07:56:06 Researchers create open-source platform for Neural Radiance Field development geox 80
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2023-08-01 11:52:57 A room-temperature superconductor? New developments nneonneo 1215
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2023-07-29 21:36:08 Blockchain company is granted a patent for a room-temperature superconductor dmitrybrant 12
2023-07-28 22:24:51 LPython: Novel, Fast, Retargetable Python Compiler fgfm 265
2023-07-28 17:07:17 Intent to approve PEP 703: making the GIL optional pablogsal 477
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2023-07-22 19:04:00 Why SQLite does not use Git (2018) 1vuio0pswjnm7 314
2023-07-25 12:13:15 Wireless charging technique boosts long-distance efficiency to 80% giuliomagnifico 1
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2023-07-18 16:26:23 Cython 3.0 Released ngoldbaum 221
2023-07-16 08:35:45 A PostgreSQL Docker container that automatically upgrades your database justinclift 198
2023-07-15 21:00:37 New study gives clues on why exercise helps with inflammation lxm 147
2023-07-15 19:33:11 A third of North America’s birds have vanished geox 554
2023-07-14 12:18:59 Building a safer FIDO2 key with privilege separation and WebAssembly bkettle 94
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2023-07-14 21:59:47 Ziplm: Gzip-Backed Language Model todsacerdoti 244
2023-07-12 17:11:03 Google now requires and lists phone number in Play Store listings clumsysmurf 79
2023-07-11 04:41:22 SUSE is forking RHEL rdpintqogeogsaa 552
2023-07-08 06:50:37 Experiments with plane-filling curves and Fourier transform pyinstallwoes 106
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2023-07-07 04:41:58 List of Unix binaries that can be used to bypass local security restrictions janisz 193
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2023-07-08 01:30:12 Google to explore alternatives to robots.txt skilled 116
2023-07-08 08:18:46 If PEP 703 is accepted, Meta can commit three engineer-years to no-GIL CPython bratao 656
2023-07-07 04:58:32 32“ E Ink screen that displays daily newspapers on your wall (2021) alexandernl 431
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2023-07-04 06:26:55 An Architectural Overview of QNX (1992) [pdf] lproven 191
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2023-07-03 03:06:02 Show HN: Python can make 3M+ WebSocket keys per second cprogrammer1994 83
2023-07-02 21:36:17 Quart is an async Python web microframework kristianpaul 30
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2023-07-02 16:59:10 Automated CPU Design with AI skilled 95
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2023-07-01 09:00:17 VUDA: A Vulkan Implementation of CUDA tormeh 313
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2023-07-01 08:07:34 GitHub's Copilot may lead to global $1.5T GDP boost pseudolus 2
2023-06-30 04:44:41 Atom feed format was born 20 years ago mrzool 271
2023-06-27 12:43:12 Patterns of Distributed Systems (2022) eclectic29 235
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2023-06-28 03:12:00 What your typical Linux system looked like in 2003. We've come so far mariuz 25
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2023-06-26 10:12:27 I'm Done with Red Hat (Enterprise Linux) stargrave 519
2023-06-23 14:54:07 Playing sounds of healthy coral on reefs makes fish return (2019) thinkingemote 89
2023-06-23 12:06:21 EU Advocate General: Technical Standards must be freely available [pdf] layer8 432
2023-06-25 03:50:11 Everything that uses configuration files should report where they're located ingve 1743
2023-06-24 17:52:54 Ask HN: Did studying proof based math topics make you a better programmer? jobhdez 30
2023-06-24 06:12:37 Decades-long bet on consciousness ends mellosouls 158
2023-06-21 16:38:22 Notice of Intent to Amend the Prescription Drug List: Vitamin D (2020) walterbell 66
2023-06-23 21:29:10 Gas Is Here to Stay for Decades, Say Fossil Fuel Heavyweights upxx 7
2023-06-21 16:58:39 Diaphora: an open-source program diffing IDA plugin DyslexicAtheist 122
2023-06-23 12:00:09 Removing official support for Red Hat enterprise Linux petercooper 166
2023-06-22 06:10:10 Unexpected downsides of UUID keys in PostgreSQL alexzeitler 243
2023-06-13 10:21:02 Hackers can steal cryptographic keys by video-recording power LEDs 60 feet away rntn 123
2023-06-17 00:19:23 Reddit 1.0 was written in Lisp newsoul 217
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2023-06-18 12:18:36 Mars Declared Unsafe For Humans: No one can survive for longer than four years birriel 33
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2023-06-06 23:52:48 Royal Navy says quantum navigation test a success ninacomputer 430
2023-06-09 16:26:33 Apple should pull the plug on the iPhone (2007) shadowtree 70
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2023-06-06 21:53:25 The Open-Source Software in Our Pockets Needs Our Help thunderbong 2
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2023-06-01 08:13:53 New open-source datasets for music-based development aerozol 125
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2023-06-01 19:06:08 WebNN: Web Neural Network API born-jre 5
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2023-05-22 13:27:05 Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages crakenzak 705
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2023-05-19 16:42:43 PyTorch for WebGPU mighdoll 200
2023-05-17 20:37:47 Tell HN: The next generation of videogames will be great with midjourney asdadsdad 2
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2023-05-14 14:40:04 The Simplest Universal Turing Machine Is Proved bpierre 6
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2023-05-13 16:56:34 Matter Raspberry Pi GPIO Commander – Turn Your Pi into a Matter Lighting Device sowbug 43
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2023-05-10 06:42:11 Researchers craft a fully edible battery GlumWoodpecker 60
2023-05-10 02:52:12 MSG is the most misunderstood ingredient of the century. That’s finally changing DamonHD 11
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2023-05-10 14:10:32 Loophole-free Bell inequality violation with superconducting circuits rntn 6
2023-05-09 09:19:04 Show HN: Mineo.app – Better Python Notebooks diegogm934 60
2023-05-10 17:30:45 Google will label fake images created with its A.I mfiguiere 25
2023-05-10 08:20:05 Tell HN: We should start to add “ai.txt” as we do for “robots.txt” Jeannen 562
2023-05-09 13:15:04 Language models can explain neurons in language models mfiguiere 688
2023-05-10 04:30:03 IPyflow: Reactive Python Notebooks in Jupyter(Lab) smacke 186
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2023-05-09 10:17:03 Health advisory on social media use in adolescence pseudolus 230
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2023-05-06 14:47:32 Ask HN: Did anyone ever create GitLaw? robertn702 2
2023-05-06 05:15:44 Show HN: ReRender AI - Realistic Architectural Renders for AutoCAD/Blender Users eddieweng 50
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2023-04-30 04:23:13 Latex users are slower than Word users and make more errors (2014) sieste 5
2023-05-03 07:57:25 The skills gap for Fortran looms large in HPC rbanffy 83
2023-05-01 22:39:35 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide asicsp 386
2023-04-21 13:29:43 xPrize Wildfire – $11M Prize Competition TheBlapse 73
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2023-04-26 09:33:18 Stanford, Harvard data science no more MauiWarrior 23
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2023-04-23 06:53:02 Twitter drops “Government-funded”/“state-affiliated“ from NPR, BBC, RT, Xinhua moose_man 10
2023-04-19 17:02:26 Physicists discover that gravity can create light wglb 232
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2023-04-19 21:59:48 Only one pair of distinct positive integers satisfy the equation m^n = n^m keithmcnulty 526
2023-04-15 10:33:43 Show HN: IPython-GPT, a Jupyter/IPython Interface to Chat GPT santiagobasulto 144
2023-04-20 13:20:43 Building a ChatGPT-enhanced Python REPL synergy20 103
2023-04-20 15:49:14 When you buy a book, you can loan it to anyone – a judge says libraries can’t leotravis10 99
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2023-04-13 09:50:04 A new approach to computation reimagines artificial intelligence theafh 73
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2023-04-11 11:09:03 California DMV wants to issue car titles as NFTs mmoustafa 26
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2023-04-09 09:46:55 Twitter Is Blocking Likes and Retweets that Mention Substack camjohnson26 223
2023-04-08 13:50:43 PEP 684 was accepted – Per-interpreter GIL in Python 3.12 bratao 75
2023-04-05 23:27:00 Detection of Common Cold from Speech Signals Using Deep Neural Network mfiguiere 4
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2023-03-30 15:48:52 RFdiffusion: Diffusion model generates protein backbones jajoosam 114
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2023-03-24 01:28:58 We updated our RSA SSH host key todsacerdoti 1262
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2023-02-24 12:41:50 U.S. corn-based ethanol worse for the climate than gasoline, study finds Brajeshwar 466
2023-02-25 16:09:50 SymPy makes math fun again okaleniuk 323
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2023-03-02 13:34:45 Show HN: Mathesar – open-source collaborative UI for Postgres databases kgodey 281
2023-02-24 09:32:28 Portable low-field MRI scanners could revolutionize medical imaging bookofjoe 46
2023-02-28 03:37:13 First Law of Thermodynamics Breakthrough Upends Equilibrium Theory in Physics isaacfrond 6
2023-02-25 00:40:34 The Missing Semester of Your CS Education saikatsg 1020
2023-02-15 04:17:28 DeepMind has open-sourced the heart of AlphaGo and AlphaZero mariuz 328
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2023-02-22 21:50:25 Vikings went to Mediterranean for ‘summer jobs’ as mercenaries, left graffiti dxs 289
2023-02-22 14:47:44 Social media is a cause, not a correlate, of mental illness in teen girls anigbrowl 1141
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2023-02-08 07:16:44 New neural network architecture inspired by neural system of a worm burrito_brain 218
2023-02-15 13:09:45 Scientists find first evidence that black holes are the source of dark energy qwertyuiop_ 46
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2023-02-13 15:57:33 Let Teenagers Sleep LinuxBender 589
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2023-02-09 23:02:01 The Rust Implementation of GNU Coreutils Is Becoming Remarkably Robust sdht0 223
2023-02-07 21:09:43 DIY 1,500W solar power electric bike (2022) lxm 103
2023-02-07 17:56:32 Actors Say They’re Being Asked to Sign Away Their Voice to AI leotravis10 70
2023-02-07 13:16:12 Why do we create modern desktop GUI apps using HTML/CSS/JavaScript? (2022) airstrike 140
2023-02-06 00:54:20 Ask HN: Advice from people who strength train from home optbuild 62
2023-02-03 16:54:55 Show HN: DocsGPT, open-source documentation assistant, fully aware of libraries sadrobin 255
2023-02-02 19:19:15 Show HN: I turned my microeconomics textbook into a chatbot with GPT-3 mnkm 51
2023-02-01 16:49:50 ChatGPT is a bullshit generator but it can still be amazingly useful 1vuio0pswjnm7 193
2023-01-30 07:40:08 Sh1mmer – An exploit capable of unenrolling enterprise-managed Chromebooks XionXIV 223
2023-01-30 10:32:30 When Will Fusion Energy Light Our Homes? Brajeshwar 29
2023-01-31 14:56:39 Tell HN: GitHub will delete your private repo if you lose access to the original baobabKoodaa 530
2023-01-29 20:19:22 The Qubit Game (2022) westurner 1
2023-01-29 03:40:59 Calculators now emulated at Internet Archive sohkamyung 311
2023-01-29 19:51:26 Machine Learning for Fluid Dynamics Playlist westurner 3
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2023-01-26 21:44:37 MusicLM: Generating music from text georgehill 287
2023-01-26 18:18:24 SQLAlchemy 2.0 Released zzzeek 262
2023-01-25 12:12:17 Show HN: A script to test whether a program breaks without network access woodruffw 11
2023-01-24 07:44:51 Certified 100% AI-free organic content artpi 291
2023-01-23 14:12:30 An incomplete guide to stealth addresses DocFeind 116
2023-01-21 22:48:10 Do Large Language Models learn world models or just surface statistics? danboarder 286
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2023-01-20 23:41:29 Google Calls in Help from Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight signa11 43
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2020-03-26 02:53:34 A Visual Debugger for Jupyter sandGorgon 197
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2020-01-14 06:07:53 BlackRock CEO: Climate Crisis Will Reshape Finance vo2maxer 13
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2019-12-21 07:55:04 Free and Open-Source Mathematics Textbooks vo2maxer 321
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2019-12-10 12:05:36 Applications Are Now Open for YC Startup School – Starts in January erohead 48
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2019-10-09 00:17:45 $6B United Nations Agency Launches Bitcoin, Ethereum Crypto Fund zed88 8
2019-10-08 16:03:02 Timsort, the Python sorting algorithm alexchamberlain 407
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2019-10-04 11:15:12 Streamlit: Turn a Python script into an interactive data analysis tool danicgross 467
2019-09-23 16:43:51 Scott’s Supreme Quantum Supremacy FAQ xmmrm 600
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2019-09-23 03:00:38 Serverless: slower and more expensive kiyanwang 1787
2019-09-22 17:32:04 Entropy can be used to understand systems acgan 3
2019-09-18 07:24:36 New Query Language for Graph Databases to Become International Standard Anon84 290
2019-09-21 13:21:03 A Python Interpreter Written in Python nnnmnten 2
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2019-09-19 20:00:14 Craftsmanship–The Alternative to the 4 Hour Work Week oglowo3 4
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2019-08-30 15:42:12 Non-root containers, Kubernetes CVE-2019-11245 and why you should care zelivans 8
2019-08-25 23:49:46 How do black holes destroy information and why is that a problem? sohkamyung 195
2019-08-25 09:48:11 Banned C standard library functions in Git source code susam 502
2019-08-25 10:01:30 Ask HN: What's the hardest thing to secure in a web-app? juansgaitan 7
2019-08-22 01:29:43 Crystal growers who sparked a revolution in graphene electronics sohkamyung 85
2019-08-22 16:27:43 Things to Know About GNU Readline matt_d 204
2019-08-22 16:16:41 Show HN: Termpage – Build a webpage that behaves like a terminal brisky 5
2019-08-21 22:49:19 Vimer - Avoid multiple instances of GVim with gvim –remote[-tab]-silent wrapper grepgeek 6
2019-08-22 16:06:27 Electric Dump Truck Produces More Energy Than It Uses mreome 3
2019-08-21 17:34:53 Ask HN: Let's make an open source/free SaaS platform to tackle school forms busymichael 12
2019-08-21 14:18:17 Ask HN: Is there a CRUD front end for databases (especially SQLite)? Tomte 2
2019-08-20 06:43:31 California approves solar-powered EV charging network and electric school buses elorant 15
2019-08-17 10:58:03 You May Be Better Off Picking Stocks at Random, Study Finds Vaslo 146
2019-08-12 08:15:23 Root: CERN's scientific data analysis framework for C++ z3phyr 137
2019-08-13 02:09:30 MesaPy: A Memory-Safe Python Implementation based on PyPy (2018) ospider 119
2019-08-11 16:22:30 Ask HN: Configuration Management for Personal Computer? jacquesm 197
2019-08-08 13:11:06 GitHub Actions now supports CI/CD, free for public repositories dstaheli 680
2019-08-05 17:19:30 The Fed is getting into the Real-Time payments business apo 96
2019-07-08 15:26:38 A Giant Asteroid of Gold Won’t Make Us Richer pseudolus 92
2019-07-08 10:52:06 Abusing the PHP Query String Parser to Bypass IDS, IPS, and WAF lelf 92
2019-06-28 14:23:33 Ask HN: Scripts/commands for extracting URL article text? (links -dump but) WCityMike 1
2019-07-02 11:02:08 NPR's Guide to Hypothesis-Driven Design for Editorial Projects danso 101
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2019-06-21 00:18:36 Wind-Powered Car Travels Downwind Faster Than the Wind J253 5
2019-06-13 19:39:58 NOAA upgrades the U.S. global weather forecast model mehrdadn 214
2019-06-12 08:16:17 A plan to change how Harvard teaches economics carlosgg 116
2019-06-12 17:41:58 The New York Times course to teach its reporters data skills is now open-source espeed 423
2019-06-11 10:21:59 No Kings: How Do You Make Good Decisions Efficiently in a Flat Organization? eugenegamma 743
2019-06-01 23:13:28 4 Years of College, $0 in Debt: How Some Countries Make Education Affordable pseudolus 2
2019-05-26 10:16:10 Ask HN: What jobs can a software engineer take to tackle climate change? envfriendly 67
2019-05-23 12:59:05 YC's request for startups: Government 2.0 simonebrunozzi 194
2019-05-23 13:52:23 Almost 40% of Americans Would Struggle to Cover a $400 Emergency Geeek 112
2019-05-19 16:01:51 Congress should grow the Digital Services budget, it more than pays for itself rmason 68
2019-05-20 01:20:05 The Trillion-Dollar Annual Interest Payment westurner 2
2019-05-15 07:09:29 Oak, a Free and Open Certificate Transparency Log dankohn1 143
2019-05-14 09:36:21 Death rates from energy production per TWh peter_retief 122
2019-05-11 22:37:32 Use links not keys to represent relationships in APIs sarego 342
2019-05-09 23:49:28 No Python in Red Hat Linux 8? jandeboevrie 19
2019-05-06 09:16:47 JMAP: A modern, open email protocol okket 307
2019-05-09 14:51:33 Grid Optimization Competition zeristor 2
2019-05-02 16:11:54 Blockchain's present opportunity: data interchange standardization ivoras 2
2019-04-30 12:45:38 Ask HN: Value of “Shares of Stock options” when joining a startup cdeveloper 5
2019-04-28 13:46:48 CMU Computer Systems: Self-Grading Lab Assignments (2018) georgecmu 205
2019-04-28 14:50:29 Show HN: Debugging-Friendly Tracebacks for Python cknd 121
2019-04-28 07:41:27 Why isn't 1 a prime number? gpvos 273
2019-04-28 07:26:37 How do we know when we’ve fallen in love? (2016) rohmanhakim 157
2019-04-27 21:50:58 Rare and strange ICD-10 codes zdw 68
2019-04-20 15:10:14 Python Requests III maximilianroos 19
2019-04-17 09:43:04 Post-surgical deaths in Scotland drop by a third, attributed to a checklist fanf2 1036
2019-04-17 16:06:09 Apply to Y Combinator dlhntestuser 3
2019-04-02 03:51:50 Trunk-Based Development vs. Git Flow kiyanwang 4
2019-04-01 17:25:58 Ask HN: Anyone else write the commit message before they start coding? xkapastel 25
2019-03-27 03:29:30 Ask HN: Datalog as the only language for web programming, logic and database truth_seeker 21
2019-03-24 19:46:33 The cortex is a neural network of neural networks curtis 297
2019-03-22 21:51:49 Is there a program like codeacademy but for learning sysadmin? tayvz 7
2019-03-22 17:18:44 Maybe You Don't Need Kubernetes ra7 500
2019-03-21 08:04:34 Quantum Machine Appears to Defy Universe’s Push for Disorder biofox 78
2019-03-21 12:45:42 Pytype checks and infers types for your Python code mkesper 4
2019-03-20 21:56:26 How I'm able to take notes in mathematics lectures using LaTeX and Vim tambourine_man 674
2019-03-21 05:18:51 LHCb discovers matter-antimatter asymmetry in charm quarks rbanffy 269
2019-03-21 00:22:37 React Router v5 jsdev93 153
2019-03-15 18:23:21 Experimental rejection of observer-independence in the quantum world lisper 186
2019-03-15 08:14:22 Show HN: A simple Prolog Interpreter written in a few lines of Python 3 photon_lines 148
2019-03-07 17:57:28 How to earn your macroeconomics and finance white belt as a software developer andrenth 307
2019-03-02 14:24:35 Ask HN: Relationship between set theory and category theory fmihaila 4
2019-02-26 11:24:41 The most popular docker images each contain at least 30 vulnerabilities vinnyglennon 562
2019-02-24 22:39:39 Tinycoin: A small, horrible cryptocurrency in Python for educational purposes MrXOR 4
2019-02-20 14:08:47 When does the concept of equilibrium work in economics? dnetesn 54
2019-02-20 22:53:23 Simdjson – Parsing Gigabytes of JSON per Second cmsimike 597
2019-02-18 10:13:02 A faster, more efficient cryptocurrency salvadormon 583
2019-02-17 05:52:11 Git-signatures – Multiple PGP signatures for your commits Couto 75
2019-02-16 06:55:28 Running an LED in reverse could cool future computers ChrisGranger 46
2019-02-06 07:15:56 Compounding Knowledge golyi 481
2019-02-16 14:49:30 Why CISA Issued Our First Emergency Directive ca98am79 211
2019-02-14 23:22:11 Chrome will Soon Let You Share Links to a Specific Word or Sentence on a Page kumaranvpl 359
2019-02-09 12:21:30 Guidelines for keeping a laboratory notebook Tomte 87
2019-02-07 12:03:47 Superalgos and the Trading Singularity ciencias 2
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2019-02-06 14:50:35 Show HN: React-Schemaorg: Strongly-Typed Schema.org JSON-LD for React Eyas 16
2019-02-06 16:15:33 Consumer Protection Bureau Aims to Roll Back Rules for Payday Lending pseudolus 197
2019-02-05 01:56:30 Lectures in Quantitative Economics as Python and Julia Notebooks westurner 355
2019-02-04 11:55:50 If Software Is Funded from a Public Source, Its Code Should Be Open Source jrepinc 1138
2019-02-04 23:55:48 Apache Arrow 0.12.0 westurner 1
2019-02-04 23:51:34 Statement on Status of the Consolidated Audit Trail (2018) westurner 1
2019-02-04 20:03:28 U.S. Federal District Court Declared Bitcoin as Legal Money obilgic 12
2019-01-30 12:42:06 Post Quantum Crypto Standardization Process – Second Round Candidates Announced dlgeek 2
2019-01-30 13:59:56 Ask HN: How do you evaluate security of OSS before importing? riyakhanna1983 5
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2019-01-29 19:43:16 Ask HN: Steps to forming a company? jxr006 4
2019-01-29 13:48:48 A Self-Learning, Modern Computer Science Curriculum hacknrk 394
2019-01-24 00:34:14 MVP Spec hyperpallium 2
2019-01-21 12:10:37 Can we merge Certificate Transparency with blockchain? fedotovcorp 3
2019-01-21 20:38:23 Why Don't People Use Formal Methods? pplonski86 419
2019-01-20 20:29:25 Steps to a clean dataset with Pandas NicoJuicy 4
2019-01-19 19:38:48 Reahl – A Python-only web framework kim0 165
2019-01-12 19:56:20 Ask HN: How can you save money while living on poverty level? ccdev 8
2019-01-11 14:46:52 A DNS hijacking wave is targeting companies at an almost unprecedented scale Elof 112
2019-01-09 23:09:59 Show HN: Generate dank mnemonic seed phrases in the terminal mofle 3
2019-01-08 15:28:29 Can you sign a quantum state? zdw 3
2019-01-09 18:04:41 Lattice Attacks Against Weak ECDSA Signatures in Cryptocurrencies [pdf] soohyung 11
2019-01-09 12:00:44 REMME – A blockchain-based protocol for issuing X.509 client certificates fedotovcorp 33
2019-01-08 09:51:20 California grid data is live – solar developers take note Osiris30 2
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2018-12-31 15:43:54 Ask HN: Data analysis workflow? tucaz 1
2018-12-28 16:25:15 The U.S. is spending millions to solve mystery sonic attacks on diplomats johnshades 5
2018-12-27 10:00:38 Ask HN: What is your favorite open-source job scheduler bohinjc 6
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2018-11-27 17:48:54 Margin Notes: Automatic code documentation with recorded examples from runtime mpweiher 67
2018-11-24 15:33:08 Time to break academic publishing's stranglehold on research joeyespo 692
2018-11-22 10:32:27 Ask HN: How can I learn to read mathematical notation? cursorial 211
2018-10-18 18:07:59 New law lets you defer capital gains taxes by investing in opportunity zones rmason 88
2018-10-15 19:55:06 How to Write a Technical Paper [pdf] boricensis 360
2018-10-15 15:19:40 JSON-LD 1.0: A JSON-Based Serialization for Linked Data geezerjay 2
2018-10-14 15:30:29 Jeff Hawkins Is Finally Ready to Explain His Brain Research tysone 489
2018-10-12 03:02:01 Interstellar Visitor Found to Be Unlike a Comet or an Asteroid Bootvis 204
2018-10-12 02:15:03 Publishing more data behind our reporting gballan 146
2018-10-10 22:23:44 CSV 1.1 – CSV Evolved (for Humans) polm23 84
2018-10-11 06:42:34 Ask HN: Which plants can be planted indoors and easily maintained? gymshoes 123
2018-10-08 10:23:38 Graduate Student Solves Quantum Verification Problem digital55 267
2018-10-05 07:53:30 The down side to wind power todd8 63
2018-10-05 05:47:19 Thermodynamics of Computation Wiki westurner 2
2018-10-04 09:27:48 Why Do Computers Use So Much Energy? tshannon 220
2018-09-30 22:11:07 Justice Department Sues to Stop California Net Neutrality Law jonburs 201
2018-09-22 10:52:45 White House Drafts Order to Probe Google, Facebook Practices Jerry2 105
2018-09-19 20:37:52 Ask HN: Books about applying the open source model to society kennu 1
2018-09-12 16:02:35 Today, Europe Lost The Internet. Now, We Fight Back DiabloD3 433
2018-09-01 14:13:52 Consumer science (a.k.a. home economics) as a college major guard0g 4
2018-08-28 11:18:26 Facebook vows to run on 100 percent renewable energy by 2020 TamoC 2
2018-08-30 12:51:10 California Moves to Require 100% Clean Electricity by 2045 dsr12 407
2018-08-29 11:15:59 Miami Will Be Underwater Soon. Its Drinking Water Could Go First hourislate 264
2018-08-29 22:50:51 Free hosting VPS for NGO project? vikramjb 1
2018-08-29 12:18:35 The Burden: Fossil Fuel, the Military and National Security westurner 3
2018-08-29 02:27:58 Scientists Warn the UN of Capitalism's Imminent Demise westurner 1
2018-08-28 14:41:52 Firefox Nightly Secure DNS Experimental Results Vinnl 40
2018-08-28 08:31:48 Long-sought decay of Higgs boson observed at CERN chmaynard 243
2018-08-28 09:00:54 Sen. Wyden Confirms Cell-Site Simulators Disrupt Emergency Calls DiabloD3 518
2018-08-23 00:01:34 Building a Model for Retirement Savings in Python koblenski 3
2018-08-20 21:38:10 New E.P.A. Rollback of Coal Pollution Regulations Takes a Major Step Forward yaseen-rob 3
2018-08-20 14:21:22 Researchers Build Room-Temp Quantum Transistor Using a Single Atom jonbaer 3
2018-08-20 10:55:17 New “Turning Tables” Technique Bypasses All Windows Kernel Mitigations yaseen-rob 2
2018-08-19 22:27:20 Um – Create your own man pages so you can remember how to do stuff quickthrower2 646
2018-08-15 04:52:10 Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System pjc50 113
2018-08-15 03:46:23 SQLite Release 3.25.0 adds support for window functions MarkusWinand 333
2018-08-15 19:53:03 Update on the Distrust of Symantec TLS Certificates dumpsterkid 3
2018-08-11 07:57:44 The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 dochtman 255
2018-08-12 08:56:52 Academic Torrents – Making 27TB of research data available jacquesm 1081
2018-08-10 15:19:24 1/0 = 0 ingve 650
2018-08-07 15:43:05 Power Worth Less Than Zero Spreads as Green Energy Floods the Grid bumholio 537
2018-08-05 15:27:39 Kernels, a free hosted Jupyter notebook environment with GPUs benhamner 95
2018-07-22 14:16:25 Solar and wind are coming. And the power sector isn’t ready spenrose 174
2018-07-11 13:15:47 Solar Just Hit a Record Low Price in the U.S toomuchtodo 456
2018-07-10 23:53:58 Causal Inference Book luu 104
2018-07-02 10:18:14 Tim Berners-Lee is working a platform designed to re-decentralize the web rapnie 36
2018-07-01 06:49:08 More States Opting to 'Robo-Grade' Student Essays by Computer happy-go-lucky 44
2018-07-02 07:26:28 Ask HN: Looking for a simple solution for building an online course r4victor 57
2018-06-30 15:45:56 There is now a backprop principle for deep learning on quantum computers GVQ 3
2018-06-30 21:03:36 New research a ‘breakthrough for large-scale discrete optimization’ new_guy 96
2018-06-29 23:17:31 Wind, solar farms produce 10% of US power in the first four months of 2018 toomuchtodo 85
2018-06-25 16:57:46 FDA approves first marijuana-derived drug and it may spark DEA rescheduling mikece 150
2018-06-21 10:22:43 States Can Require Internet Tax Collection, Supreme Court Rules uptown 541
2018-06-18 08:26:23 William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” Speech zjacobi 71
2018-06-17 18:13:13 Ask HN: Do you consider yourself to be a good programmer? type0 27
2018-06-17 11:00:59 Handles are the better pointers ingve 194
2018-06-14 14:13:13 Neural scene representation and rendering johnmoberg 540
2018-06-17 20:19:20 New US Solar Record – 2.155 Cents per KWh prostoalex 4
2018-06-10 18:04:07 Ask HN: Is there a taxonomy of machine learning types? ljw1001 3
2018-05-22 16:22:43 Senator requests better https compliance at US Department of Defense [pdf] anigbrowl 168
2018-05-22 23:15:18 Banks Adopt Military-Style Tactics to Fight Cybercrime petethomas 3
2018-04-12 13:13:10 No, Section 230 Does Not Require Platforms to Be “Neutral” panarky 6
2018-04-11 14:28:06 Ask HN: Do battery costs justify “buy all sell all” over “net metering”? westurner 1
2018-04-09 21:17:43 Portugal electricity generation temporarily reaches 100% renewable mgdo 234
2018-04-06 19:16:25 GPU Prices Drop ~25% in March as Supply Normalizes merqurio 2
2018-04-09 23:51:08 Apple says it’s now powered by renewable energy worldwide iamspoilt 272
2018-03-18 13:13:15 Hackers Are So Fed Up with Twitter Bots They’re Hunting Them Down Themselves CrankyBear 271
2018-03-02 08:21:41 “We’re committing Twitter to increase the health and civility of conversation” dankohn1 147
2018-03-01 02:06:42 Gitflow – Animated in React v33ra 3
2018-02-28 22:06:35 Ask HN: How feasible is it to become proficient in several disciplines? diehunde 4
2018-02-27 09:47:40 After rising for 100 years, electricity demand is flat aaronbrethorst 629
2018-02-27 10:37:54 A framework for evaluating data scientist competency schaunwheeler 3
2018-02-27 18:28:01 Levi Strauss to use lasers instead of people to finish jeans e2e4 3
2018-02-27 18:24:45 Chaos Engineering: the history, principles, and practice austingunter 2
2018-02-27 09:52:39 Scientists use an atomic clock to measure the height of a mountain montrose 45
2018-02-27 18:10:10 Resources to learn project management best practices? chuie 1
2018-02-22 15:35:51 Ask HN: Thoughts on a website-embeddable, credential validating service? estroz 28
2018-02-21 05:03:58 Ask HN: What's the best algorithms and data structures online course? zabana 272
2018-02-20 15:14:40 Using Go as a scripting language in Linux neoasterisk 8
2018-02-18 12:09:07 Guidelines for enquiries regarding the regulatory framework for ICOs [pdf] paulsutter 23
2018-02-16 00:16:09 The Benjamin Franklin method for learning more from programming books nancyhua 566
2018-02-10 20:41:21 Avoiding blackouts with 100% renewable energy ramonvillasante 2
2018-02-10 11:25:54 Ask HN: What are some common abbreviations you use as a developer? yagamidev 3
2018-02-09 19:42:21 There Might Be No Way to Live Comfortably Without Also Ruining the Planet SirLJ 43
2018-02-08 22:52:44 Multiple GWAS finds 187 intelligence genes and role for neurogenesis/myelination gwern 2
2018-02-08 20:33:49 Could we solve blockchain scaling with terabyte-sized blocks? gwern 4
2018-02-07 20:50:24 Ask HN: Do you have ADD/ADHD? How do you manage it? vumgl 4
2018-02-03 14:36:02 Ask HN: How to understand the large codebase of an open-source project? maqbool 186
2018-02-03 13:56:30 What is the best way to learn to code from absolute scratch? eliotpeper 8
2018-02-02 04:35:58 Tesla racing series: Electric cars get the green light – Roadshow rbanffy 77
2018-02-02 13:40:19 What happens if you have too many jupyter notebooks? tvorogme 4
2018-02-01 00:49:46 Cancer ‘vaccine’ eliminates tumors in mice jv22222 942
2018-02-01 12:23:08 Boosting teeth’s healing ability by mobilizing stem cells in dental pulp digital55 306
2018-01-29 17:11:55 This Biodegradable Paper Donut Could Let Us Reforest the Planet westurner 2
2018-01-29 16:44:35 Drones that can plant 100k trees a day artsandsci 147
2018-01-27 22:21:28 What are some YouTube channels to progress into advanced levels of programming? altsyset 41
2018-01-25 17:41:24 Multiple issue and pull request templates clarkbw 17
2018-01-25 17:38:38 Five myths about Bitcoin’s energy use nvk 10
2018-01-23 18:41:16 Ask HN: Which programming language has the best documentation? siquick 3
2018-01-18 06:36:07 Ask HN: Recommended course/website/book to learn data structure and algorithms strikeX 3
2018-01-19 17:06:07 Why is quicksort better than other sorting algorithms in practice? isp 5
2018-01-18 16:16:16 ORDO: a modern alternative to X.509 juancampa 1
2018-01-18 11:47:03 Wine 3.0 Released etiam 724
2018-01-18 19:51:30 Kimbal Musk is leading a $25M mission to fix food in US schools rmason 2
2018-01-13 21:42:47 Spinzero – A Minimal Jupyter Notebook Theme neilpanchal 5
2018-01-11 13:27:17 What does the publishing industry bring to the Web? mpweiher 2
2018-01-10 14:02:09 Git is a blockchain Swizec 13
2018-01-07 12:06:03 Show HN: Convert Matlab/NumPy matrices to LaTeX tables tpaschalis 4
2018-01-02 10:48:10 A Year of Spaced Repetition Software in the Classroom misiti3780 4
2017-12-27 08:32:39 NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Round 1 Submissions sohkamyung 130
2018-01-01 21:38:58 What are some good resources to learn about Quantum Computing? nmehta21 3
2017-12-29 15:53:06 Gridcoin: Rewarding Scientific Distributed Computing trueduke 134
2017-12-26 12:37:07 Power Prices Go Negative in Germany kwindla 485
2017-12-21 14:30:35 Mathematicians Find Wrinkle in Famed Fluid Equations digital55 240
2017-12-20 10:43:31 Bitcoin is an energy arbitrage js4 51
2017-12-19 17:03:30 There are now more than 200k pending Bitcoin transactions OyoKooN 192
2017-12-17 22:16:06 What ORMs have taught me: just learn SQL (2014) ausjke 540
2017-12-17 07:32:06 Show HN: An educational blockchain implementation in Python jre 412
2017-12-16 08:12:44 MSU Scholars Find $21T in Unauthorized Government Spending sillypuddy 137
2017-12-13 04:59:42 Universities spend millions on accessing results of publicly funded research versteegen 624
2017-12-11 19:49:44 An Interactive Introduction to Quantum Computing kevlened 254
2017-12-12 12:34:46 Quantum attacks on Bitcoin, and how to protect against them (ECDSA, SHA256) westurner 2
2017-12-10 17:50:44 Project Euler vinchuco 792
2017-12-12 10:17:39 Who’s Afraid of Bitcoin? The Futures Traders Going Short thisisit 54
2017-12-11 19:21:38 Statement on Cryptocurrencies and Initial Coin Offerings corbinpage 811
2017-12-11 15:02:04 Ask HN: How do you stay focused while programming/working? flipfloppity 83
2017-12-08 10:53:49 A Hacker Writes a Children's Book arthurjj 171
2017-12-11 18:17:52 Ask HN: Do ISPs have a legal obligation to not sell minors' web history anymore? westurner 2
2017-12-11 11:58:38 Tech luminaries call net neutrality vote an 'imminent threat' kjhughes 279
2017-12-06 18:55:25 Ask HN: Can hashes be replaced with optimization problems in blockchain? pacavaca 3
2017-12-01 01:19:43 Ask HN: What could we do with all the mining power of Bitcoin? Fold Protein? sova 3
2017-12-03 20:14:58 No CEO needed: These blockchain platforms will let ‘the crowd’ run startups maxwellnardi 4
2017-12-04 04:59:08 How much energy does Bitcoin mining really use? trueduke 3
2017-12-02 00:27:40 The Actual FCC Net Neutrality Repeal Document. TLDR: Read Pages 82-87 [pdf] croatoan 3
2017-12-01 21:55:26 The 5 most ridiculous things the FCC says in its new net neutrality propaganda pulisse 164
2017-12-01 13:15:47 FCC's Pai, addressing net neutrality rules, calls Twitter biased joeyespo 13
2017-12-01 05:49:25 A curated list of Chaos Engineering resources dastergon 51
2017-12-01 11:24:06 Technology behind Bitcoin could aid science, report says digital55 13
2017-11-30 15:07:26 Git hash function transition plan vszakats 215
2017-11-30 22:04:20 Vintage Cray Supercomputer Rolls Up to Auction ohjeez 3
2017-11-30 21:21:09 Google is officially 100% sun and wind powered – 3.0 gigawatts worth rippsu 163
2017-11-29 12:29:30 Interactive workflows for C++ with Jupyter SylvainCorlay 292
2017-11-28 16:01:32 Vanguard Founder Jack Bogle Says ‘Avoid Bitcoin Like the Plague’ dionmanu 105
2017-11-29 11:22:54 Nasdaq Plans to Introduce Bitcoin Futures knwang 416
2017-11-28 17:49:07 Ask HN: Where do you think Bitcoin will be by 2020? rblion 10
2017-11-28 18:03:11 Ask HN: Why would anyone share trading algorithms and compare by performance? westurner 1
2017-11-25 06:28:39 Ask HN: CS papers for software architecture and design? avrmav 513
2017-11-15 10:24:27 Keeping a Lab Notebook [pdf] Tomte 327
2017-10-28 08:12:53 How to teach technical concepts with cartoons Tomte 170
2017-10-22 16:43:03 Fact Checks fanf2 126
2017-10-19 05:51:13 DHS orders agencies to adopt DMARC email security puppetmaster30 2
2017-10-18 21:20:00 The electricity for 1BTC trade could power a house for a month niyikiza 25
2017-10-19 05:20:26 PAC Fundraising with Ethereum Contracts? westurner 1
2017-10-19 05:16:25 SolarWindow Completes Financing ($2.5m) westurner 2
2017-10-16 12:48:08 Here’s what you can do to protect yourself from the KRACK WiFi vulnerability tdrnd 2
2017-10-14 12:41:29 The Solar Garage Door – A Possible Alternative to the Emergency Generator curtis 2
2017-10-14 07:34:07 Using the Web Audio API to Make a Modem maaaats 307
2017-10-11 18:25:17 Ask HN: How to introduce someone to programming concepts during 12-hour drive? nkkollaw 9
2017-09-27 01:24:13 American Red Cross Asks for Ham Radio Operators for Puerto Rico Relief Effort kw71 346
2017-09-26 14:58:38 Technical and non-technical tips for rocking your coding interview duck 259
2017-09-23 12:12:36 Django 2.0 alpha orf 156
2017-09-24 00:15:28 Ask HN: What is the best way to spend my time as a 17-year-old who can code? jmeyer2k 161
2017-09-21 14:18:33 Democrats fight FCC's plans to redefine “broadband” from 25+ to 10+ Mbps gnicholas 18
2017-09-17 12:49:37 Ask HN: Any detailed explanation of computer science smithmayowa 2
2017-09-16 18:40:33 Ask HN: What algorithms should I research to code a conference scheduling app viertaxa 55
2017-09-15 05:51:45 What have been the greatest intellectual achievements? Gormisdomai 42
2017-09-15 23:22:02 Ask HN: What can't you do in Excel? (2017) danso 37
2017-09-08 20:04:36 Open Source Ruling Confirms Enforceability of Dual-Licensing and Breach of GPL t3f 116
2017-09-01 11:27:30 Elon Musk Describes What Great Communication Looks Like endswapper 90
2017-09-01 04:05:12 Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science tu7001 290
2017-08-28 16:06:24 Ask HN: How do you, as a developer, set measurable and actionable goals? humaninstrument 24
2017-08-26 16:06:24 Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index schwabacher 256
2017-08-26 09:59:19 Dancing can reverse the signs of aging in the brain brahmwg 71
2017-08-26 09:03:19 Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting indescions_2017 258
2017-08-20 12:56:37 New Discovery Simplifies Quantum Physics wolfgke 2
2017-08-23 03:22:00 OpenAI has developed new baseline tool for improving deep reinforcement learning grey_shirts 3
2017-08-24 23:19:03 The prior can generally only be understood in the context of the likelihood selimthegrim 94
2017-08-22 04:13:00 Ask HN: How to find/compare trading algorithms with Quantopian? westurner 3
2017-08-22 04:09:17 Ask HN: How do IPOs and ICOs help a business raise capital? westurner 2
2017-08-22 04:02:04 Solar Window coatings “outperform rooftop solar by 50-fold” westurner 4
2017-08-21 23:30:16 MS: Bitcoin mining uses as much electricity as 1M US homes pulisse 79
2017-08-15 15:45:47 Ask HN: What are your favorite entrepreneurship resources brianbreslin 13
2017-05-09 12:59:38 CPU Utilization is Wrong dmit 624
2017-05-06 17:13:03 Ask HN: Can I use convolutional neural networks to clasify videos on a CPU Faizann20 1
2017-05-01 10:17:36 Esoteric programming paradigms SlyShy 397
2017-04-27 04:41:09 gRPC-Web: Moving past REST+JSON towards type-safe Web APIs bestan 329
2017-04-16 03:59:55 Reasons blog posts can be of higher scientific quality than journal articles vixen99 233
2017-04-07 12:50:38 Fact Check now available in Google Search and News fouadmatin 302
2017-04-07 20:07:05 Ask HN: Is anyone working on CRISPR for happiness? arikr 4
2017-03-26 14:58:59 Roadmap to becoming a web developer in 2017 miguelarauj1o 4
2017-03-20 19:14:10 Beautiful Online SICP Dangeranger 762
2017-03-19 11:52:48 Ask HN: How do you keep track/save your learnings?(so that you can revisit them) mezod 4
2017-03-11 13:26:30 Ask HN: Criticisms of Bayesian statistics? muraiki 1
2017-01-16 18:53:09 80,000 Hours career plan worksheet BreakoutList 230
2017-01-07 18:27:31 World's first smartphone with a molecular sensor is coming in 2017 walterbell 19
2016-12-31 12:11:14 Ask HN: How would one build a business that only develops free software? anondon 12
2016-12-29 00:40:11 Ask HN: If your job involves continually importing CSVs, what industry is it? iamwil 12
2016-12-09 17:21:13 Ask HN: Maybe I kind of suck as a programmer – how do I supercharge my work? tastyface 328
2016-11-20 06:33:34 Ask HN: Anything Like Carl Sagan's Cosmos for Computer Science? leksak 32
2016-11-20 10:32:00 Learn X in Y minutes anonu 161
2016-11-03 05:46:50 Org mode 9.0 released Philipp__ 285
2016-11-13 00:23:33 Ask HN: Best Git workflow for small teams tmaly 166
2016-11-10 15:46:57 TDD Doesn't Work narfz 153
2016-11-07 14:13:48 C for Python programmers (2011) bogomipz 314
2016-10-26 02:19:06 Ask HN: How do you organise/integrate all the information in your life? tonteldoos 323
2016-10-23 14:06:00 Ask HN: What are the best web tools to build basic web apps as of October 2016? arikr 114
2016-10-16 10:55:18 Harvard and M.I.T. Are Sued Over Lack of Closed Captions lsh123 45
2016-10-06 11:15:16 Jack Dorsey Is Losing Control of Twitter miraj 283
2016-09-18 09:09:04 Schema.org: Mission, Project, Goal, Objective, Task westurner 49
2016-09-18 08:59:41 This week is #GlobalGoals week (and week of The World's Largest Lesson) westurner 1
2016-08-19 08:12:25 The Open Source Data Science Masters nns 95
2016-07-29 06:08:29 We Should Not Accept Scientific Results That Have Not Been Repeated dnetesn 910
2016-05-30 07:39:05 The SQL filter clause: selective aggregates MarkusWinand 138
2016-05-29 23:36:23 Ask HN: What do you think about the current education system? alejandrohacks 36
2016-05-10 08:55:01 A Reboot of the Legendary Physics Site ArXiv Could Shape Open Science tonybeltramelli 174
2014-03-23 14:27:04 Principles of good data analysis gjreda 108
2014-03-11 08:16:38 Why Puppet, Chef, Ansible aren't good enough iElectric2 362
2014-03-11 20:12:16 Python vs Julia – an example from machine learning ajtulloch 170
2014-02-17 10:23:21 Free static page hosting on Google App Engine in minutes fizerkhan 95
2014-02-03 09:15:30 “Don’t Reinvent the Wheel, Use a Framework” They All Say mogosselin 79
2013-09-09 10:20:50 IPython in Excel vj44 73
2013-08-11 01:56:12 PEP 450: Adding A Statistics Module To The Standard Library petsos 185
2013-08-02 21:03:51 Functional Programming with Python llambda 107
2013-08-01 10:59:55 PEP 8 Modernisation tristaneuan 213
2013-07-15 12:40:04 Useful Unix commands for data science gjreda 221
2013-07-13 11:35:40 The data visualization community needs its own Hacker News ejfox 11
2013-07-06 08:59:22 Ask HN: Intermediate Python learning resources? jesusx 113
2013-07-03 08:00:50 Ansible Simply Kicks Ass hunvreus 185
2013-06-29 05:44:08 Python-Based Tools for the Space Science Community neokya 76
2013-05-04 21:21:29 Debian 7.0 "Wheezy" released sciurus 428
2013-05-04 10:40:20 Big-O Algorithm Complexity Cheat Sheet ashleyblackmore 520
2013-05-03 22:32:14 JSON API steveklabnik 227
2013-05-04 14:04:39 Norton Ghost discontinued ruchirablog 42

Items^

[-]

Arduino is at work to make bio-based PCBs

[+]

No, we have environmentally and financially unsustainable supply chain dependencies on silicon-grade sand and other gases and minerals.

PCBs are not biodegradable but could be. What is the problem?

[+]

> The goal: to design and test bio-based multilayer PCBs that reduce environmental impact, without compromising on functionality or performance.

What about cost?

And so instead,

What is a sustainable flame retardant for Graphene Oxide PCBs; and is that a filler?

Graphene is free when you flash heat unsorted recycled plastic and sell or use the Hydrogen.

Graphene can be produced from CO2.

CO2 is overly-abundant and present in emissions that need to be filtered anyway.

What types of graphene and other forms of carbon do not conduct electricity, are biodegradable , and would be usable as a graphene PCB for semiconductors and superconductors?

Graphene Oxide (low cost of production), Graphane (hydrogen; high cost of production), Diamond (lowering cost of production, also useful for NV QC nitrogen-vacancy quantum computing; probably in part due to the resistivity of the molecular lattice),

How could graphene oxide PCBs be made fire-proof?

Non-Conductive Flame Retardants: phosphorous, nitrogen (melamine,), intumescent systems, inorganic fillers

Is there a bio-based flame-retardant organic filler for [Graphene Oxide] PCBs?

[-]

Making PyPI's test suite faster

[+]

strace is one way to determine how many stat calls a process makes.

Developers avoid refactoring costs by using dependency inversion, fixtures and functional test assertions without OO in the tests, too.

Pytest collection could be made faster with ripgrep and does it even need AST? A thread here mentions how it's possible to prepare a list of .py test files containing functions that start with "test_" to pass to the `pytest -k` option; for example with ripgrep.

One day I did too much work refactoring tests to minimize maintenance burden and wrote myself a functional test runner that captures AssertionErrors and outputs with stdlib only.

It's possible to use unittest.TestCase() assertion methods functionally:

  assert 0 == 1
  # AssertionError

  import unittest
  test = unittest.TestCase()

  test.assertEqual(0, 1)
  # AssertionError: 0 != 1
unittest.TestCase assertion methods have default error messages, but the `assert` keyword does not.

In order to support one file stdlib-only modules, I have mocked pytest.mark.parametrize a number of times.

chmp/ipytest is one way to transform `assert a == b` to `assertEqual(a,b)` like Pytest in Jupyter notebooks.

Python continues to top language use and popularity benchmarks.

Python is not a formally specified language, mostly does not have constant time operations (or documented complexity in docstring attrs), has a stackless variant, supported asynchronous coroutines natively before C++, now has some tail-call optimization in 3.14, now has nogil mode, and is GPU accelerated in many different ways.

How best could they scan for API tokens committed to public repos?

[-]

Brandon's Semiconductor Simulator

Which other simulators show electron charge density and heat dissipation?

Can this simulate this?:

"Synaptic and neural behaviours in a standard silicon transistor" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08742-4 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43506198

What about (graphene) superconductors though?

[+]

Thanks, quite the useful simulator; I hadn't found that page yet. Additional considerations for circuit simulators:

What does the simulator say about signal delay and/or propagation in electronic circuits and their fields? How long does it take for a lightbulb to turn on after a switch is thrown, given the length of the circuit and the real distance between points in it?

(I learned this gap in our understanding of electron behavior from this experiment, which had never been done FWIU: "How Electricity Actually Works" (2022) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI_X2cMHNe0 )

FWIW, additionally:

Hall Effect and Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect;

"Tunable superconductivity and Hall effect in a transition metal dichalcogenide" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43347319

ScholarlyArticle: "Moiré-driven topological electronic crystals in twisted graphene" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08239-6

NewsArticle: "Anomalous Hall crystal made from twisted graphene" (2025) https://physicsworld.com/a/anomalous-hall-crystal-made-from-...

From "Single-chip photonic deep neural network with forward-only training" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42314581 :

"Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in multilayer graphene" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-07010-7

"Coherent interaction of a-few-electron quantum dot with a terahertz optical resonator" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10522 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39365579

> "Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi3147

Electrons (and photons and phonons and other fields of particles) are more complex than that though.

[-]

Progress toward fusion energy gain as measured against the Lawson criteria

sam | 2025-05-08 11:49:37 | 232 | # | ^
[+]
[+]

"Uptime Percentage", "Operational Availability" (OA), "Duty Cycle"

Availability (reliability engineering) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability

Terms from other types of work: kilowatt/hour (kWh), Weight per rep, number of reps, Total Time Under Tension

[-]

Mass spectrometry method identifies pathogens within minutes instead of days

[+]
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There are 0.05 Tesla MRI machines that almost work with a normal 15A 110V outlet now FWIU; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40965068 :

> "Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging at 0.05 Tesla" [1800W] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7168 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40335170

Other emerging developments in __ spectroscopy:

/?hnlog Spectro:

NIRS;

> Are there implied molecular structures that can be inferred from low-cost {NIRS, Light field, [...]} sensor data?

NIRS would be low cost, but the wavelength compared to the sample size.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844 :

> "Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit (2023)" [at cryogenic temperatures] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844 :

> [...] have successfully demonstrated that a beam of light can not only be confined to a spot that is 50 times smaller than its own wavelength but also “in a first of its kind” the spot can be moved by minuscule amounts at the point where the light is confined.

"Eye-safe laser technology to diagnose traumatic brain injury in minutes" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38510092 :

> "Window into the mind: Advanced handheld spectroscopic eye-safe technology for point-of-care neurodiagnostic" (2023) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg5431

> multiplex resonance Raman spectroscopy

Holotomographic imaging is yet another imaging method that could be less costly than MRI; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819864

"Quantum microscopy study makes electrons visible in slow motion" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40981054 :

> "Terahertz spectroscopy of collective charge density wave dynamics at the atomic scale" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02552-7

[-]

Microservices are a tax your startup probably can't afford

[+]
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Does [self-hosted, multi-tenant] serverless achieve similar separation of concerns in comparison to microservices?

Should the URLs contain a version; like /api/v1/ ?

FWIU OpenAPI API schema enable e.g. MCP service discovery, but not multi-API workflows or orchestrations.

(Edit: "The Arazzo Specification - A Tapestry for Deterministic API Workflows" by OpenAPI; src: https://github.com/OAI/Arazzo-Specification .. spec: https://spec.openapis.org/arazzo/latest.html (TIL by using this comment as a prompt))

[-]

People are losing loved ones to AI-fueled spiritual fantasies

wzm | 2025-05-04 19:54:17 | 181 | # | ^
[+]

An LLM trained on all other science before Copernicus or Galileo would be expected to explain as true that the world is the flat center of the universe.

[+]

Galileo Galilei: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei :

> Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism was met with opposition

... By the most published majority, whose texts would've been used to train science LLMs at the time back then.

[+]

But could the Greeks sail?

Did ancient (Eastern?) Jacob's Staff surveying and navigation methods account for the curvature of the earth? https://www.google.com/search?q=Did%20ancient%20(Eastern%3F)... :

- History of geodesy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy

FWIU Egyptian sails are Phoenician in origin.

[+]

This. If we (without AI, even) extrapolate from the trajectory of a baseball, we would say that it would continue towards roughly the center of the earth but it doesn't.

[-]

Musk's xAI in Memphis: 35 gas turbines, no air pollution permits

[+]
[+]

Does AGR Acidic Gas Reduction work with methane turbines?

Shouldn't all methane-powered equipment have this AGR (or similar) new emission reduction technology?

From https://www.ornl.gov/news/add-device-makes-home-furnaces-cle... :

> ORNL’s award-winning ultraclean condensing high-efficiency natural gas furnace features an affordable add-on technology that can remove more than 99.9% of acidic gases and other emissions. The technology can also be added to other natural gas-driven equipment.

FWIU basically no generators have catalytic converters, because that requires computer controlled fuel ignition.

...

FWIU, in data centers, "100% Green" means "100% offset by PPAs" (power-purchase agreement); so "200% green" could mean "100% directly-sourced clean energy".

Should they pack up and pay out and start over elsewhere with enough clean energy, [ or should force methane generators to comply? ]

[+]

Though it's not a methane leak, in their case the problem is the poisonous byproducts of combustion FWIU;

Looks like methane.jpl.nasa.gov isn't up anymore? https://methane.jpl.nasa.gov/

We invested tax dollars in NASA space-based methane leak imaging, because methane is a potent greenhouse gas.

Is this another casualty of their distracting, wasteful, and saboteurial hit on NASA Earth Science funding?

[-]

I decided to pay off a school’s lunch debt

[+]
[+]
[+]

A new hairlike electrode for long-term, high-quality EEG monitoring

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[-]

I should have loved biology too

[+]

Genetic algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm :

> Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems via biologically inspired operators such as selection, crossover, and mutation.

AP®/College Biology: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology

AP®/College Biology > Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation > Lesson 6: Mutations: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expressi...

AP®/College Biology > Unit 7: Natural selection: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selec...

Rosalind.info has free CS algorithms applied bioinformatics exercises in Python; in a tree or a list; including genetic combinatorics. https://rosalind.info/problems/list-view/

FWICS there is not a "GA with code exercise" in the AP Bio or Rosalind curricula.

YouTube has videos of simulated humanoids learning to walk with mujoco and genetic algorithms that demonstrate goal-based genetic programming with Cost / Error / Fitness / Survival functions.

Mutating source code AST is a bit different from mutating to optimize a defined optimization problem with specific parameters; though the task is basically the same: minimize error between input and output, and then XAI.

Justifying that genetic algorithms are CS and Biology applied, which satisfies OT's implicit yearning

[-]

Trump says Harvard will lose tax exempt status

What prevents them from instead justifying tax-exempt status as a faith-based nonprofit for their FSM-related charitable work, say?

[+]

Is Wharton a religious school though? Do they sell nonprofit branded religious texts with their brand on it?

[-]

Show HN: Frecenfile – Instantly rank Git files by edit activity

frecenfile is a tiny CLI tool written in Rust that analyzes your Git commit history in order to identify "hot" or "trending" files using a frecency score that incorporates both the frequency and recency of edits.

It is fast enough to get an instant response in most repositories, and you will get a reasonably fast response in practically any repository.

It can be useful for getting a list of "recent"/important files when Git history is the only "usage" history you have available.

Gource, `git log --stat`, and `hg churn` also display code churn stats.

How could gource also display this metric?

Gource: https://github.com/acaudwell/Gource

[-]

Felix86: Run x86-64 programs on RISC-V Linux

[+]

The felix86 compatibility list also lists SuperTux and SuperTuxCart.

"lsteamclient: Add support for ARM64." https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton/commit/8ff40aad6ef00... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43847860

/? box86: https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu...

"New box86 v0.3.2 and Box64 v0.2.4 released – RISC-V and WoW64 support" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37197074

/? box64 is:pr RISC-V is:closed: https://github.com/ptitSeb/box64/pulls?q=is%3Apr+risc-v+is%3...

[-]

Wikipedia says it will use AI, but not to replace human volunteers

thm | 2025-04-30 10:49:45 | 79 | # | ^
[+]

Could AI sift through removals and score as biased or vandalist?

And then what to do about "original research" that should've been moved to a different platform or better (also with community review) instead of being deleted?

Wikipedia:No_original_research: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research #Using_sources

[+]
[-]

Healthy soil is the hidden ingredient

[+]
[+]

Plants absorb nitrogen and CO2 from the air and store it in their roots; plants fertilize soil.

If you only grow plants with externally-sourced nutrients, that is neither sustainable nor permaculture.

Though it may be more efficient to grow without soil; soil depletion isn't prevented by production processes that do not generate topsoil.

JADAM is a system developed by a chemicals engineer given what is observed to work in JNF/KNF. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38527264

Where do soil amendments come from, and what would deplete those stocks (with consideration for soil depletion)?

(Also, there are extremely efficient ammonia/nitrogen fertilizer generators, but still then the algae due to runoff problem. FWIU we should we asks ng farmers to Please produce granulated fertilizer instead of liquid.)

The new biofuel subsidies require no-till farming practices; which other countries are further along at implementing (in or to prevent or reverse soil depletion).

Tilling turns topsoil to dirt due to loss of moisture, oxidation, and solar radiation.

[+]

I think that's why it's good to rotate beans or plant clover cover crop.

Three Sisters: Corn, Beans, Squash: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)

Companion planting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planting

Nitrogen fixation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation

[+]

Why do you believe that no-till farming practices deplete soil of nitrogen more than tilling?

A plausible hypothesis: tilling destroys the bacteria that get nitrogen to plant roots.

Isn't runoff erision the primary preventable source of nitrogen depletion?

FWIU residue mulch initially absorbs atmospheric nitrogen instead of the soil absorbing it, but that residue and its additional nitrogen eventually decays into the soil.

I have heard that it takes something like five years to successfully completely transform acreage with no-till; and then it's relatively soft and easily plantable and not impacted, so it absorbs and holds water.

No-till farmers are not lacking soil samples.

What would be a good test of total change in soil nitrogen content (and runoff) given no-till and legacy farming practices?

With pressure-injection seeders and laser weeders, how many fewer chemicals are necessary for pro farming?

[-]

String Types Considered Harmful

But a lack of string types (or tagged strings) results in injection vulnerabilities: OS, SQL, XSS (JS, CSS, HTML), XML, URI, query string,.

How should template autoescaping be implemented [in Zig without string types or type-tagged strings]?

E.g. Jinja2 implements autoescaping with MarkupSafe; strings wrapped in a Markup() type will not be autoescaped because they already have an .__html__() method.

MarkupSafe: https://pypi.org/project/MarkupSafe/

Some time ago, I started to create a project called "strypes" to teach or handle typed strings and escaping correctly.

"Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')" https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/74.html

[-]

How to Write a Fast Matrix Multiplication from Scratch with Tensor Cores (2024)

Multiplication algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_algorithm

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40519828 re: LLMs and matrix multiplication with tensors:

> "You Need to Pay Better Attention" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.01643 :

>> Our first contribution is Optimised Attention, which performs similarly to standard attention, but has 3/4 as many parameters and one matrix multiplication fewer per head. Next, we introduce Efficient Attention, which performs on par with standard attention with only 1/2 as many parameters as many parameters and two matrix multiplications fewer per head and is up to twice as fast as standard attention. Lastly, we introduce Super Attention, which surpasses standard attention by a significant margin in both vision and natural language processing tasks while having fewer parameters and matrix multiplications.

From "Transformer is a holographic associative memory" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43029899 .. https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#story-43028710 :

>>> Convolution is in fact multiplication in Fourier space (this is the convolution theorem [1]) which says that Fourier transforms convert convolutions to products.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41322088 :

> "A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit" (2024)

"Karatsuba Matrix Multiplication and Its Efficient Hardware Implementations" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.08889 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43372227

[-]

Google Search to redirect its country level TLDs to Google.com

[+]
[+]

Has anything changed about the risks of running everything with the same key, on the apex domain?

Why doesn't Google have DNSSEC.

[+]

DNSSEC is necessary like GPG signatures are necessary; though also there are DoH/DoT/DoQ and HTTPS.

Google doesn't have DNSSEC because they've chosen not to implement it, FWIU.

/? DNSSEC deployment statistics: https://www.google.com/search?q=dnssec+deployment+statistics...

If not DNSSEC, then they should push another standard for signing DNS records (so that they are signed at rest (and encrypted in motion)).

Do DS records or multiple TLDs and x.509 certs prevent load balancing?

Were there multiple keys for a reason?

[+]
[+]

Red Hat too.

Containers, pip, and conda packages have TUF and now there's sigstore.dev and SLSA.dev. W3C Verifiable Credentials is the open web standard JSONLD RDF spec for signatures/attestations.

IDK how many reinventions of GPG there are.

Do all of these systems differ only in key distribution and key authorization, ceteris paribus?

The Chemistry Trick Poised to Slash Steel's Carbon Footprint

> Their process, which uses saltwater and iron oxide instead of carbon-heavy blast furnaces, has been optimized to work with naturally sourced materials. By identifying low-cost, porous iron oxides that dramatically boost efficiency, the team is laying the groundwork for large-scale, eco-friendly steel production. And with help from engineers and manufacturers, they’re pushing this green tech closer to the real world.

ScholarlyArticle: "Pathways to Electrochemical Ironmaking at Scale Via the Direct Reduction of Fe2O3" (2025) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c00166 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c00166

[-]

Hypertext TV

[+]

Same. Thanks; TIL about HbbTV: Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV

Had been wondering how to add a game clock below the TV that syncs acceptably; a third screen: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30890265

[-]

Show HN: A VS Code extension to visualise Rust logs in the context of your code

We made a VS Code extension [1] that lets you visualise logs and traces in the context of your code. It basically lets you recreate a debugger-like experience (with a call stack) from logs alone.

This saves you from browsing logs and trying to make sense of them outside the context of your code base.

We got this idea from endlessly browsing traces emitted by the tracing crate [3] in the Google Cloud Logging UI. We really wanted to see the logs in the context of the code that emitted them, rather than switching back-and-forth between logs and source code to make sense of what happened.

It's a prototype [2], but if you're interested, we’d love some feedback.

---

References:

[1]: VS Code: marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=hyperdrive-eng.traceback

[2]: Github: github.com/hyperdrive-eng/traceback

[3]: Crate: docs.rs/tracing/latest/tracing

Good idea!

This probably saves resources by eliminating need to re-run code to walk through error messages again.

Integration with time-travel debugging would even more useful; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30779019

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31688180 :

> [ eBPF; Pixie, Sysdig, Falco, kubectl-capture,, stratoshark, ]

> Jaeger (Uber contributed to CNCF) supports OpenTracing, OpenTelemetry, and exporting stats for Prometheus.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39421710 re: distributed tracing:

> W3C Trace Context v1: https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context-1/#overview

[+]

NP; improving QA feedback loops with IDE support is probably as useful as test coverage and test result metrics

/? vscode distributed tracing: https://www.google.com/search?q=vscode+distributed+tracing :

- jaegertracing/jaeger-vscode: https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-vscode

/? line-based display of distributed tracing information in vs code: https://www.google.com/search?q=line-based%20display%20of%20... :

- sprkl personal observability platform: https://github.com/sprkl-dev/use-sprkl

Theoretically it should be possible to correlate deployed code changes with the logs and traces preceding 500 errors; and then recreate the failure condition given a sufficient clone of production (in CI) to isolate and verify the fix before deploying new code.

Practically then, each PR generates logs, traces, and metrics when tested in a test deployment and then in production. FWIU that's the "personal" part of sprkl.

[+]
[-]

'Cosmic radio' detector could discover dark matter within 15 years

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42376759 :

> FWIU this Superfluid Quantum Gravity rejects dark matter and/or negative mass in favor of supervaucuous supervacuum, but I don't think it attempts to predict other phases and interactions like Dark fluid theory?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42371946 :

> Dark fluid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fluid :

>> Dark fluid goes beyond dark matter and dark energy in that it predicts a continuous range of attractive and repulsive qualities under various matter density cases. Indeed, special cases of various other gravitational theories are reproduced by dark fluid, e.g. inflation, quintessence, k-essence, f(R), Generalized Einstein-Aether f(K), MOND, TeVeS, BSTV, etc. Dark fluid theory also suggests new models, such as a certain f(K+R) model that suggests interesting corrections to MOND that depend on redshift and density

[-]

High-voltage hydrogel electrolytes enable safe stretchable Li-ion batteries

Having seen recycling methods and cell puncture tests on various battery types on YouTube,

Is there a hydrogel for flexible carbon-based batteries that also self-heal?

[-]

Isolated Execution Environment for eBPF

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43553198 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43564972 :

> Can [or should] a microkernel run eBPF? [or WASM?]

The performance benefits of running eBPF in the kernel are substantial and justifying, but how much should a kernel or a microkernel do?

[-]

Ask HN: Why is there no better protocol support for WiFi captive portals?

I'm curious why we still rely on hacky techniques like requesting captive.apple.com and waiting for interception, rather than having proper protocol-level support built into WPA. Why can't the WPA protocol simply announce that authentication requires a captive portal?

This seems like every public hotspot I connect to it's flakey and will sometimes report it's connected when it still requires captive portal auth. Or even when it does work it's a 15 second delay before the captive screen pops-up. Shouldn't this have been solved properly by now.

Does anyone have insight into the technical or historical reasons this remains so messy? If the wireless protocol could announce to the client thru some standard, that they have to complete auth via HTTP I feel the clients could implement much better experience.

Related issue: secured DNS must downgrade/fallback to unsecured DNS because of captive portal DNS redirection (because captive portals block access to DNS until the user logs in, and the user can't log into the captive portal without DNS redirection that is prevented by DoH, DoT, and DoQ).

Impact: if you set up someone's computer to use secured DNS only, and their device doesn't have per-SSID connection profiles, then they can't use captive portal hotspot Wi-Fi without knowing how to disable secured DNS.

"Do not downgrade to unsecured DNS unless it's an explicitly authorized captive portal"

IIRC there's a new-ish way to configure DNS-over-HTTPS over DHCP like there is for normal DNS.

[-]

Bilinear interpolation on a quadrilateral using Barycentric coordinates

/? Barycentric

From "Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev... :

> More surprisingly, through the barycentric coordinate system, optical polarization, entanglement, and their identity relation are shown to be quantitatively associated with the mechanical concepts of center of mass and moment of inertia via the Huygens-Steiner theorem for rigid body rotation. The obtained result bridges coherence wave optics and classical mechanics through the two theories of Huygens.

Phase from second order amplitude FWIU

Universal photonic artificial intelligence acceleration

"Universal photonic artificial intelligence acceleration" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08854-x :

> Abstract: [...] Here we introduce a photonic AI processor that executes advanced AI models, including ResNet [3] and BERT [20,21], along with the Atari deep reinforcement learning algorithm originally demonstrated by DeepMind [22]. This processor achieves near-electronic precision for many workloads, marking a notable entry for photonic computing into competition with established electronic AI accelerators [23] and an essential step towards developing post-transistor computing technologies.

[+]

There are certainly infinitely non-halting automata on deterministic electronic processors.

Abstractly, in terms of constructor theory, the non-halting task is independent from a constructor, which is implemented with a computation medium.

FWIU from reading a table on wikipedia about physical platforms for QC it would be possible to do quantum computing with just electron voltage but typical component quality.

So phase; certain phases.

And now parametic single photon emission and detection.

"Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39537236

"A physical [photonic] qubit with built-in error correction" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39243929

"Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5315 .. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05967 .. "Study of photons in QC reveals photon collisions in matter create vortices" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40600736

"How do photons mediate both attraction and repulsion?" (2025) [as phonons in matter] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42661511 notes re: recent findings with photons ("quanta")

[-]

Fedora change aims for 99% package reproducibility

[+]
[+]

I learned this from an ansible molecule test env setup script for use in containers and VMs years ago; because `which` isn't necessarily installed in containers for example:

  type -p apt && (set -x; apt install -y debsums; debsums | grep -v 'OK$') || \
  type -p rpm && rpm -Va  # --verify --all
dnf reads .repo files from /etc/yum.repos.d/ [1] which have various gpg options; here's an /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates.repo:

  [updates]
  name=Fedora $releasever - $basearch - Updates
  #baseurl=http://download.example/pub/fedora/linux/updates/$releasever/Everything/$basearch/
  metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=updates-released-f$releasever&arch=$basearch
  enabled=1
  countme=1
  repo_gpgcheck=0
  type=rpm
  gpgcheck=1
  metadata_expire=6h
  gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-$releasever-$basearch
  skip_if_unavailable=False
From the dnf conf docs [1], there are actually even more per-repo gpg options:

  gpgkey
  gpgkey_dns_verification
  
  repo_gpgcheck
  localpkg_gpgcheck
  gpgcheck

1. https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/conf_ref.html#repo-opti...

2. https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/collections/ansible/... lists a gpgcakey parameter for the ansible.builtin.yum_repository module

For Debian, Ubuntu, Raspberry Pi OS and other dpkg .deb and apt distros:

  man sources.list
  man sources.list | grep -i keyring -C 10
  # trusted:
  # signed-by:
  # /etc/apt/ trusted.gpg.d/
  man apt-secure
  man apt-key
  apt-key help
  less "$(type -p apt-key)"
signing-apt-repo-faq: https://github.com/crystall1nedev/signing-apt-repo-faq

From "New requirements for APT repository signing in 24.04" (2024) https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/new-requirements-for-apt-repo... :

> In Ubuntu 24.04, APT will require repositories to be signed using one of the following public key algorithms: [ RSA with at least 2048-bit keys, Ed25519, Ed448 ]

> This has been made possible thanks to recent work in GnuPG 2.4 82 by Werner Koch to allow us to specify a “public key algorithm assertion” in APT when calling the gpgv tool for verifying repositories.

[-]

The Mutable OS: Why Isn't Windows Immutable in 2025?

[+]

I'm working with rpm-ostree distros on workstations. The Universal Blue (Fedora Atomic (CoreOS)) project has OCI images that install as immutable host images.

We were able to install programs as admin on Windows in our university computer lab because of DeepFreeze, almost 20 years ago

"Is DeepFreeze worth it?" https://www.reddit.com/r/sysadmin/comments/18zn3jn/is_deepfr...

TIL Windows has UWF built-in:

"Unified Write Filter (UWF) feature" https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/configuration/unif...

Re: ~immutable NixOS and SELinux and Flatpaks' chroot filesystems not having SELinux labels like WSL2 either: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43617363

[+]

> On September 20, 2024, Microsoft announced that Windows Server Update Service would no longer be developed starting with Windows Server 2025.[4] Microsoft encourages business to adopt cloud-based solution for client and server updates, such as Windows Autopatch, Microsoft Intune, and Azure Update Manager. [5]

WSUS Offline installer is also deprecated now.

And then to keep userspace updated too, a package manager like Chocolatey NuGet and this power shell script: https://github.com/westurner/dotfiles/blob/develop/scripts/s...

Universal Blue immutable OCI images;

ublue-os/main: https://github.com/ublue-os/main :

> OCI base images of Fedora with batteries included

ublue-os/image-template: https://github.com/ublue-os/image-template :

> Build your own custom Universal Blue Image!

Microsoft took Torvalds, who also devs on Fedora FWIU.

systemd/particleos is an immutable Linux distribution built with mkosi:

"systemd ParticleOS" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43649088

Immutable:

Idempotent:

Ansible is designed for idempotent tasks; that do not further change state if re-run.

Windows Containers are relatively immutable. Docker Desktop and Podman Desktop include a copy of k8s kubernetes and also kubectl IIRC

Do GUI apps run in Windows containers?

[+]

fedora/toolbox and distrobox create containers that can access the X socket and /dev/dri/ to run GUI apps from containers.

Flatpaks share (GNOME,KDE,NVIDIA,podman,) runtimes, by comparison.

Re: MSIX https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23394302 :

> MSIX only enforces a sandbox if an application doesn’t elect to use the restricted capabilities that allow it to run without. File system and registry virtualization can be disabled quite easily with a few lines in the package manifest, as well as a host of other isolation features.

Flatseal and KDE and Gnome can modify per-flatpak permissions. IDK if there's a way to do per-flatpak-instance permissions, like containers.

  MOUNT --type=cache

[-]

Man pages are great, man readers are the problem

[+]
[+]
[+]

MyST Markdown has syntax for docutils roles and directives.

Does the sphinx-build groff manpage builder also build from markdown, which sphinx also supports?

[-]

Fixing the Introductory Statistics Curriculum

I took AP Stat in HS and then College Stats in college unnecessarily. In HS it was TI-83 calculators, and in college it was excel with optional minitab. R was new then

I remember ANOVA being the pinnacle of AP Stat. There are newer ANOVA-like statistical procedures like CANOVA;

"Efficient test for nonlinear dependence of two continuous variables" (2015) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4539721/

Estimators:

Yellowbrick implements the scikit-learn Estimator API: https://www.scikit-yb.org/en/latest/

"Developing scikit-learn estimators" https://scikit-learn.org/stable/developers/develop.html#esti... :

> All estimators implement the fit method:

  estimator.fit(X, y)
> Out of all the methods that an estimator implements, fit is usually the one you want to implement yourself. Other methods such as set_params, get_params, etc. are implemented in BaseEstimator, which you should inherit from. You might need to inherit from more mixins, which we will explain later.

https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pi...

Sklearn Glossary > estimator: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/glossary.html#term-estimator

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41311052

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28523442

What is GridSearchCV and what are ways to find optimal faster than brute force grid search?

IRL case studies with applied stats and ML and AI:

- "ML and LLM system design: 500 case studies to learn from" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43629360

Additional stats resources:

- "Seeing Theory" Brown https://seeing-theory.brown.edu/

- "AP®/College Statistics" Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics

- "Think Stats: 3rd Edition" notebooks https://github.com/AllenDowney/ThinkStats/tree/v3

And physics and information theory in relation to stats as a field with many applications:

- "Information Theory: A Tutorial Introduction" (2019) https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05968 .. https://g.co/kgs/sPha7qR

- Entropy > Statistical mechanics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy#Statistical_mechanics

- Statistical mechanics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics

- Quantum Statistical mechanics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics

Statistical procedures are inferential procedures.

There are inductive, deductive, and abductive methods of inference.

Statistical inference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference

Statistical literacy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_literacy

Also, the ROC curve Wikipedia sidebar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteris...

What is the difference between accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity?

Khan Academy has curriculum alignment codes on their OER content, but not yet Schema.org/about and or :educationalAlignment for their https://schema.org/LearningResource (s)

[-]

We've outsourced our confirmation biases to search engines

To write an unbiased systematic review, there are procedures.

In context to the scientific method, isn't RAG also wrong?

Generate a bad argument and then source support for it with RAG or by only searching for confirmation biased support.

I suppose I make this mistake too; I don't prepare systematic reviews, so my research meta-procedure has always been inadequate.

Usually I just [...] but a more scientific procedure would be [...].

[-]

Baby Steps into Genetic Programming

Genetic programming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming

Evolutionary computation > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation #History

- "The sad state of property-based testing libraries" re coverage-guided fuzzing and other Hilbert spaces: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40884466

- re: MOSES and Combo (a Lisp) and now Python too in re: "Show HN: Codemodder – A new codemod library for Java and Python" and libCST and AST and FST; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39139198

- opencog/asmoses implements MOSES on AtomSpace, a hypergraph for algorithmic graph rewriting: https://github.com/opencog/asmoses

[-]

SELinux on NixOS

There's also the Fedora SELinux policy and the container-selinux policy set.

Rootless containers with podman lack labels like virtualenvs and NixOS.

Distrobox and toolbox set a number of options for rootless and regular containers;

  --userns=keepid
  --security-opt=label=disable
  -v /tmp/path:/tmp/path:Z
  -v /tmp/path:/tmp/path:z
  --gpus all
"How Nix Works" https://nixos.org/guides/how-nix-works/ :

How Nix works: builds have a cache key that's a hash of all build parameters - /nix/store/<cachekey> - so that atomic upgrades and rollback work.

How NixOS works: config files are also snapshotted at a cache key for rollback and atomic upgrades that don't fail if interrupted mid-package-install.

> A big implication of the way that Nix/NixOS stores packages is that there is no /bin, /sbin, /lib, /usr, and so on. Instead all packages are kept in /nix/store. (The only exception is a symlink /bin/sh to Bash in the Nix store.) Not using ‘global’ directories such as /bin is what allows multiple versions of a package to coexist. Nix does have a /etc to keep system-wide configuration files, but most files in that directory are symlinks to generated files in /nix/store.

But which files should be assigned which extended filesystem attribute labels; signed packages only, local builds of [GPU drivers, out-of-tree modules,], not-yet-packaged things like ProtonGE;

I remembered hearing that Bazzite ships with Nix.

This [1] describes installing with the nix-determinate-installer [2] and then [3] installing home-manager :

  nix run nixpkgs#home-manager -- switch --flake nix/#$USER 
[1] https://universal-blue.discourse.group/t/issue-installing-ce...

[2] https://github.com/DeterminateSystems/nix-installer

[3] https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Home_Manager

Working with rpm-ostree; upgrading the layered firefox RPM without a reboot requires -A/--apply-live (which runs twice) and upgrading the firefox flatpak doesn't require a reboot, but SELinux policies don't apply to flatpaks which run unconfined FWIU.

"SEC: Flatpak Chrome, Chromium, and Firefox run without SELinux confinement?" https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/sec-flatpak-chrome-ch...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43564972 :

> Flatpaks bypass selinux and apparmor policies and run unconfined (on DAC but not MAC systems) because the path to the executable in the flatpaks differs from the system policy for /s?bin/* and so wouldn't be relabeled with the necessary extended filesystem attributes even on `restorecon /` (which runs on reboot if /.autorelabel exists).*

Having written a venv_relabel.sh script to copy selinux labels from /etc onto $VIRTUAL_ENV/etc , IDK; consistently-built packages are signed and maintained. The relevant commands from that script: https://github.com/westurner/dotfiles/blob/develop/scripts/v... :

    sudo semanage fcontext --modify -e "${_equalpth}" "${_path}";
    sudo restorecon -Rv "${_path}";
Is something like this necessary for every /nix/store/<key> directory?

    sudo semanage fcontext --modify -e "/etc" "${VIRTUAL_ENV}/etc";
    sudo restorecon -Rv "${VIRTUAL_ENV}/etc";
Or is there a better way to support chroots with selinux with or without extending the existing SELinux functionality?

[-]

Max severity RCE flaw discovered in widely used Apache Parquet

[+]
[+]

Python pickles have the same issue but it is a design decision per the docs.

Python docs > library > pickle: https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html

Re: a hypothetical pickle parser protocol that doesn't eval code at parse time; "skipcode pickle protocol 6: "AI Supply Chain Attack: How Malicious Pickle Files Backdoor Models" .. "Insecurity and Python Pickles" : https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43426963

[+]
[+]
[-]

A university president makes a case against cowardice

[+]

Then they would need to tax nonprofit religious organizations too.

Why don't they just make the special interests pay their own multi-trillion dollar war bills instead of sabotaging US universities with surprise taxes?

If you increase expenses and cut revenue, what should you expect for your companies?

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

When you say "tax loopholes" I think "corporate welfare," which is sometimes rational but typically exploited.

A tax code with fewer loopholes would be more flat (or progressive).

IDK if it's bragging or voiced concern.

I don't want to work for a business created by, uh, upper class folks that wouldn't have done it if not for temporary tax breaks by a pandering grifter executive.

I believe in a strong middle class and upward mobility for all.

I don't think we want businesses that are dependent on war, hate, fear, and division for continued profitability.

I don't know whether a flat or a regressive or a progressive tax system is more fair or more total society optimal.

I suspect it is true that, Higher income individuals receive more total subsidies than lower-income individuals.

You don't want a job at a firm that an already-wealthy founder could only pull off due to short-term tax breaks and wouldn't have founded if taxes go any higher.

You want a job at a firm run by people who are going to keep solving for their mission regardless of high taxes due to immediately necessary war expenses, for example.

In the interests of long-term economic health and national security of the United States, I don't think they should be cutting science and medical research funding.

Science funding has positive returns. Science funding has greater returns than illegal wars (that still aren't paid for).

Find 1980 on these charts of tax receipts, GDP, and income inequality: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43140500 :

> "Federal Receipts as Percent of Gross Domestic Product" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFRGDA188S

> "Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43220833 re: income inequality:

> GINI Index for the United States: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA

Find 1980 on a GINI index chart.

[+]

Which factors confound? Oil price shock hostage situation and recession and then wars by oil people who did not pay their bill by cutting taxes and increasing expenses to meddle without just returns.

[+]
[-]

InitWare, a portable systemd fork running on BSDs and Linux

[+]

DAC: Discretionary Access Control: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_access_control :

> The controls are discretionary in the sense that a subject with a certain access permission is capable of passing that permission (perhaps indirectly) on to any other subject (unless restrained by mandatory access control).

Which permissions and authorizations can be delegated?

DAC is the out of the box SELinux configuration for most Linux distros; some processes are confined, but if the process executable does not have the necessary extended filesystem attribute labels the process runs unconfined; default allow all.

You can see which processes are confined with SELinux contexts with `ps -Z`.

MAC is default deny all;

MAC: Mandatory Access Control: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control

[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30025477 :

> [ audit2allow, https://stopdisablingselinux.com/ ]

Applications don't need to be compiled with selinux libraries unless they want to bypass CLI tools like chcon and restorecon (which set extended filesystem attributes according to the system policy; typically at package install time if the package provenance is sufficient) by linking with libselinux.

Deterministic remote entanglement using a chiral quantum interconnect

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43044159 :

>>> Would helical polarization like quasar astrophysical jets be more stable than other methods for entanglement at astronomical distances?

ScholarlyArticle: "Deterministic remote entanglement using a chiral quantum interconnect" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-025-02811-1

[-]

The state of binary compatibility on Linux and how to address it

[+]
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[+]
[+]

How should a microkernel run (WASI) WASM runtimes?

Docker can run WASM runtimes, but I don't think podman or nerdctl can yet.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38779803 :

  docker run \
    --runtime=io.containerd.wasmedge.v1 \
    --platform=wasi/wasm \
    secondstate/rust-example-hello
From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41306658 :

> ostree native containers are bootable host images that can also be built and signed with a SLSA provenance attestation; https://coreos.github.io/rpm-ostree/container/ :

  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:registry:<oci image>
  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:docker://<oci image>
Native containers run on the host and can host normal containers if a container engine is installed. Compared to an electron runtime, IDK how minimal a native container with systemd and podman, and WASM runtimes, and portable GUI rendering libraries could be.

CoreOS - which was for creating minimal host images that host containers - is now Fedora Atomic is now Fedora Atomic Desktops and rpm-ostree. Silverblue, Kinoite, Sericea; and Bazzite and Secure Blue.

Secureblue has a hardened_malloc implementation.

From https://jangafx.com/insights/linux-binary-compatibility :

> To handle this correctly, each libc version would need a way to enumerate files across all other libc instances, including dynamically loaded ones, ensuring that every file is visited exactly once without forming cycles. This enumeration must also be thread-safe. Additionally, while enumeration is in progress, another libc could be dynamically loaded (e.g., via dlopen) on a separate thread, or a new file could be opened (e.g., a global constructor in a dynamically loaded library calling fopen).

FWIU, ROP Return-Oriented Programming and Gadgets approaches have implementations of things like dynamic header discovery of static and dynamic libraries at runtime; to compile more at runtime (which isn't safe, though: nothing reverifies what's mutated after loading the PE into process space, after NX tagging or not, before and after secure enclaves and LD_PRELOAD (which some go binaries don't respect, for example).

Can a microkernel do eBPF?

What about a RISC machine for WASM and WASI?

"Customasm – An assembler for custom, user-defined instruction sets" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42717357

Maybe that would shrink some of these flatpaks which ship their own Electron runtimes instead of like the Gnome and KDE shared runtimes.

Python's manylinux project specifies a number of libc versions that manylinux packages portably target.

Manylinux requires a tool called auditwheel for Linux, delicate for MacOS, and delvewheel for windows;

Auditwheel > Overview: https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel#overview :

> auditwheel is a command line tool to facilitate the creation of Python wheel packages for Linux (containing pre-compiled binary extensions) that are compatible with a wide variety of Linux distributions, consistent with the PEP 600 manylinux_x_y, PEP 513 manylinux1, PEP 571 manylinux2010 and PEP 599 manylinux2014 platform tags.

> auditwheel show: shows external shared libraries that the wheel depends on (beyond the libraries included in the manylinux policies), and checks the extension modules for the use of versioned symbols that exceed the manylinux ABI.

> auditwheel repair: copies these external shared libraries into the wheel itself, and automatically modifies the appropriate RPATH entries such that these libraries will be picked up at runtime. This accomplishes a similar result as if the libraries had been statically linked without requiring changes to the build system. Packagers are advised that bundling, like static linking, may implicate copyright concerns

github/choosealicense.com: https://github.com/github/choosealicense.com

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42347468 :

> A manylinux_x_y wheel requires glibc>=x.y. A musllinux_x_y wheel requires musl libc>=x.y; per PEP 600

Return oriented programming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming

/? awesome return oriented programming sire:github.com https://www.google.com/search?q=awesome+return+oriented+prog...

This can probably find multiple versions of libc at runtime, too: https://github.com/0vercl0k/rp :

> rp++ is a fast C++ ROP gadget finder for PE/ELF/Mach-O x86/x64/ARM/ARM64 binaries.

[+]

Should a microkernel implement eBPF and WASM, or, for the same reasons that justify a microkernel should eBPF and most other things be confined or relegated or segregated in userspace; in terms of microkernel goals like separation of concerns and least privilege and then performance?

Linux containers have process isolation features that userspace sandboxes like bubblewrap and runtimes don't.

Flatpaks bypass selinux and apparmor policies and run unconfined (on DAC but not MAC systems) because the path to the executable in the flatpaks differs from the system policy for */s?bin/* and so wouldn't be relabeled with the necessary extended filesystem attributes even on `restorecon /` (which runs on reboot if /.autorelabel exists).

Thus, e.g. Firefox from a signed package in a container on the host, and Firefox from a package on the host are more process-isolated than Firefox in a Flatpak or from a curl'ed statically-linked binary because one couldn't figure out the build system.

Container-selinux, Kata containers, and GVisor further secure containers without requiring the RAM necessary for full VM virtualization with Xen or Qemu; and that is possible because of container interface standards.

Linux machines run ELF binaries, which could include WASM instructions

/? ELF binary WASM : https://www.google.com/search?q=elf+binary+wasm :

mewz-project/wasker https://github.com/mewz-project/wasker :

> What's new with Wasker is, Wasker generates an OS-independent ELF file where WASI calls from Wasm applications remain unresolved.*

> This unresolved feature allows Wasker's output ELF file to be linked with WASI implementations provided by various operating systems, enabling each OS to execute Wasm applications.

> Wasker empowers your favorite OS to serve as a Wasm runtime!

Why shouldn't we container2wasm everything? Because (rootless) Linux containers better isolate the workload than any current WASM runtime in userspace.

Non-Abelian Anyons and Non-Abelian Vortices in Topological Superconductors

"Non-Abelian Anyons and Non-Abelian Vortices in Topological Superconductors" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.11614 :

> Abstract: Anyons are particles obeying statistics of neither bosons nor fermions. Non-Abelian anyons, whose exchanges are described by a non-Abelian group acting on a set of wave functions, are attracting a great attention because of possible applications to topological quantum computations. Braiding of non-Abelian anyons corresponds to quantum computations. The simplest non-Abelian anyons are Ising anyons which can be realized by Majorana fermions hosted by vortices or edges of topological superconductors, ν=5/2 quantum Hall states, spin liquids, and dense quark matter. While Ising anyons are insufficient for universal quantum computations, Fibonacci anyons present in ν=12/5 quantum Hall states can be used for universal quantum computations. Yang-Lee anyons are non-unitary counterparts of Fibonacci anyons. Another possibility of non-Abelian anyons (of bosonic origin) is given by vortex anyons, which are constructed from non-Abelian vortices supported by a non-Abelian first homotopy group, relevant for certain nematic liquid crystals, superfluid 3He, spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, and high density quark matter. Finally, there is a unique system admitting two types of non-Abelian anyons, Majorana fermions (Ising anyons) and non-Abelian vortex anyons. That is 3P2 superfluids (spin-triplet, p-wave paring of neutrons), expected to exist in neutron star interiors as the largest topological quantum matter in our universe.

> nematic liquid crystals,

- "Tunable entangled photon-pair generation in a liquid crystal" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07543-5 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40815388 .. SPDC entangled photon generation with nematic liquid crystal

NewsArticle: "A liquid crystal source of photon pairs" (2024) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/06/240614141916.h...

[+]

It is not a joke. Topological anyons are the real deal, someday.

This is an article I found while preparing a comment about superfluid quantum gravity; https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/1iqvxn0/comment...

I was collecting relevant articles and found this one.

TIL about the connection between superfluid quantum gravity, supersolid spin nematic crystals, and spin-nematic liquid crystals (LCDs,) for waveguiding entangled photons.

And also TIL about anyons in neutron stars, which are typically or always the impetus for black holes.

And also, hey, "3He" again.

[-]

Show HN: Offline SOS signaling+recovery app for disasters/wars

A couple of months ago, I built this app to help identify people stuck under rubble.

First responders have awesome tools. But in tough situations, even common folks need to help.

After what happened in Myanmar, we need something like this that works properly.

It has only been tested in controlled environments. It can also be improved; I know BLE is not _that_ effective under rubble.

If you have any feedback or can contribute, don't hold back.

[+]

What about muon imaging?

What about Rydberg sensors for VLF earth penetrating imaging, at least?

From "3D scene reconstruction in adverse weather conditions via Gaussian splatting" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42900053 :

> Is it possible to see microwave ovens on the ground with a Rydberg antenna array for in-cockpit drone Remote ID signal location?

With a frequency range from below 1 KHz to multiple THz fwiu, Rydberg antennae can receive VLF but IDK about ELF.

IIRC there's actually also a way to transmit with or like Rydberg antennae now; probably with VLF if that's best for the application and there's not already enough backscatter to e.g. infer occlusion with? https://www.google.com/search?q=transmit+with+Rydberg+antenn....

[+]

"The Dark Knight" (Batman, 2009) is the one with the phone-based - is it wifi backscatter imaging - and the societal concerns.

FWIU there are contractor-grade imaging capabilities and there are military-grade see through walls and earth capabilities that law enforcement also have but there challenges with due process.

At the right time of day, with the right ambient temperature, it's possible to see the studs in the walls with consumer IR but only at a distance.

Also, FWIU it's possible to find plastic in the ground - i.e. banned mines - with thermal imaging at certain times of day.

Could there be a transceiver on a post in the truck at the road, with other flying drones to measure backscatter and/or transceiver emissions?

Hopefully NASA or another solvent company builds a product out of their FINDER research (from JPL).

How many of such heartbeat detection devices were ever manufactured? Did they ever add a better directional mic; like one that can read heartbeats from hundreds of meters awat? Is it mountable on a motorized tripod?

It sounds like there is a signal separation challenge that applied onboard AI could help with.

From "Homemade AI drone software finds people when search and rescue teams can't" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41764486#41775397 :

> {Code-and-Response, Call-for-Code}/DroneAid: https://github.com/Code-and-Response/DroneAid

> "DroneAid: A Symbol Language and ML model for indicating needs to drones, planes" (2010) https://github.com/Code-and-Response/DroneAid

> All but one of the DroneAid Symbol Language Symbols are drawn within upward pointing triangles.

> Is there a simpler set of QR codes for the ground that could be made with sticks or rocks or things the wind won't bend?

[-]

I am a solo founder developing this new social media platform

Hey everyone! I am a 19 y/o founder taking a gap year to build Airdel - a social media platform startup. I’ve noticed many of today's social media platforms aren't action-oriented nor optimized for real-time collaboration which is important for people who have personal goals, are working on impactful real-world missions and projects (Humanitarian events e.g California wildfire victims, Emergency healthcare deliveries, climbing Mt.everest, working on research/patents or even just building cool projects). That’s why I’m building a social media platform that connects your needs with people who can help— whether it’s industry stakeholders, professionals, or individuals with a common solution to your problem.

Airdel contains a feed where you can post your mission progress, updates, and achievements, an online directory where you can search for needs and missions to collaborate and partner with others on, and a professional working platform with productivity tools to collaborate on missions until completion. The platform tracks the entire life of your mission/project from start to finish which is recorded on your personal profile. Collaborators can be anonymously reviewed, allowing others to judge trustworthiness for future collaborations.

People who have signed up are in the humanitarian, healthcare, tech, science, business, entertainment, sports and creatives sector needing specific urgent solutions, connections, and resources. These span from NGOs, Institutions, Individuals, Suppliers, Sellers, Organizations and government.

Let me know what you guys think! I will be answering every one of your questions. Shoot!

Landing page: www.getairdel.com Interested in helping out? Contact me shannon@getairdel.com

Best, Shannon

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33302599 :

> If you label things with #GlobalGoal hashtags, others can find solutions to the very same problems.

The Global Goals are the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2015-2030.

There are 17 Goals, 169 Targets and 247 Indicators.

There have been social media campaigns with hashtags, so there are already "hames" (hashtaggable names) for the high level goals.

Anyone can implement #hashtags, +tags, WikiWords, or similar. The twitter-text library is open source, for example.

Re: Schema.org/Mission, :Goal, :Objective [...] linked data: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12525141

"Ask HN: Any well funded tech companies tackling big, meaningful problems?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24412493

From https://github.com/thegreenwebfoundation/carbon.txt/issues/3... re: a proposed carbon.txt:

> Is there a way for sites to sign a claim with e.g. ld-proofs and then have an e.g. an independent auditor - maybe also with a W3C DID Decentralized Identifier - sign to independently verify?

When an auditor confirms a sustainability report, they could sign it and award a signed blockcert.

(Other ideas considered for similar matching, recommendation, and expert-finding objectives: A StackExchange site for SDG Q&A with upvotes and downvotes, )

I saw that you're not interested in (syndicating content for inbound links with) AT protocol? Is it perceived development cost and estimation of inbound traffic?

What differentiates your offering from existing platforms like LinkedIn? How could your mission be achieved with existing solutions?

There is an SDG vocabulary to link problems and solutions with: https://unsceb.org/common-digital-identifiers-sdgs :

> The common identifiers for Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators are available online. The portal is provided by the UN Library, which also hosts the UN Bibliographic Information System (UN BIS) Taxonomy. The IRIs have also been mapped to the UN Environment SDG Interface Ontology (SDGIO, by UNEP) and to the UN Bibliographic Information System vocabulary, to enable the use of these resources seamlessly in linking documents and data from different sources to Goals, Targets, Indicators, and closely related concepts.

The UN SDG vocabulary: https://metadata.un.org/sdg/?lang=en

"A Knowledge Organization System for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals" (2021) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-77385-4_...

[-]

Researchers get spiking neural behavior out of a pair of transistors

> Specifically, the researchers operate a transistor under what are called "punch-through conditions." This happens when charges build up in a semiconductor in a way that can allow bursts of current to cross through the transistor even when it's in the off state. Normally, this is considered a problem, so processors are made so that this doesn't occur. But the researchers recognized that a punch-through event would look a lot like the spike of a neuron's activity.

> The team found that, when set up to operate on the verge of punch-through mode, it was possible to use the gate voltage to control the charge build-up in the silicon, either shutting the device down or enabling the spikes of activity that mimic neurons. Adjustments to this voltage could allow different frequencies of spiking. Those adjustments could be made using spikes as well, essentially allowing spiking activity

> [...] All of this simply required standard transistors made with CMOS processes, so this is something that could potentially be put into practice fairly quickly.

ScholarlyArticle: "Synaptic and neural behaviours in a standard silicon transistor" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08742-4

How do these compare to memristors?

Memristors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor

From "A Chip Has Broken the Critical Barrier That Could Ultimately Begin the Singularity" (2025) https://www.aol.com/chip-broken-critical-barrier-could-17000... :

> Here we report an analogue computing platform based on a selector-less analogue memristor array. We use interfacial-type titanium oxide memristors with a gradual oxygen distribution that exhibit high reliability, high linearity, forming-free attribute and self-rectification. Our platform — which consists of a selector-less (one-memristor) 1 K (32 × 32) crossbar array, peripheral circuitry and digital controller — can run AI algorithms in the analogue domain by self-calibration without compensation operations or pretraining.

Can't these components model spreading activation?

Spreading activation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreading_activation

[+]

Is that more debuggable?

Re: the Von Neumann bottleneck, debuggability, and I guess any form of computation in RAM; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42312971

It seems like memristors have been n years away for quite awhile now; maybe like QC.

Wonder if these would work for spiking neural behavior with electronic transistors:

"Breakthrough in avalanche-based amorphization reduces data storage energy 1e-9" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42318944

Cerebras WSE is probably the fastest RAM bus, though it's not really a bus it's just addressed multiple chips on the same wafer FWIU.

[+]
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[-]

Compiler Options Hardening Guide for C and C++

[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38505448 :

> There are default gcc and/or clang compiler flags in distros' default build tools; e.g. `make` specifies additional default compiler flags (that e.g. cmake, ninja, gn, or bazel/buck/pants may not also specify for you).

Is there a good reference for comparing these compile-time build flags and their defaults with Make, CMake, Ninja Build, and other build systems, on each platform and architecture?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41306658 :

> From "Building optimized packages for conda-forge and PyPI" at EuroSciPy 2024: https://pretalx.com/euroscipy-2024/talk/JXB79J/ :

>> Since some time, conda-forge defines multiple "cpu-levels". These are defined for sse, avx2, avx512 or ARM Neon. On the client-side the maximum CPU level is detected and the best available package is then installed. This opens the doors for highly optimized packages on conda-forge that support the latest CPU features.

But those are per-arch performance flags, not security flags.

[+]
[-]

Show HN: Make SVGs interactive in React with 1 line

Hey HN

I built svggles (npm: interactive-illustrations), a React utility that makes it easy to add playful, interactive SVGs to your frontend.

It supports mouse-tracking, scroll, hover, and other common interactions, and it's designed to be lightweight and intuitive for React devs.

The inspiration came from my time playing with p5.js — I loved how expressive and fun it was to create interactive visuals. But I also wanted to bring that kind of creative freedom to everyday frontend work, in a way that fits naturally into the React ecosystem.

My goal is to help frontend developers make their UIs feel more alive — not just functional, but fun. I also know creativity thrives in community, so it's open source and I’d love to see contributions from artists, developers, or anyone interested in visual interaction.

Links: Website + Docs: svggles.vercel.app

GitHub: github.com/shantinghou/interactive-illustrations

NPM: interactive-illustrations

Let me know what you think — ideas, feedback, and contributions are all welcome

[-]

Python lock files have officially been standardized

What does this mean for pip-tools' requirements.in, Pipfile.lock, pip constraints.txt, Poetry.lock, pyroject.toml, and uv.lock?

[+]

It doesn't mention them in alphabetical order.

From last week re: GitHub Dependabot and conda/mamba/micromamba/pixi support:

"github dependabot, meta.yaml, environment.yml, conda-lock.yaml, pixi.lock" https://github.com/regro/cf-scripts/issues/3920#issuecomment... https://github.com/dependabot/dependabot-core/issues/2227#is... incl. links to the source of dependabot

Quantum advantage for learning shallow NNs with natural data distributions

ScholarlyArticle: "Quantum advantage for learning shallow neural networks with natural data distributions" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.20879

NewsArticle: "Google Researchers Say Quantum Theory Suggests a Shortcut for Learning Certain Neural Networks" (2025) https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/03/31/google-researchers-... :

> Using this model, [Quantum Statistical Query (QSQ) learning,] the authors design a two-part algorithm. First, the quantum algorithm finds the hidden period in the function using a modified form of quantum Fourier transform — a core capability of quantum computers. This step identifies the unknown weight vector that defines the periodic neuron. In the second part, it applies classical gradient descent to learn the remaining parameters of the cosine combination. The algorithm is shown to require only a polynomial number of steps, compared to the exponential cost for classical learners. [...]

> The researchers carefully address several technical challenges. For one, real-valued data must be discretized into digital form to use in a quantum computer.

Quantum embedding:

> Another way to put this: real-world numbers must be converted into digital chunks so a quantum computer can process them. But naive discretization can lose the periodic structure, making it impossible to detect the right signal. The authors solve this by designing a pseudoperiodic discretization. This approximates the period well enough for quantum algorithms to detect it.

> They also adapt an algorithm from quantum number theory called Hallgren’s algorithm to detect non-integer periods in the data. While Hallgren’s method originally worked only for uniform distributions, the authors generalize it to work with “sufficiently flat” non-uniform distributions like Gaussians and logistics, as long as the variance is large enough.

There is not yet a Wikipedia article on (methods of) "Quantum embedding".

How many qubits are necessary to roll 2, 8, or 6-sided quantum dice?

Embedding (mathematics) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding

Embedding (machine learning) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding_(machine_learning)

/? quantum embedding review: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C43&q=qua...

Continuous embedding: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_embedding

Continuous-variable quantum information; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-variable_quantum_in...

[-]

Symmetry between up and down quarks is more broken than expected

[+]

Isospin symmetry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospin #History :

> Isospin is also known as isobaric spin or isotopic spin.

Supersymmetry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry

Does the observed isospin asymmetry disprove supersymmetry, if isospin symmetry is an approximate symmetry?

Stochastic Reservoir Computers

"Stochastic reservoir computers" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58349-6 :

> Abstract: [...] This allows the number of readouts to scale exponentially with the size of the reservoir hardware, offering the advantage of compact device size. We prove that classes of stochastic echo state networks form universal approximating classes. We also investigate the performance of two practical examples in classification and chaotic time series prediction. While shot noise is a limiting factor, we show significantly improved performance compared to a deterministic reservoir computer with similar hardware when noise effects are small.

Glutamate Unlocks Brain Cell Channels to Enable Thinking and Learning

ScholarlyArticle: "Glutamate gating of AMPA-subtype iGluRs at physiological temperatures" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08770-0 ; CryoEM

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39836127 :

> High glutamine-to-glutamate ratio predicts the ability to sustain motivation [...]

> MSG [...]

> So, IIUC, when you feed LAB glutamate, you get GABA?

[-]

Pixar One Thirty

Tessellation #History, #Overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation :

> More formally, a tessellation or tiling is a cover of the Euclidean plane by a countable number of closed sets, called tiles, such that the tiles intersect only on their boundaries.

Category:Tileable textures: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tileable_texture...

Can PxrRoundCube be called from RenderManForBlender, with BlenderMCP? https://github.com/prman-pixar/RenderManForBlender

Texture synthesis > Methods: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_synthesis#Methods

Khan Academy > Computing > Pixar in a Box > Unit 8: Patterns: https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/pixar/pattern

[-]

Matrix Calculus (For Machine Learning and Beyond)

> The class involved numerous example numerical computations using the Julia language, which you can install on your own computer following these instructions. The material for this class is also located on GitHub at https://github.com/mitmath/matrixcalc

[-]

Mathematical Compact Models of Advanced Transistors [pdf]

[+]

State of the art in transistors?

- "Researchers get spiking neural behavior out of a pair of [CMOS] transistors" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43503644

- Memristors

- Graphene-based transistors

EUV and nanolithography?

SOTA alternatives to EUV for nanolithography include NIL nanoimprint lithography (at 10-14nm at present fwiu), nanoassembly methods like atomic/molecular deposition and optical tweezers, and a new DUV solid-state laser light source at 193nm.

[-]

How to report a security issue in an open source project

Security.txt is a standard for sharing vuln disclosure information; /.well-known/security.txt or /security.txt .

security.txt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security.txt

Responsible disclosure -> CVD: Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_vulnerability_disc...

OWASP Vulnerability Disclosure Cheat Sheet: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Vulnerability...

[-]

Publishers trial paying peer reviewers – what did they find?

> USD $250

How much deep research does $250 yield by comparison?

Knowledge market > Examples; Google Answers, Yahoo Answers, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_market#Examples

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[-]

Inside arXiv–The Most Transformative Platform in All of Science

ArXiv: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv

ArXiv accepts .ps (PostScript), .tex (LaTeX source), and .pdf (PDF) ScholarlyArticle uploads.

ArXiv docs > Formats for text of submission: https://info.arxiv.org/help/submit/index.html#formats-for-te...

The internet and the web are the most transformative platforms in all of science, though.

[-]

Accessible open textbooks in math-heavy disciplines

"BookML: automated LaTeX to bookdown-style HTML and SCORM, powered by LaTeXML" https://vlmantova.github.io/bookml/

LaTeXML: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeXML :

LaTeXML emits XML from a parsing of LaTex with Perl.

SCORM is a standard for educational content in ZIP packages which is supported by Moodle, ILIAS, Sakai, Canvas, and a number of other LMS Learning Management Systems.

SCORM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharable_Content_Object_Refere...

xAPI (aka Experience API, aka TinCan API) is a successor spec to SCORM for event messages to LRS Learning Record Stores. Like SCORM, xAPI was granted by ADL.

re: xAPI, schema.org/Action, and JSON-LD: https://github.com/RusticiSoftware/TinCanSchema/issues/7

schema.org/Action describes potential actions: https://schema.org/docs/actions.html

For example, from the Schema.org "Potential Actions" doc: https://schema.org/docs/actions.html :

   {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Movie",
    "name": "Footloose",
    "potentialAction": {
      "@type": "WatchAction"
    }
  }
That could be a syllabus.

ActionTypes include: BuyAction, AssessAction > ReviewAction,

Schema.org > "Full schema hierarchy" > [Open hierarchy] > Action and rdfs:subClassOf subclasses thereof: https://schema.org/docs/full.html

What Linked Data should [math textbook] publishing software include when generating HTML for the web?

https://schema.org/CreativeWork > Book, Audiobook, Article > ScholarlyArticle, Guide, HowTo, Blog, MathSolver

The schema.org Thing > CreativeWork LearningResource RDFS class has the :assesses, :competencyRequired, :educationalLevel, :educationalAlignment, and :teaches RDFS properties; https://schema.org/LearningResource

You can add bibliographic metadata and curricular Linked Data to [OER LearningResource] HTML with schema.org classes and properties as JSON-LD, RDFa, or Microdata.

The schema.org/about property has a domain which includes CreativeWork and a range which includes Thing, so a :CreativeWork is :about a :Thing which could be a subclass of :CreativeWork.

.

I work with MathJax and LaTeX in notebooks a bit, and have generated LaTeX and then PDF with Sphinx and texlive like the ReadTheDocs docker container which already has the multiple necessary GB of LaTeX installed to render a README.rst as PDF without pandoc:

The Jupyter Book docs now describe how that works.

Jupyter Book docs > Customize LaTeX via Sphinx: https://jupyterbook.org/en/stable/advanced/pdf.html#customiz...

How to build the docs with the readthedocs docker image onesself: https://github.com/jupyter-book/jupyter-book/issues/991

ReadTheDocs > Dev > Design > Build Images > Time required to install languages at build time [with different package managers with varying performance] https://docs.readthedocs.com/dev/latest/design/build-images....

The jupyter-docker-stacks, binderhub, and condaforge/miniforge3 images build with micromamba now IIRC.

condaforge/miniforge3: https://hub.docker.com/r/condaforge/miniforge3

Recently, I've gotten into .devcontainers/devcontainers.json; which allows use of one's own Dockerfile or a preexisting docker image and installs LSP and vscode on top, and then runs the onCreateCommand, postStartCommand

A number of tools support devcontainer.json: https://containers.dev/supporting

Devcontainers could be useful for open textbooks in math-heavy disciplines; so that others can work within, rebuild, and upgrade the same container env used to build the textbook.

Re: MathJax, LaTeX, and notebooks:

To left-align a LaTeX expression in a (Jupyter,Colab,VScode,) notebook wrap the expression with single dollar signs. To center-align a LaTeX expression in a notebook, wrap it with double dollar signs:

  $ \alpha_{\beta_1} $
  $$ \alpha_{\beta_2} $$
Textbooks, though? Interactive is what they want.

How can we make textbooks interactive?

It used to be that textbooks were to be copied down from; copy by hand from the textbook.

To engage and entertain this generation.

ManimCE, scriptable 3d simulators with test assertions, Thebelab,

Jupyter Book docs > "Launch into interactive computing interfaces" > BinderHub ( https://mybinder.org ), JupyterHub, Colab, Deepnote: https://jupyterbook.org/en/stable/interactive/launchbuttons....

JupyterLite-xeus builds a jupyterlite static site from an environment.yml; such that e.g. the xeus-python kernel and other packages are compiled to WebAssembly (WASM) so that you can run Jupyter notebooks in a browser without a server:

repo2jupyterlite works like repo2docker, which powers BinderHub, which generates a container with a current version of Jupyter installed after building the container according to one or more software dependency requirement specification files in /.binder or the root of the repo.

repo2jupyter: https://github.com/jupyterlite/repo2jupyterlite

jupyterlite-xeus: https://jupyterlite-xeus.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

[-]

Getting hit by lightning is good for some tropical trees

Also re: lightning and living things, from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43044159 :

> "Gamma radiation is produced in large tropical thunderstorms" (2024)

> "Gamma rays convert CH4 to complex organic molecules [like glycine,], may explain origin of life" (2024)

[-]

Harnessing Quantum Computing for Certified Randomness

ScholarlyArticle: "Certified randomness using a trapped-ion quantum processor" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08737-1

Re: different - probably much less expensive - approaches to RNG;

From "Cloudflare: New source of randomness just dropped" (2005) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43321797 :

> Another source of random entropy better than a wall of lava lamps:

>>> "100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations" https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010330

100Gbit/s is faster than qualifying noise from a 56 qubit quantum computer?

>> google/paranoid_crypto.lib.randomness_tests

There's yet no USB or optical interconnect RNG based on quantum vacuum fluctuations, though.

[-]

Building and deploying a custom site using GitHub Actions and GitHub Pages

[+]

There should be a "Verify signature of checksums and Verify checksums" at "Download latest uv binary".

GitHub has package repos; "GitHub Packages" for a few package formats, and OCI artifacts. https://docs.github.com/en/packages/working-with-a-github-pa...

OCI Artifacts with labels include signed Container images and signed Packages.

Packages can be hosted as OCI image repository artifacts with signatures; but package managers don't natively support OCI image stores, though many can install packages hosted at GitHub Packages URLs which are referenced by a signed package repository Manifest on a GitHub Pages or GitLab Pages site (e.g. with CF DNS and/or CloudFlare Pages in front)

[+]

If downloading over https and installing were enough, we wouldn't need SLSA, TUF, or sigstore.

.deb and .rpm Package managers typically reference a .tar.gz with a checksum; commit that to git signed with a GPG key; and then the package is signed by a (reproducible) CI build with the signing key for that repo's packages.

conda-forge can automatically send a Pull Request to update the upstream archive URL and cached checksum in the package manifest when there is a new upstream package.

Actually, the conda-forge bot does more than that;

From https://github.com/regro/cf-scripts/issues/3920#issuecomment... re: (now github) dependabot maybe someday scanning conda environment.yml, conda-lock.yml, and/or feedstock meta.yml:

> So the bot here does a fair bit more than update dependencies and/or versions.

> We have globally pinned ABIs which have to migrated in a specific order. We also use the bot here to start the migrations, produce progress / error outputs on the status page, and then close the migrations. The bot here also does specific migrations of dependencies that have been renamed, recipe maintenance, and more.

Dependabot scans for vulnerable software package versions in software dependency specification documents for a number of languages and package formats, when you git push to a repo which has dependabot configured in their dependabot.yml:

From the dependabot.yml docs: https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-... :

> Define one package-ecosystem element for each package manager that you want Dependabot to monitor for new versions

Dependabot supports e.g. npm, pip, gomod, cargo, docker, github-actions, devcontainers,

SBOM tools have additional methods of determining which packages are installed on a specific server or container instance.

Static sites are sometimes build and forget projects that also need regular review of the statically-compiled-in dependencies for known vulns.

E.g. jupyterlite-xeus builds WASM static sites from environment.yml; though Hugo is probably much faster.

[-]

AI Supply Chain Attack: How Malicious Pickle Files Backdoor Models

From "Insecurity and Python Pickles" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39685128 :

> There should be a data-only pickle serialization protocol (that won't serialize or deserialize code).

> How much work would it be to create a pickle protocol that does not exec or eval code?

"Title: Pickle protocol version 6: skipcode pickles" https://discuss.python.org/t/create-a-new-pickle-protocol-ve...

[+]

Code in packages should be signed.

Code in pickles should also be signed.

I have no need for the pickle module now, but years ago thought there might have been safer way to read data that was already in pickles.

For backwards compatibility, skipcode=False must be the default,

were someone to implement a pickle str parser that doesn't eval code.

JS/ES/TS Map doesn't map to JSON.

[+]
[+]

Because globals(), locals(), Classes and classInstances are backed by dicts, and dicts are insertion ordered in CPython since 3.6 (and in the Python spec since 3.7), object attributes are effectively ordered in Python.

Object instances with __slots__ do not have a dict of attributes.

__slots__ attributes of Python classes are ordered, too.

(Sorting and order; Python 3 objects must define at least __eq__ and __lt__ in order to be sorted. @functools.total_ordering https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.t... )

Are graphs isomorphic if their nodes and edges are in a different sequence?

  assert dict(a=1, b=2) == dict(b=2, a=1)

  from collections import OrderedDict as odict
  assert dict(a=1, b=2) != dict(b=2, a=1)
To crytographically sign RDF in any format (XML, JSON, JSON-LD, RDFa), a canonicalization algorithm is applied to normalize the input data prior to hashing and cryptographically signing. Like Merkle hashes of tree branches, a cryptographic signature of a normalized graph is a substitute for more complete tests of isomorphism.

RDF Dataset Canonicalization algorithm: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/rdf-dataset-canonicalization/spec/...

Also, pickle stores the class name to unpickle data into as a (variously-dotted) str. If the version of the object class is not in the class name, pickle will unpickle data from appA.Pickleable into appB.Pickleable (or PickleableV1 into PickleableV2 objects, as long as PickleableV2=PickleableV1 is specified in the deserializer).

So do methods need to be pickled? No for security. Yes because otherwise the appB unpickled data is not isomorphic with the pickled appA.Pickleable class instances.

One Solution: add a version attribute on each object, store it with every object, and discard it before testing equality by other attributes.

Another solution: include the source object version in the class name that gets stored with every pickled object instance, and try hard to make sure the dest object is the same.

[-]

Notebooks as reusable Python programs

[+]
[+]

Jupytext docs > The percent format: https://github.com/mwouts/jupytext/blob/main/docs/formats-sc... :

  # %% [markdown]
  # Another Markdown cell

  # %%
  # This is a code cell
  class A():
      def one():
          return 1


  # %% Optional title [cell type] key="value"
MyST Markdown has: https://mystmd.org/guide/notebooks-with-markdown :

  ```{code-cell} LANGUAGE
  :key: value

  CODE TO BE EXECUTED
  ```
And :

  ---
  kernelspec:
    name: javascript
    display_name: JavaScript
  ---

  # Another markdown cell

  ```{code-cell} javascript
  // This is a code cell
  console.log("hello javascript kernel");
  ```
But also does not store the outputs in the markdown.

[+]

The Spyder docs list other implementations of the percent format for notebooks as markdown and for delimiting runnable blocks within source code:

  # %%

  "^# %%"
Org-mode was released in 2003: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode

Org-mode supports code blocks: https://orgmode.org/manual/Structure-of-Code-Blocks.html :

  #+BEGIN_SRC <language> and 
  #+END_SRC. 
Literate programming; LaTeX: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming

Notebook interface; Markdown + MathTeX: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_interface ;

  $ \delta_{2 3 4} = 5 $

  $$ \Delta_\text{3 4 5} = 56 $$

[-]

Show HN: Aiopandas – Async .apply() and .map() for Pandas, Faster API/LLMs Calls

Can this be merged into pandas?

Pandas does not currently install tqdm by default.

pandas-dev/pandas//pyproject.toml [project.optional-dependencies] https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/blob/8943c97c597677ae98...

Dask solves for various adjacent problems; IDK if pandas, dask, or dask-cudf would be faster with async?

Dask docs > Scheduling > Dask Distributed (local) https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/scheduling.html#dask-distrib... :

> Asynchronous Futures API

Dask docs > Deploy Dask Clusters; local multiprocessing poll, k8s (docker desktop, podman-desktop,), public and private clouds, dask-jobqueue (SLURM,), dask-mpi: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/deploying.html#deploy-dask-c...

Dask docs > Dask DataFrame: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/dataframe.html :

> Dask DataFrames are a collection of many pandas DataFrames.

> The API is the same. The execution is the same.

> [concurrent.futures and/or @dask.delayed]

tqdm.dask: https://tqdm.github.io/docs/dask/#tqdmdask .. tests/tests_pandas.py: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tests/tests_pandas.... , tests/tests_dask.py: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tests/tests_dask.py

tqdm with dask.distributed: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/1230#issuecomment-222379... , not yet a PR: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/278#issuecomment-5070062...

dask.diagnostics.progress: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/diagnostics-local.html#progr...

dask.distributed.progress: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/diagnostics-distributed.html...

dask-labextension runs in JupyterLab and has a parallel plot visualization of the dask task graph and progress through it: https://github.com/dask/dask-labextension

dask-jobqueue docs > Interactive Use > Viewing the Dask Dashboard: https://jobqueue.dask.org/en/latest/clusters-interactive.htm...

https://examples.dask.org/ > "Embarrassingly parallel Workloads" tutorial re: "three different ways of doing this with Dask: dask.delayed, concurrent.Futures, dask.bag": https://examples.dask.org/applications/embarrassingly-parall...

[+]

Fair benchmarks would justify merging aiopandas into pandas. Benchmark grid axes: aiopandas, dtype_backend="pyarrow", dask-cudf

pandas pyarrow docs: https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/dev/user_guide/pyarrow.html

/? async pyarrow: https://www.google.com/search?q=async+pyarrow

/? repo:apache/arrow async language:Python : https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Aapache%2Farrow+async+lang... :

test_flight_async.py https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/python/pyarrow/tes...

pyarrow/src/arrow/python/async.h: https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/python/pyarrow/src... : "Bind a Python callback to an arrow::Future."

--

dask-cudf: https://docs.rapids.ai/api/dask-cudf/stable/ :

> Neither Dask cuDF nor Dask DataFrame provide support for multi-GPU or multi-node execution on their own. You must also deploy a dask.distributed cluster to leverage multiple GPUs. We strongly recommend using Dask-CUDA to simplify the setup of the cluster, taking advantage of all features of the GPU and networking hardware.

cudf.pandas > FAQ > "When should I use cudf.pandas vs using the cuDF library directly?" https://docs.rapids.ai/api/cudf/stable/cudf_pandas/faq/#when... :

> cuDF implements a subset of the pandas API, while cudf.pandas will fall back automatically to pandas as needed.

> Can I use cudf.pandas with Dask or PySpark?

> [Not at this time, though you can change the dask df to e.g. cudf, which does not implement the full pandas dataframe API]

--

dask.distributed docs > Asynchronous Operation; re Tornado or asyncio: https://distributed.dask.org/en/latest/asynchronous.html#asy...

--

tqdm.dask, tqdm.notebook: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm#ipythonjupyter-integration

  from tqdm.notebook import trange, tqdm
  for n in trange(10):
      time.sleep(1)
--

But then TPUs instead of or in addition to async GPUs;

TensorFlow TPU docs: https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/tpu

Optimization by Decoded Quantum Interferometry

ScholarlyArticle: "Optimization by Decoded Quantum Interferometry" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.08292

NewsArticle: "Quantum Speedup Found for Huge Class of Hard Problems" (2025) https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-speedup-found-for-hug...

High-fidelity entanglement between telecom photon and room-temp quantum memory

ScholarlyArticle: "High-fidelity entanglement between a telecom photon and a room-temperature quantum memory" (2025) https://arxiv.org/html/2503.11564v1

NewsArticle: "Scientists Achieve Telecom-Compatible Quantum Entanglement with Room-Temperature Memory" (2025) https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/03/19/scientists-achieve-...

[-]

Sound that can bend itself through space, reaching only your ear in a crowd

Which quantum operators can be found in [ultrasonic acoustic] wave convergences?

Surround sound systems must be calibrated in order to place the sweet spots of least cacophony.

There also exist ultrasonic scalpels that enable noninvasive subcutaneous surgical procedures that function by wave guiding to cause convergence.

"Functional ultrasound through the skull" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42086408

"Neurosurgeon pioneers Alzheimer's, addiction treatments using ultrasound [video]" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39556615

[-]

Did the Particle Go Through the Two Slits, or Did the Wave Function?

[+]
[+]
[+]

Though it doesn't resolve whether a "quanta" is a particle or a measurable convergence of waves, Electrons and Photons are observed with high speed imaging.

"Quantum microscopy study makes electrons visible in slow motion" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40981054

There exist single photon emitters and single photon detectors.

Qualify that there are single photons if there are single photon emitters:

Single-photon source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_source

QFT is not yet reconciled with (n-body) [quantum] gravity, which it has 100% error in oredicting. random chance. TOD

IIRC, QFT cannot explain why superfluid helium walks up the sides of a container against gravity, given the mass of each particle/wave of the superfluid and of the beaker and the earth, sun, and moon; though we say that gravity at any given point is the net sum of directional vectors acting upon said given point, or actually gravitational waves with phase and amplitude.

You said "gauge theory",

"Topological gauge theory of vortices in type-III superconductors" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41803662

From https://news.ycombinator.com/context?id=43081303 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43310933 :

> Probably not gauge symmetry there, then.

[-]

Generate impressive-looking terminal output, look busy when stakeholders walk by

The amount of time I spent getting asciifx and agg to work with syntax highlighting because IPython now has only Python Prompt Toolkit instead of deadline.

In order to leave Python coding demo tut GIF/MP4 on their monitor(s) at conferences or science fairs.

stemkiosk arithmetic in Python GIF v0.1.2: https://github.com/stemkiosk/stemkiosk/blob/e8f54704c6de32fb...

[-]

Ask HN: Project Management Class Recommendations?

I need to improve my skills in defining project goals, steps, and timelines and aligning teams around them.

Can anyone recommend some of their favorite online courses in this area? Particularly in technical environments.

Justified methods?

"How did software get so reliable without proof? (1996) [pdf]" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42425617

CPM: Critical Path Method, resource scheduling, agile complexity estimation, planning poker, WBS Work Breakdown Structure: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33582264#33583666

Project network: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_network

Project planning: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning

PERT: Program evaluation and review technique: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation_and_revie...

Project management > Approaches of project management,: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management

PMI: Project Management Institute > Certifications: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institute#C...

PMBOK: Project Management Body of Knowledge > Contents: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Kno...

Agile software development > Methods: TDD, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development

/? site:github.com inurl:awesome project management ; Books, Courses https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Agithub.com+inurl%3Aaw...

Class Central > Project Management Courses and Certifications: https://www.classcentral.com/subject/project-management

Which processes scale without reengineering, once DevSecOps is automated with GitOps?

Brooks's law (observation) > Exceptions and possible solutions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%27s_law

Business process re-engineering > See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_re-engineerin... :

Learning agenda: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning Agenda , CLO

Agendas; Robert's Rules of Order has a procedure for motioning to add something to a meeting agenda.

Robert's Rules of Order: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order

3 Questions; a status report to be ready with for team chat async or time bound: Since, Before, Obstacles

Stand-up meeting > Three questions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_meeting#Three_questio...

[-]

Recursion kills: The story behind CVE-2024-8176 in libexpat

spyc | 2025-03-13 18:05:44 | 161 | # | ^
[+]

> Any recursive function can be transformed into a tail recursive form, exchanging stack allocation for heap allocation.

Can't all recursive functions be transformed to stack-based algorithms? And then, generally, isn't there a flatter resource consumption curve for stack-based algorithms, unless the language supports tail recursion?

E.g. Python has sys.getrecursionlimit() == 1000 by default, RecursionError, collections.deque; and "Performance of the Python 3.14 tail-call interpreter": https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43317592

[+]

> You still consume memory at the same rate, but now it is a heap-allocated stack that is programmatically controlled, instead of a stack-allocated stack that is automatically controlled

To be precise; with precision:

In C (and IIUC now Python, too), a stack frame is created for each function call (unless tail call optimization is applied by the compiler).

To avoid creating an unnecessary stack frame for each recursive function call, instead create a collections.deque and add traversed nodes to the beginning or end enqueued for processing in a loop within one non-recursive function.

Is Tail Call Optimization faster than collections.deque in a loop in one function scope stack frame?

[+]
[-]

The Lost Art of Logarithms

Notes from "How should logarithms be taught?" (2021) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28519356 re: logarithms in the Python standard library, NumPy, SymPy, TensorFlow, PyTorch, Wikipedia

Jupyter JEP: AI Representation for tools that interact with notebooks

(TIL about) MCP: Model Context Protocol; https://modelcontextprotocol.io/introduction

MCP Specification: https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/draft/

/? Model Context Protocol: https://hn.algolia.com/?q=Model+Context+Protocol

From https://github.com/jupyter/enhancement-proposals/pull/129#is... :

> Would a JSON-LD 'ified nbformat and `_repr_jsonld_()` solve for this too?

There's a (closed) issue to: "Add JSONLD @context to the top level .ipynb node nbformat#44"

[-]

Datoviz: High-Performance GPU Scientific Visualization Library with Vulkan

"Datoviz: high-performance GPU scientific data visualization C/C++/Python library" https://github.com/datoviz/datoviz

> In the long term, Datoviz will mostly be used as a VisPy 2.0 backend.

ctypes bindings for Python

Matplotlib and MATLAB colormaps

0.4: WebGPU, Jupyter

... jupyter-xeus and JupyterLite; https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43201706 :

> jupyter-xeus supports environment.yml with jupyterlite with packages from emscripten-forge [a Quetz repo built with rattler-build]

> emscripten-forge src: https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/tree/main/recipe... web: https://repo.mamba.pm/emscripten-forge

[-]

High-performance computing, with much less code

> The researchers implemented a scheduling library with roughly 2,000 lines of code in Exo 2, encapsulating reusable optimizations that are linear-algebra specific and target-specific (AVX512, AVX2, Neon, and Gemmini hardware accelerators). This library consolidates scheduling efforts across more than 80 high-performance kernels with up to a dozen lines of code each, delivering performance comparable to, or better than, MKL, OpenBLAS, BLIS, and Halide.

exo-lang/exo: https://github.com/exo-lang/exo

Proposed Patches Would Allow Using Linux Kernel's Libperf from Python

> Those interested in the prospects of leveraging the libperf API from Python code can see this RFC patch series for all the details: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250313075126.547881-1-gautam@... :

>> In this RFC series, we are introducing a C extension module to allow python programs to call the libperf API functions. Currently libperf can be used by C programs, but expanding the support to python is beneficial for python users.

[-]

Is Rust a good fit for business apps?

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

re: noarch, emscripten-32, and/or emscripten-wasm32 WASM packages of rust on emscripten-forge a couple days ago. [1][2]

emscripten-forge is a package repo of conda packages for `linux-64 emscripten-32 emscripten-wasm32 osx-arm64 noarch` built with rattler-build and hosted with quetz: https://repo.mamba.pm/emscripten-forge

Evcxr is a rust kernel for jupyter; but jupyter-xeus is the new (cpp) way to write jupyterlite kernels like xeus-, xeus-sqlite, xeus-lua, xeus-javascript, xeus-javascript

[1]: evcxr_jupyter > "jupyter lite and conda-forge feedstock(s)" https://github.com/evcxr/evcxr/issues/399

[2]: emscripten-forge > "recipes_emscripten/rust and evxcr_jupyter kernel" https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/issues/1983

container2wasm c2w might already compile rust to WASI WASM? https://github.com/container2wasm/container2wasm

[-]

Trump's Big Bet: Americans Will Tolerate Downturn to Restore Manufacturing

[+]

The SDGs have Goals, Targets, and Indicators.

What are the goals for domestic manufacturing?

FRED series tagged "Manufacturing" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/tags/series?t=manufacturing

"Manufacturers' New Orders: Total Manufacturing (AMTMNO)" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AMTMNO

[-]

The DuckDB Local UI

xnx | 2025-03-12 08:56:01 | 922 | # | ^
[+]
[+]

WhatTheDuck does SQL with duckdb-wasm

Pygwalker does open-source descriptive statistics and charts from pandas dataframes: https://github.com/Kanaries/pygwalker

ydata-profiling does open-source Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) with Pandas and Spark DataFrames and integrates with various apps: https://github.com/ydataai/ydata-profiling #integrations, #use-cases

xeus-sqlite is a xeus kernel for jupyter and jupyterlite which has Vega visualizations for sql queries: https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus-sqlite

jupyterlite-xeus installs packages specified in an environment.yml from emscripten-forge: https://jupyterlite-xeus.readthedocs.io/en/latest/environmen...

emscripten-forge has xeus-sqlite and pandas and numpy and so on; but not yet duckdb-wasm: https://repo.mamba.pm/emscripten-forge

duckdb-wasm "Feature Request: emscripten-forge package" https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb-wasm/discussions/1978

Supercomputer draws molecular blueprint for repairing damaged DNA

"Molecular architecture and functional dynamics of the pre-incision complex in nucleotide excision repair" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52860-y

Also, "Scientists discover an RNA that repairs DNA damage" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43313781

"NEAT1 promotes genome stability via m6A methylation-dependent regulation of CHD4" (2025) https://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/38/17-20/915

Tunable superconductivity and Hall effect in a transition metal dichalcogenide

ScholarlyArticle: "Tunable superconductivity coexisting with the anomalous Hall effect in a transition metal dichalcogenide" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56919-2

[-]

Move over graphene Scientists forge bismuthene and host of atoms-thick metals

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43337868 :

> The new bismuth-based transistor could revolutionize chip design, offering higher efficiency while bypassing silicon’s limitations [...]

Can bismuthene and similar be nanoimprinted?

[-]

Peer-to-peer file transfers in the browser

[+]
[+]
[+]

> He said, uh, "The answer's not in the box, it's in the band."

Low-power 2D gate-all-around logics via epitaxial monolithic 3D integration

ScholarlyArticle: "Low-power 2D gate-all-around logics via epitaxial monolithic 3D integration" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-025-02117-w

"China’s new silicon-free chip beats Intel with 40% more speed and 10% less energy" (2025) https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinas-chip-ru... :

> The new bismuth-based transistor could revolutionize chip design, offering higher efficiency while bypassing silicon’s limitations [...]

> Their newly developed 2D transistor is said to be 40% faster than the latest 3-nanometre silicon chips from Intel and TSMC while consuming 10% less energy. This innovation, they say, could allow China to bypass the challenges of silicon-based chipmaking entirely.

> “It is the fastest, most efficient transistor ever,” according to an official statement published last week on the PKU website.

[-]

Does Visual Studio rot the mind? (2005)

[+]

So tool use is the telltale sign of our continued downfall from original sophistique and natural talent as it once were?

[-]

Cloudflare: New source of randomness just dropped

Another source of random entropy better than a wall of lava lamps:

>> "100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations" https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010330

But is that good enough random for rngd to continually re-seed an rng with?

(Is our description of such measurable fluctuations in the quantum foam inadequate to predict what we're calling random?)

> google/paranoid_crypto.lib.randomness_tests: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/tree/main/paranoid... .. docs: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/blob/main/docs/ran...

[-]

Stem cell therapy trial reverses "irreversible" damage to cornea

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37204123 (2023) :

> From "Sight for sore eyes" (2009) https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/sight-sore-eyes :

>> "A contact lens-based technique for expansion and transplantation of autologous epithelial progenitors for ocular surface reconstruction" (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181a4bbf2

>> In this study, they found that only one brand (Bausch and Lomb IIRC) of contact lens worked well as a scaffold for the SC

Good to see stem cell research in the US.

Stem cell laws and policy in the United States: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_laws_and_policy_in...

[-]

If you witness a cardiac arrest, here's what to do

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39850383#39863280 :

> Basic life support (BLS) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_life_support :

>> DRSABCD: Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, CPR, Defibrillation

> "Drs. ABCD"

From "Defibrillation devices save lives using 1k times less electricity" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42061556 :

> "New defib placement increases chance of surviving heart attack by 264%" (2024) https://newatlas.com/medical/defibrillator-pads-anterior-pos... :

>> Placing defibrillator pads on the chest and back, rather than the usual method of putting two on the chest, increases the odds of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by more than two-and-a-half times, according to a new study.

From SBA.gov blog > "Review Your Workplace Safety Policies" (2019) https://www.sba.gov/blog/review-your-workplace-safety-polici... :

> Also, consider offering training for CPR to employees. Be sure to have an automatic external defibrillator (AED) on site and have employees trained on how to use it. The American Red Cross and various other organizations offer free or low-cost training.

Ask HN: Optical Tweezers for Neurovascular Resection?

Applications, Scale, Feasibility?

Optical tweezers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers

NewsArticle: "Engineers create a chip-based tractor beam for biological particles" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-10-chip-based-tractor-biological-...

ScholarlyArticle: "Optical tweezing of microparticles and cells using silicon-photonics-based optical phased arrays" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52273-x

Are there more efficient methods of nanoassembly for surgical reconstruction?

[-]

Europe bets once again on RISC-V for supercomputing

[+]
[+]
[+]

And RISC-V started at UC Berkeley in 2010.

RISC-V: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V

"Ask HN: How much would it cost to build a RISC CPU out of carbon?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41153490 with nanoimprinting (which 10x's current gen nanolithography FWIU)

"Nanoimprint Lithography Aims to Take on EUV" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42575111 :

> Called nanoimprint lithography (NIL), it’s capable of patterning circuit features as small as 14 nanometers—enabling logic chips on par with Intel, AMD, and Nvidia processors now in mass production.

[-]

Online Embedded Rust Simulator

[+]

Wokwi also supports Pi Pico w/ Python: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38034530 , https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36970206

This kit connects a BBC Microbit v2 to a USB-chargeable Li-Ion battery on a mountable expansion board with connectors for Motors for LEGOs ® and a sonar:bit ultrasonic sensor: "ELECFREAKS micro:bit 32 IN 1 Wonder Building Kit, Programmable K12 Educational Learning Kit with [MOC blocks / Technics®] Building Blocks/Sensors/Wukong Expansion Board" https://shop.elecfreaks.com/products/elecfreaks-micro-bit-32...

There are docs on GitHub for the kit: https://github.com/elecfreaks/learn-en/tree/master/microbitK... .. web: https://wiki.elecfreaks.com/en/microbit/building-blocks/wond...

"Raspberry Pico Rust support" https://github.com/wokwi/wokwi-features/issues/469#issuecomm... :

> For future people who come across this issue: you can still simulate Rust on Raspberry Pi Pico with Wokwi, but you'll have to compile the firmware yourself. Then you can load it into Wokwi for VS Code or Wokwi for Intellij.

Scientists Confirm the Existence of 'Second Sound'

ScholarlyArticle: "Thermography of the superfluid transition in a strongly interacting Fermi gas" (2025) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg3430

If there are strongly interacting superfluids in black holes and accretion attractor systems, and none of the models describe superfluids, and we observe different thermal behavior in superfluids, can any existing description of black holes be sufficient?

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Armchair physicist with dissonance about superfluids (or Bose-Einstein condensates) which break all the existing models.

And my armchair physicist notes; /? superfluid https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/ #search=superfluid

I think I've probably already directly mentioned Fedi's?

Finally found this; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42957014 :

> Testing of alternatives to general relativity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relati...

- [ ] Models fluidic attractor systems

- [ ] Models superfluids

- [ ] Models n-body gravity in fluidic systems

- [ ] Models retrocausality

Re: gauge theory, superfluids: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43081303

He said there's a newer version of this:

> "Gravity as a fluid dynamic phenomenon in a superfluid quantum space. Fluid quantum gravity and relativity." (2015) https://hal.science/hal-01248015/

People Are Paying $5M and $1M to Dine with Donald Trump

Sleaziest thing I've ever heard!

Isn't that illegal influence peddling?

For the record, when Buffet auctions a meeting for pay it's for charity; and he's not on the clock as a public servant.

For context,

Change.org (2007) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change.org

We The People (2009-01) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People_(petitioning_sys... :

> The right "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances" is guaranteed by the United States Constitution's First Amendment. [...]

> Overview > Thresholds: Under the Obama administration's rules, a petition had to reach 150 signatures (Dunbar's Number) within 30 days to be searchable on WhiteHouse.gov, according to Tom Cochran, former director of digital technology. [8] It had to reach 100,000 signatures within 30 days to receive an official response. [9] The original threshold was set at 5,000 signatures on September 1, 2011,[10] was raised to 25,000 on October 3, 2011, [11] and raised again to 100,000 as of January 15, 2013. [12] The White House typically would not comment when a petition concerned an ongoing investigation. [13]

> Sleaziest

Sorry, that's ad hominem (name calling) but not a valid argument.

Is it civilly or criminally illegal for the standing president to do "sell the plate" fundraisers for PACs that aren't kickbacks?

Where is the current record of such receipts?

Kickback (bribery): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)

Influence peddling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_peddling

US Constitution > Article II > Section 4: https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/#ar...

> The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Impeachment in the United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Stat... :

> The Constitution limits grounds of impeachment to "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors", [2] but does not itself define "high crimes and misdemeanors".

Presumably, Bribery needn't be defined in the Constitution because such laws and rules are the business of the Legislative and the Judicial branches, and such rules apply to all people.

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I agree. As a fund or holding company manager, Mr. Buffet has a fiduciary obligation to shareholders.

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In terms of fiduciary and Constitutional - or Constitutional (including fiduciary) - obligations, is there any penalty for violating an Oath of Office?

US Constitution > Article II.S1.C8.1 "Oath of Office for the Presidency": https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII-S1-C8-1... :

> Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:– I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.

US Constitution > Article II.S1.C8.1.5 "Violation of the Presidential Oath" https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII-S1-C8-1...

Oath of office of the president of the United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_presiden...

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I've never heard of double jeopardy for impeachment; being impeached does not preclude criminal prosection for the same offense.

FBI's assessment of presidential immunity might should be reviewed in light of the court's recent ruling on same and the fact that they are an executive branch department of government. They work for the executive - as evidenced by the firing of James Comey - so we can't trust their assessment of his immunity.

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AI tools are spotting errors in research papers: inside a growing movement

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Also pro error finding with LLMs.

But concerned about tool dependency; if you can't do it without the AI, you can't support the code.

"LLMs cannot find reasoning errors, but can correct them" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38353285

"New GitHub Copilot research finds 'downward pressure on code quality'" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39168105

"AI generated code compounds technical debt" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43185735 :

> “I don't think I have ever seen so much technical debt being created in such a short period of time"

Even if trained on only formally verified code, we should not expect LLMs to produce code that passes formal verification.

"Ask HN: Are there any objective measurements for AI model coding performance?" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43206779

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43061977#43069287 re: memory vulns, SAST DAST, Formal Verification, awesome-safety-critical

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Covid-19 speeds up artery plaque growth, raising heart disease risk

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40681226 :

> "Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming" (2016) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6100

> "Powdered Booze Could Fix Your Clogged Arteries" (2016) https://www.popsci.com/compound-in-powdered-alcohol-can-also...

FWIU, beta-cyclodextrin is already FDA approved, and injection of betacyclodextrin reversed arterio/atherosclerosis; possibly because our arteries are caked with sugar alcohol and beta-cyclodextrin absorbs alcohol.

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Asteroid fragments upend theory of how life on Earth bloomed

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"I Applied Wavelet Transforms to AI and Found Hidden Structure" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42956262 re: CODES, chirality, and chiral molecules whose chirality results in locomotion

Do any of these affect the fields that would have selected for molecules on Earth? The Sun's rotation, Earth's rotation, the direction of revolution in our by now almost coplanar solar system, Galactic rotation

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Launch HN: Enhanced Radar (YC W25) – A safety net for air traffic control

Hey HN, we’re Eric and Kristian of Enhanced Radar. We’re working on making air travel safer by augmenting control services in our stressed airspace system.

Recent weeks have put aviation safety on everyone’s mind, but we’ve been thinking about this problem for years. Both of us are pilots — we have 2,500 hours of flight time between us. Eric flew professionally and holds a Gulfstream 280 type rating and both FAA and EASA certificates. Kristian flies recreationally, and before this worked on edge computer vision for satellites.

We know from our flying experience that air traffic management is imperfect (every pilot can tell stories of that one time…), so this felt like an obvious problem to work on.

Most accidents are the result of an overdetermined “accident chain” (https://code7700.com/accident_investigation.htm). The popular analogy here is the swiss cheese model, where holes in every slice line up perfectly to cause an accident. Often, at least one link in that chain is human error.

We’ll avoid dissecting this year’s tragedies and take a close call from last April at DCA as an example:

The tower cleared JetBlue 1554 to depart on Runway 04, but simultaneously a ground controller on a different frequency cleared a Southwest jet to cross that same runway, putting them on a collision course. Controllers noticed the conflict unfolding and jumped in to yell at both aircraft to stop, avoiding a collision with about 8 seconds to spare (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yooJmu30DxY).

Importantly, the error that caused this incident occurred approximately 23 seconds before the conflict became obvious. In this scenario, a good solution would be a system that understands when an aircraft has been cleared to depart from a runway, and then makes sure no aircraft are cleared to cross (or are in fact crossing) that runway until the departing aircraft is wheels-up. And so on.

To do this, we’ve developed Yeager, an ensemble of models including state of the art speech-to-text that can understand ATC audio. It’s trained on a large amount of our own labeled ATC audio collected from our VHF receivers located at airports around the US. We improve performance by injecting context such as airport layout details, nearby/relevant navaids, and information on all relevant aircraft captured via ADS-B.

Our product piggy-backs on the raw signal in the air (VHF radio from towers to pilots) by having our own antennas, radios, and software installed at the airport. This system is completely parallel to existing infrastructure, requires zero permission, and zero integration. It’s an extra safety net over existing systems (no replacement required). All the data we need is open-source and unencrypted.

Building models for processing ATC speech is our first step toward building a safety net that detects human error (by both pilots and ATC). The latest system transcribes the VHF control audio at about ~1.1% WER (Word Error Rate), down from a previous record of ~9%. We’re using these transcripts with NLP and ADS-B (the system that tracks aircraft positions in real time) for readback detection (ensuring pilots correctly repeat ATC instructions) and command compliance.

There are different views about the future of ATC. Our product is naturally based on our own convictions and experience in the field. For example, it’s sometimes said that voice comms are going away — we think they aren’t (https://www.ericbutton.co/p/speech). People also point out that airplanes are going to fly themselves — in fact they already do. But passenger airlines, for example, will keep a pilot onboard (or on the ground) with ultimate control, for a long time from now; the economics and politics and mind-boggling safety and legal standards for aviation make this inevitable. Also, while next-gen ATC systems like ASDE-X are already in place, they don’t eliminate the problem. The April 2024 scenario mentioned above occurred at DCA, an ASDE-X-equipped airport.

America has more than 5,000 public-use airports, but only 540 of these have control towers (due to cost). As a result, there are over 100 commercial airline routes that fly into uncontrolled airports, and 4.4M landings at these fields. Air traffic control from first principles looks significantly more automated, more remote-controlled, and much cheaper — and as a result, much more widespread.

We’ve known each other for 3 years, and decided independently that we needed to work on air traffic. Having started on this, we feel like it’s our mission for the next decade or two.

If you’re a pilot or an engineer who’s thought about this stuff, we’d love to get your input. We look forward to hearing everyone’s thoughts, questions, ideas!

Can any aircraft navigation system plot drone Remote ID beacons on a map?

How sensitive of a sensor array is necessary to trilaterate Remote ID signals and birds for aircraft collision avoidance?

A Multispectral sensor array (standard) would probably be most robust.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40276191 :

> Are there autopilot systems that do any sort of drone, bird, or other aerial object avoidance?

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FWIU geo-fencing was recently removed from one brand of drones.

Thermal: motors, chips, heatsinks, and batteries are warm but the air is colder around propellers; RF: motor RF, circuit RF, battery RF, control channel RF, video channel RF, RF from federally required Remote ID or ADS-B beacons, gravitational waves

Aircraft have less time to recover from e.g. engine and windshield failure at takeoff and landing at airports; so all drones at airports must be authorized by ATC Air Traffic Control: it is criminally illegal to fly a drone at the airport without authorization because it endangers others.

Tagging a bird on the 'dashcam'+radar+sensors feed could create a PIREP:

PIREP: Pilot's Report: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_report

Looks like "birds" could be coded as /SK sky cover, /WX weather and visiblity, or /RM remarks with the existing system described on wikipedia.

Prometheus (originally developed by SoundCloud) does pull-style metrics: each monitored server hosts over HTTP(S) a document in binary prometheus format that the centralized monitoring service pulls from whenever they get around to it. This avoids swamping (or DOS'ing) the centralized monitoring service which must scale to the number of incoming reports in a push-style monitoring system.

All metrics for the service are included in the one (1) prometheus document, which prevents requests for monitoring data from exhausting the resources of the monitored server. It is up to the implementation to determine whether to fill with nulls if sensor data is unavailable, or to for example fill forward with the previous value if sensor data is unavailable for one metric.

Solutions for birds around runways and in flight paths and around wind turbines:

- Lights

- Sounds: human audible, ultrasonic

- Thuds: birds take flight when the ground shakes

- Eyes: Paint large eyes on signs by the runways

> Sounds and Thuds [that scare birds away]

In "Glass Antenna Turns windows into 5G Base Stations" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41592848 or a post linked thereunder, I mentioned ancient stone lingams on stone pedestals which apparently scare birds away from temples when they're turned.

/? praveen mohan lingam: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=praveen+mohan+l...

Are some ancient stone lingams also piezoelectric voice transducer transmitters, given water over copper or gold between the lingam and pedestal and given the original shape of the stones? Also, stories of crystals mounted on pyramids and towers.

Could rotating large stones against stone scare birds away from runways?

Remote ID: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_ID

Airborne collision avoidance system: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_s...

"Ask HN: Next Gen, Slow, Heavy Lift Firefighting Aircraft Specs?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42665458

Are there already bird not a bird datasets?

Procedures for creating "bird on Multispectral plane radar and video" dataset(s):

Tag birds on the dashcam video with timecoded sensor data and a segmentation and annotation tool.

Pinch to zoom, auto-edge detect, classification probability, sensor status

voxel51/fiftyone does segmentation and annotation with video and possibly Multispectral data: https://github.com/voxel51/fiftyone

Oh, weather radar would help pilots too:

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43260690 :

> "The National Weather Service operates 160 weather radars across the U.S. and its territories. Radar detects the size and motion of particles in rain, snow, hail and dust, which helps meteorologists track where precipitation is falling. Radar can even indicate the presence of a tornado [...]"

From today, just now; fish my wish!

"Integrated sensing and communication based on space-time-coding metasurfaces" (2025-03) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43261825

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NASA uses GPS on the moon for the first time

> the Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment (LuGRE) [is] one of the 10 projects packed aboard Blue Ghost. [...]

> However, LuGRE’s achievements didn’t only begin after touchdown on the moon. On January 21, the instrument broke NASA’s record for highest altitude GNSS signal acquisition at 209,900 miles from Earth while traveling to the moon. That record continued to rise during Blue Ghost’s journey over the ensuing days, peaking at 243,000 miles from Earth after reaching lunar orbit on February 20.

New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-Qubit Processor

ScholarlyArticle: "Establishing a New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 Processor" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.11924

NewsArticle: "Superconducting quantum processor prototype operates 10^15 times faster than fastest supercomputer" https://phys.org/news/2025-03-superconducting-quantum-proces... :

> The quantum processor achieves a coherence time of 72 μs, a parallel single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.90%, a parallel two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.62%, and a parallel readout fidelity of 99.13%. The extended coherence time provides the necessary duration for performing more complex operations and computations. [...]

> To evaluate its capabilities, the team conducted an 83-qubit, 32-layer random circuit sampling task on the system. Compared to the current optimal classical algorithm, the computational speed surpasses that of the world's most powerful supercomputer by 15 orders of magnitude. Additionally, it outperforms the latest results published by Google in October of last year by 6 orders of magnitude, establishing the strongest quantum computational advantage in the superconducting system to date.

Integrated sensing and communication based on space-time-coding metasurfaces

ScholarlyArticle: "Integrated sensing and communication based on space-time-coding metasurfaces" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57137-6

NewsArticle: "Space-time-coding metasurface could transform wireless networks with dual-functionality for 6G era" https://techxplore.com/news/2025-03-space-coding-metasurface...

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How the U.K. broke its own economy

This video explains who paid for Brexit and Trump: "Canadian company tied to Brexit and Trump backers" (2019) https://youtube.com/watch?v=alNjJVpO8L4&

Cambridge Analytica > United Kingdom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica#Channel_4_...

"New Evidence Emerges of Steve Bannon and Cambridge Analytica’s Role in Brexit" (2018) https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/new-evidence-emerge...

"‘I made Steve Bannon’s psychological warfare tool’: meet the data war whistleblower" (2018) https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/data-war-whistl...

Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Ana... ($4b FTC fine)

Furthermore,

"3.5M Voters Were Purged During 2024 Presidential Election [video]" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43047349

They only "won" by like 1.5m votes.

Who's illegitimate? https://www.google.com/search?q=Trump+birthrarism

Live Updates: China and Canada Retaliate Against New Trump Tariffs

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Nanoscale spin rectifiers for harvesting ambient radiofrequency energy

"Nanoscale spin rectifiers for harvesting ambient radiofrequency energy" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-024-01212-1

From "NUS researchers develop new battery-free technology to power electronic devices using ambient radiofrequency signals" (2024) https://news.nus.edu.sg/nus-researchers-develop-new-battery-... :

> To address these challenges, a team of NUS researchers, working in collaboration with scientists from Tohoku University (TU) in Japan and University of Messina (UNIME) in Italy, has developed a compact and sensitive rectifier technology that uses nanoscale spin-rectifier (SR) to convert ambient wireless radio frequency signals at power less than -20 dBm to a DC voltage.

> The team optimised SR devices and designed two configurations: 1) a single SR-based rectenna operational between -62 dBm and -20 dBm, and 2) an array of 10 SRs in series achieving 7.8% efficiency and zero-bias sensitivity of approximately 34,500 mV/mW. Integrating the SR-array into an energy harvesting module, they successfully powered a commercial temperature sensor at -27 dBm.

Passive Wi-Fi or "backscatter redirection Wi-Fi": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_Wi-Fi :

> The system used tens of microwatts of power, [2] 10^−4 less energy than conventional Wi-fi devices, and one thousandth the energy of Bluetooth LE and Zigbee communications standards. [1]

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Ask HN: Where are the good Markdown to PDF tools (that meet these requirements)?

I'm trying to convert a very large Markdown file (a couple hundred pages) to PDF.

It contains lots of code in code blocks and has a table of contents at the start with internal links to later pages.

I've tried lots of different Markdown-PDF converters like md2pdf and Pandoc, even trying converting it through LaTeX first, however none of them produce working internal PDF links, have effective syntax highlighting for HTML, CSS, JavaScript and Python, and wrap code to fit it on the page.

I have a very long regular expression (email validation of course) that doesn't fit on one line but no solutions I have found properly break the lines on page overflow.

What tools does everyone recommend?

MyST-MD transforms to LaTeX or HTML, which are transformable to (PostScript and then) PDF. With LaTeX it's possible to exactly typeset.

Sphinx and jupyter-book support MyST Markdown.

PDF Tables of Contents with links to headings or page numbers are possible with MyST and RestructuredText.

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SEC Declares Memecoins Are Not Subject to Oversight

wslh | 2025-02-28 07:38:46 | 102 | # | ^

By SEC, or in law in the US because DOGE?

Can QBT Qualified Blind Trusts own memecoins, or is that still a conflict of interest? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43201808

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Collectibles are also subject to financial reporting requirements that apply according to the USD value at time of purchase and sale.

As I said before in the past regarding "Elephant in the room: Quantum computers will destroy Bitcoin" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43188345#43188777 :

> The market does not appear to cost infosec value, risk, or technical debt into cryptoasset prices.

> PQ or non-PQ does not predict asset price in 2025-02.

But what about DOGE?

Jeff Foxworthy, a comedian, once said:

> Sophisticated people invest their money in stock portfolios.

> Rednecks invest their money in commemorative plates.

Are NFTs or memecoins more similar to (NASCAR) commemorative plates?

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So do we blame Biden or Trump for delisting XRP, or is SEC respectably independent?

What about CFTC and FTC and the CAT Consolidated Audit Trail; are collectibles over 10K exempt from KYC and AML there too?

(By comparison, banks put days-long holds on large checks.)

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The recent tariff spat by the tantrum thrower is supposably justified because of the drug overdose rate.

All lives matter.

List of causes of death by rate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rat... :

> Substance abuse: 0.58 %

What about the the other 99.4 % of the causes of death, in terms of federal priorities?

What about NIH and NSF funding for medical sciences research?

/? tariff authorization: https://tinyurl.com/certainplansforusall

"Are Drinking Straws Dangerous? (2017)" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43041625

/? plastic straws executive order: https://www.google.com/search?q=plastic+straws+executive+ord...

The recently proposed budget would increase the deficit by 16 trillion dollars on 40 trillion?

Is an Amendment to the Constitution necessary to limit a right according to disability or to create an independent agency which is independent from the Executive (Justice), Legislative, and Judicial branches?

Define "Independent Agency"?

GSA General Services Administration: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administratio... :

> The General Services Administration (GSA) is an independent agency of the United States government established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies.

Independent agencies of the United States federal government: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_Un... :

> In the United States federal government, independent agencies are agencies that exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President. [1] In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited.

> Established through separate statutes passed by Congress, each respective statutory grant of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards, as well as what substantive areas, if any, over which it may have the power of rulemaking. These agency rules (or regulations), when in force, have the power of federal law. [2]

However, like Acts of Congress and Executive Orders, such rules are not Constitutional Amendments.

> Examples of independent agencies: These agencies are not represented in the cabinet and are not part of the Executive Office of the president:

> [ Amtrak, CIA, FCC, FDIC, FEC, Federal Reserve, FERC, FTC, CFTC, SSA, TVA, NASA, NARA, OPM, ]

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> In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited.

Congress must confirm candidate appointees to independent agencies, otherwise they are not independent of the Executive.

Can the President terminate Congressionally-approved nominations without regard for their service? They can.

Is the President totally immune? They are not.

When can't the executive pardon themselves?

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PEP 486 – Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments (2015)

okl | 2025-02-19 06:03:27 | 18 | # | ^
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It may that there were so many distros of Python by the time that venv (and virtualenv and virtualenvwrapper) were written.

"PEP 3147 – PYC Repository Directories" https://peps.python.org/pep-3147/ :

> Linux distributions such as Ubuntu [4] and Debian [5] provide more than one Python version at the same time to their users. For example, Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala users can install Python 2.5, 2.6, and 3.1, with Python 2.6 being the default. [...]

> Because these distributions cannot share pyc files, elaborate mechanisms have been developed to put the resulting pyc files in non-shared locations while the source code is still shared. Examples include the symlink-based Debian regimes python-support [8] and python-central [9]. These approaches make for much more complicated, fragile, inscrutable, and fragmented policies for delivering Python applications to a wide range of users. Arguably more users get Python from their operating system vendor than from upstream tarballs. Thus, solving this pyc sharing problem for CPython is a high priority for such vendors.

> This PEP proposes a solution to this problem.

> Proposal: Python’s import machinery is extended to write and search for byte code cache files in a single directory inside every Python package directory. This directory will be called __pycache__.

Should the package management tool also install multiple versions of the interpreter? conda, mamba, pixi, and uv do. Neither tox nor nox nor pytest care where the python install came from.

And then of course cibuildwheel builds binary wheels for Win/Mac/Lin and manylinux wheels for libc and/or musl libc. repairwheel, auditwheel, delocate, and delvewheel bundle shared library dependencies (.so and DLL) into the wheel, which is a .zip file with a .whl extension and a declarative manifest that doesn't require python code to run as the package installer.

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42347468

repairwheel: https://github.com/jvolkman/repairwheel :

> It includes pure-python replacements for external tools like patchelf, otool, install_name_tool, and codesign, so no non-python dependencies are required.

pip used to support virtualenvs.

pip 0.2 (2008) https://pypi.org/project/pip/0.2/ :

> pip is complementary with virtualenv, and it is encouraged that you use virtualenv to isolate your installation.

https://pypi.org/project/pip/0.2/#using-pip-with-virtualenv :

  pip install -E venvpath/ pkg1 pkg2
When was the -E <virtualenv> flag removed from pip and why?

  pip install --help | grep "\-E"

"PEP 453 – Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations" https://peps.python.org/pep-0453/#changes-to-virtual-environ... :

> Python 3.3 included a standard library approach to virtual Python environments through the venv module. Since its release it has become clear that very few users have been willing to use this feature directly, in part due to the lack of an installer present by default inside of the virtual environment. They have instead opted to continue using the virtualenv package which does include pip installed by default.

"why venv install old pip?" re: `python -m ensurepip && python -m pip install -U pip` https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/74813

> When was the -E <virtualenv> flag removed from pip and why?

Though `pip install --python=... pkg` won't work ( https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/12068 ),

Now, there's

  pip --python=$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin/python install pkg

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GSA Eliminates 18F

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"Musk ally is moving to close office behind free tax filing program at IRS" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43222216

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Inheriting is becoming nearly as important as working

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From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43140675 :

> Gini Index: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

Find 1980 on this chart of wealth inequality in the US:

> GINI Index for the United States: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA

Are there additional measures of wealth inequality?

Income distribution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_distribution

World Inequality Database: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Inequality_Database

USA!: https://wid.world/country/usa/

Economic inequality: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality :

> Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders).

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Hash Denial-of-Service Attack in Multiple QUIC Implementations

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I know I've looked it up before, but for whatever reason I can't explain how open address hashmaps work; how does it know to check the next bucket on read after a collision on insert?

I know it's a dumb question, and that I've researched it before. Strange.

(I recall Python first reporting the open address hashing hash randomization disclosure vuln that resulted in the PYTHONHASHSEED env var, and then dict becoming an odict OrderedHashMap by default.)

/? The only fix for DOS attacks against hashtables is to fix the collision resolution method. https://www.google.com/search?q=The+only+fix+for+DOS+attacks...

"Defending Hash Tables from Subterfuge with Depth Charge" (2024) https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3631461.3631550

"Defending hash tables from algorithmic complexity attacks with resource burning" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03043...

Hash collision: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_collision

[-]

Electric Propulsion Magnets Ready for Space Tests

How long will it be before this new space propulsion capability can be scaled in order to put the ISS on the moon instead of in the ocean?

[+]
[+]
[+]

Orbital refuelling of non-satellite spacecraft at greater than IDK a few km has not been demonstrated.

Rendezvouzing and pushing or pulling a 900K lb (350K kg) object in orbit has never been demonstrated.

In-orbit outer hull repair on a vessel with occupants has also never been demonstrated?

Are there NEO avoidance plans that do not involve fracturing the object into orbital debris on approach?

[-]

Violence alters human genes for generations, researchers discover

[+]

Because later generations shouldn't be forced pay the cost for such violence that they didn't perpetrate or perpetuate.

To make it real when there's no compassion, loving kindness, or the golden rule:

War reparations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations

[+]

If compassion and war reparations are insufficient to deter unjust violence, what will change the reinforced behaviors?

[+]

Family therapy > Summary of theories and techniques: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapy#Summary_of_theo...

Expressive therapies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressive_therapies

Systemic therapy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_therapy :

> Based largely on the work of anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, this resulted in a shift towards what is known as "second-order cybernetics" which acknowledges the influence of the subjective observer in any study, essentially applying the principles of cybernetics to cybernetics – examining the examination.

"What are the treatment goals?"

Clean Language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_language

...

In "Jack Ryan" (TV Series) Season 1 Episode 1, the children suffer from war trauma in their upbringing and that pervades their lives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(TV_series)#Season_1...

In "Life is Beautiful" (1997) Italian children are trapped in war: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful

Magneto from X-Men (with the helmet) > Fictional character biography > Early life: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)#Early_...

"Chronicles of Narnia" (1939-1949) > Background and conception: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia#Backg...

[+]

Reparations certainly deterred further violent fascist statism in post WWII Germany.

Unfortunately the Berlin Wall.

WWI reparations were initially assessed by the Treaty of Versailles (1919) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations

Dulles, Dawes Plan > Results: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan

> Dawes won the 1925 Nobel Prize, WWI reparations obligations were reduced

Then the US was lending them money and steel because it was so bad there, and then we learned they had been building tanks and bombs with our money instead of railroads and peaceful jobs.

Business collaboration with Nazi Germany > British, Swiss, US, Argentinian and Canadian banks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_collaboration_with_Na...

And then the free money rug was pulled out from under them, and then the ethnic group wouldn't sell their paintings to help pay the debts of the war and subsequent central economic mismanagement.

And then they invaded various continents, overextended themselves when they weren't successfully managing their own country's economy, and the Allied powers eventually found the art (and gold) and dropped the bomb developed by various ethnic groups in the desert and that was that.

Except for then WWII reparations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_reparations

The US still occupies or inhabits Germany, which is Russia's neighbor.

Trump was $400 million in debt to Deutsche Bank AG (of Germany and Russia now) and had to underwrite said loan himself due to prior defaults. Nobody but Deutsche Bank would loan Trump (Trump Vodka, University,) money prior to 2016. Also Russian state banks like VEB, they forgot to mention.

Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia > Timeline of Trump business activities related to Russia: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_...

It looks like - despite attempted bribes of foreign heads of state with free apartment - there will not be a Trump Tower Moscow.

"Biden halts Trump-ordered US troops cuts in Germany" (2021) https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-military-f...

> art (and gold)

"The Monuments Men" (2014) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monuments_Men

[+]

It is the purpose of criminal and civil procedure to force parties that caused loss, violence, death and trauma to pay for their offenses.

We have a court system that is supposed to abide Due Process so that there are costs to inflicting trauma (without perpetuating a vicious cycle).

[+]
[-]

Surgery implants tooth material in eye as scaffolding for lens

/? eye transplant https://hn.algolia.com/?q=eye+transplant

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:ZlcYhwhYqiUJ:sc...

From "Clinical and Scientific Considerations for Whole Eye Transplantation: An Ophthalmologist's Perspective" (2025) https://tvst.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2802568 :

> Whereas advances in gene therapy, neurotrophic factor administration, and electric field stimulation have shown promise in preclinical optic nerve crush injury models, researchers have yet to demonstrate efficacy in optic nerve transection models—a model that more closely mimics WET. Moreover, directing long-distance axon growth past the optic chiasm is still challenging and has only been shown by a handful of approaches. [5–8]

> Another consideration is that even if RGC axons could jump across the severed nerve ending, it would be impossible to guarantee maintenance of the retinal-cortical map. For example, if the left eye were shifted clockwise during nerve coaptation, RGCs in the superior-nasal quadrant of donor retinas would end up synapsing with superior-temporal neurons in the host's geniculate nucleus. This limitation also plagues RGC-specific transplantation approaches; its effect on vision restoration is unknown.

"Combined Whole Eye and Face Transplant: Microsurgical Strategy and 1-Year Clinical Course" (2024) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39250113/ :

> Abstract: [...] Serial electroretinography confirmed retinal responses to light in the transplanted eye. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, the integrity of the transplanted visual pathways and potential occipital cortical response to light stimulation of the transplanted eye was demonstrated. At 1 year post transplant (postoperative day 366), there was no perception of light in the transplanted eye.

"Technical Feasibility of Whole-eye Vascular Composite Allotransplantation: A Systematic Review" (2023) https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2023/04000/Technical... :

> With nervous coaptation, 82.9% of retinas had positive electroretinogram signals after surgery, indicating functional retinal cells after transplantation. Results on optic nerve function were inconclusive. Ocular-motor functionality was rarely addressed.

How to target NGF(s) to the optic nerve?

Magnets? RF convergence?

How to resect allotransplant and allograft optic nerve tissue?

How to stimulate neuronal growth in general?

Near-infrared stimulates neuronal growth and also there's red light therapy.

Nanotransfection stimulates tissue growth by in-vivo stroma reprogramming.

How to understand the optic nerve portion of the connectome?

The Visual and Auditory cortices are observed to be hierarchical.

Near-field imaging of [optic] nerves better than standard VEP Visual Evoked Potential tests would enable optimization of [optic nerve] transection.

VEP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoked_potential#Visual_evoked...

Ophthalmologic science is important because - while it's possible to fight oxidation and aging - our eyes go.

Upper-atmospheric radiation is terrible on eyes. This could be a job for space medicine, and pilots.

Accomodating IOLs that resist UV damage better than natural tissue: Ocumetics

From "Portable low-field MRI scanners could revolutionize medical imaging" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34990738 :

> Is MRI-level neuroimaging possible with just NIRS Near-Infrared Spectroscopy?

From "Language models can explain neurons in language models" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35886145 :

> So, to run the same [fMRI, NIRS,] stimulus response activation observation/burn-in again weeks or months later with the same subjects is likely necessary given Representational drift.

"Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit (2023)" [at cryogenic temperatures] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844 :

> [...] have successfully demonstrated that a beam of light can not only be confined to a spot that is 50 times smaller than its own wavelength but also “in a first of its kind” the spot can be moved by minuscule amounts at the point where the light is confined.

Optical tweezers operating below the Abbe diffraction limit are probably of use in resecting neurovascular tissue in the optic nerve (the retina and visual cortex)?

"Real-space nanophotonic field manipulation using non-perturbative light–matter coupling" (2023) https://opg.optica.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-10-1-1... :

> "One can write, erase, and rewrite an infinite number of times,"*

"Retinoid restores eye-specific brain responses in mice with retinal degeneration" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33129531

Fluoxetine increases plasticity in the adult visual cortex; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43079501

Zebrafish can regrow eyes,

From the "What if Eye...?" virtual eyes in a petri dish simulation: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43044958 :

> [ mTor in Axolotls, ]

"Reactivating Dormant Cells in the Retina Brings New Hope for Vision Regeneration" (2023) https://neurosciencenews.com/vision-restoration-genetic-2318... :

> “What’s interesting is that these Müller cells are known to reactivate and regenerate retina in fish,” she said. “But in mammals, including humans, they don’t normally do so, not after injury or disease. And we don’t yet fully understand why.”

/? Regenerative medicine for ophthalmologic applications

[-]

Medical treatments devised for war can quickly be implemented in US hospitals

> Our research, and that of others, found that too much oxygen can actually be harmful. Excess oxygen triggers oxidative stress – an overload of unstable molecules called free radicals that can damage healthy cells. That can lead to more inflammation, slower healing and even organ failure.

> In short, while oxygen is essential, more isn’t always better. [...]

> We discovered that severely injured patients often require less oxygen than previously believed. In fact, little or no supplemental oxygen is needed to safely care for 95% of these patients

Oxidative stress: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress

Antioxidant > Levels in food: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant#Levels_in_food

Anthocyanin antioxidants: https://www.google.com/search?q=anthocyanin+antioxidants

Deep sea divers know about oxygen toxicity;

Trimix (breathing gas) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas) :

> With a mixture of three gases it is possible to create mixes suitable for different depths or purposes by adjusting the proportions of each gas. Oxygen content can be optimised for the depth to limit the risk of toxicity, and the inert component balanced between nitrogen (which is cheap but narcotic) and helium (which is not narcotic and reduces work of breathing, but is more expensive and can increase heat loss).

> The mixture of helium and oxygen with a 0% nitrogen content is generally known as heliox. This is frequently used as a breathing gas in deep commercial diving operations, where it is often recycled to save the expensive helium component. Analysis of two-component gases is much simpler than three-component gases.

HFNC (High-Flow Nasal Cannula) breathing tube therapy is recommended by various medical guidelines.

HFNC and prone positioning is one treatment protocol for COVID and ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: you put them on their stomach and give them a breathing tube (instead of a ventilator on their backs).

Which treatment protocols and guidelines should be updated given these findings?

For which conditions is HFNC therapy advisable given these findings?

Heated humidified high-flow therapy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_th...

[-]

Netboot Windows 11 with iSCSI and iPXE

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

System Rescue CD and Clonezilla are PXE-bootable.

"OneFileLinux: A 20MB Alpine metadistro that fits into the ESP" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40915199 :

> Ventoy, signed EFIstubs, USI, UKI

TIL about https://netboot.xyz/

[-]

Elephant in the room: Quantum computers will destroy Bitcoin

Someone had to say it. Maybe the current drop is normies finally waking up and realizing that extrapolated accelerating developments in quantum computers will break encryption used in Bitcoin within 5 years.

It's also extremely naive to assume it will be easy to transfer a massive decentralized project to a post-quantum algorithm. Maybe new cryptos will be invented, but Bitcoin will not "retain value".

Things that will retain value if the entire internet is broken due to rapid deployment of quantum computers will be:

- Real estate

- Physical assets (gold, silver, etc)

- Physical stock certificates (printed on actual paper)

- Paper money

Since internet, cards, finance may just stop functioning one day as quantum computers break all encryption.

Feel free to prove me wrong.

There is a pending hard fork to PQ Post Quantum algorithms for all classical blockchains.

There will likely be different character lengths for account addresses and keys, so all of the DNS+HTTP web services and HTTP web forms built on top will need different form validation.

Vitalik Buterin presented on this subject a few years ago. Doubling key sizes may or may not be sufficient to limit the risk of quantum attacks on elliptical curve encryption algorithms employed by Bitcoin and many other DLTs.

The Chromium browser now supports the ML-KEM (Kyber) PQ cipher.

Very few web servers have PQ ciphers enabled. It is as simple as changing a text configuration file to specify a different cipher on the webserver, once the ciphers are tested by time and money.

There are patched versions of OpenSSH server, for example, but PQ support is not yet merged in core there yet either.

There are PQ ciphers and there are PQ cryptographic hashes.

There are already PQ-resistant blockchains.

Should Bitcoin hard fork to double key sizes or to implement a PQ cipher and hash?

Spelunking for Bitcoin by generating all possible keys and checking their account balances is not prevented by PQ algorithms.

Banking and Finance and Critical Infrastructure also need to upgrade to PQ ciphers. Like mining rigs, it is unlikely that existing devices can be upgraded with PQ software; we will need to buy new devices and recycle existing non-PQ devices.

If banks are on a 5 year IT refresh cycle, that means they need to be planning to upgrade everything to PQ 5 years or more before a QC quantum computer of a sufficient number of error-corrected qubits is online for adversaries that steal cryptoassets from people on the internet.

[+]

Is there a PR yet, and also a BIP?

Other DLTs also have numbered document procedures for managing soft forks, hard forks, and changes to cipher and hash algorithms.

Litecoin, for example, is Bitcoin with the scrypt hash algorithm instead of SHA256.

Proof-of-Work mining rigs implement hashing algorithms in hardware as ASICs and FPGAs.

Stellar and Ripplenet validation servers still implement same in software FWIU?

Are there already ASICs for any of the PQ Hash and Cipher algorithms?

SSL Termination is expensive but necessary for HTTPS Everywhere and now HTTP STS Strict-Transport-Security headers and the HSTS preload list.

Are there still ASIC or FPGA SSL accelerator cards that need to implement PQ ciphers and hashes?

Multisig and similar m:n smart contracts support requiring more keys for a transaction to complete.

Rather than in an account with one sk/pk pair, funds can be stored in escrow such that various conditions must be met before a transaction can move the funds.

Running a full node helps the network by keeping another copy online and synchronized. A full node can optionally also index by transaction id (with LevelDB).

The block and transaction messages can be logged and monitored. Though it doesn't cost anything to check a balance given authorized or forged keys.

Spending the money in a bitcoin account discloses the public key, whereas only the double hash of the pubkey is necessary to send money to an account or scriptHash.

The market does not appear to cost infosec value, risk, or technical debt into cryptoasset prices.

PQ or non-PQ does not predict asset price in 2025-02.

Breach disclosures apparently hardly affect asset prices; which is unfortunate if we want them to limit their and our taxable losses.

[+]

I think that's what we should hope to see, yeah.

[+]

An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression

ScholarlyArticle: "An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression" (2017) https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3035918.3064007

Inverted index > Compression: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index#Compression :

> For historical reasons, inverted list compression and bitmap compression were developed as separate lines of research, and only later were recognized as solving essentially the same problem. [7]

> and only later were recognized as solving essentially the same problem. [7]

"Hard problems that reduce to document ranking" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43174910#43175540

Ctrl-F "zoo" https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-36839925 #:~:text=zoo :

> Complexity Zoo, Quantum Algorithm Zoo, Neural Network Zoo

[-]

Jeff Bezos' revamp of 'Washington Post' opinions leads editor to quit

Here's a post linking to a BBC article about same that was flagged and censored here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43191562 ;

> the newspaper's opinion section will focus on supporting “personal liberties and free markets",

Free trade! Fair trade!

> and pieces opposing those views will not be published.

Boo, fascist corporate oligarchical censorship!

You might say, "actually that's not fascism, Bob" because fascism is when the government exercises control over the non-government-held corporations.

Fascism is like domming Apple's DEI policies when without Congress you can't make law, or telling people they should buy TikTok for you, with your name on all the checks.

Fascism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism

[+]

At least they've disclosed their intent to impose editorial bias on the opinion section. It doesn't say "Fair and Balanced."

From "Fed to ban policymakers from owning individual stocks" (2021) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28951646 :

> "Blind Trust" > "Use by US government officials to avoid conflicts of interest" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trust :

>> The US federal government recognizes the "qualified blind trust" (QBT), as defined by the Ethics in Government Act and related regulations.[1] In order for a blind trust to be a QBT, the trustee must not be affiliated with, associated with, related to, or subject to the control or influence of the government official.

>> Because the assets initially placed in the QBT are known to the government official (who is both creator and beneficiary of the trust), these assets continue to pose a potential conflict of interest until they have been sold (or reduced to a value less than $1,000). New assets purchased by the trustee will not be disclosed to the government official, so they will not pose a conflict.

> https://www.oge.gov/

The Ethics in Government Act which created OGE was passed by Congress in 1978 in response to Watergate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act

Should Type Theory (HoTT) Replace (ZFC) Set Theory as the Foundation of Math?

[+]

"Should Type Theory Replace Set Theory as the Foundation of Mathematics?" (2023) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10516-023-09676-0

[-]

Show HN: Probly – Spreadsheets, Python, and AI in the browser

Probly was built to reduce context-switching between spreadsheet applications, Python notebooks, and AI tools. It’s a simple spreadsheet that lets you talk to your data. Need pandas analysis? Just ask in plain English, and the code runs right in your browser. Want a chart? Just ask.

While there are tools available in this space like TheBricks, Probly is a minimalist, open-source solution built with React, TypeScript, Next.js, Handsontable, Hyperformula, Apache Echarts, OpenAI, and Pyodide. It's still a work in progress, but it's already useful for my daily tasks.

TIL that Apache Echarts can generate WAI-ARIA accessible textual descriptions for charts and supports WebGL. https://echarts.apache.org/en/feature.html#aria

apache/echarts: https://github.com/apache/echarts

Marimo notebook has functionality like rxpy and ipyflow to auto-reexecute input cell dependencies fwiu: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41404681#41406570 .. https://github.com/marimo-team/marimo/releases/tag/0.8.4 :

> With this release, it's now possible to create standalone notebook files that have package requirements embedded in them as a comment, using PEP 723's inline metadata

marimo-team/marimo: https://github.com/marimo-team/marimo

ipywidgets is another way to build event-based UIs in otherwise Reproducible notebooks.

datasette-lite doesn't yet work with jupyterlite and emscripten-forge yet FWIU; but does build SQLite in WASM with pyodide. https://github.com/simonw/datasette-lite

pygwalker: https://github.com/Kanaries/pygwalker .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35895899

How do you record manual interactions with ui controls and spreadsheet grids to code for reproducibility?

> "Generate code from GUI interactions; State restoration & Undo" https://github.com/Kanaries/pygwalker/issues/90

> The Scientific Method is testing, so testing (tests, assertions, fixtures) should be core to any scientific workflow system.

ipytest has a %%ipytest cell magic to run functions that start with test_ and subclasses of unittest.TestCase with the pytest test runner. https://github.com/chmp/ipytest

How can test functions with assertions be written with Probly?

[+]

To have tests that can be copied or exported into a .py module from a notebook is advantageous for prototyping and reusability.

There are exploratory/discovery and explanatory forms and workflows for notebooks.

A typical notebook workflow: get it working with Ctrl-Enter and manually checking output, wrap it in a function(s) with defined variable scopes and few module/notebook globals, write a test function for the function which checks the output every time, write markdown and/or docstrings, and then what of this can be reused from regular modules.

nbdev has an 'export a notebook input cell to a .py module' feature. And formatted docstrings like sphinx apidoc but in notebooks. IPython has `%psource module.py` for pygments-style syntax highlighting of external .py modules and `%psave output.py` for saving an input cell to a file, but there are not yet IPython magics to read from or write to certain lines within a file like nbdev.

To run the chmp/ipytest %%ipytest cell magic with line or branch coverage, it's necessary to `%pip install ipytest pytest-cov` (or `%conda install ipytest pytest-cov`)

jupyter-xeus supports environment.yml with jupyterlite with packages from emscripten-forge: https://jupyterlite-xeus.readthedocs.io/en/latest/environmen...

emscripten-forge src: https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/tree/main/recipe... .. web: https://repo.mamba.pm/emscripten-forge

A Systematic Review of Quantum Computing in Finance and Blockchains

"From Portfolio Optimization to Quantum Blockchain and Security: A Systematic Review of Quantum Computing in Finance" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.01155

[-]

> the newspaper's opinion section will focus on supporting “personal liberties and free markets",

Free trade! Fair trade!

> and pieces opposing those views will not be published.

Boo, fascist corporate oligarchical censorship!

[+]
[-]

The FFT Strikes Back: An Efficient Alternative to Self-Attention

iNic | 2025-02-26 04:57:23 | 456 | # | ^
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(Discrete) Fast Fourier Transform implementations:

https://fftw.org/ ; FFTW: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFTW

gh topic: fftw: https://github.com/topics/fftw

xtensor-stack/xtensor-fftw is similar to numpy.fft: https://github.com/xtensor-stack/xtensor-fftw

Nvidia CuFFTW, and/amd-fftw, Intel MKL FFTW

NVIDIA CuFFT (GPU FFT) https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cufft/index.html

ROCm/rocFFT (GPU FFT) https://github.com/ROCm/rocFFT .. docs: https://rocm.docs.amd.com/projects/rocFFT/en/latest/

AMD FFT, Intel FFT: https://www.google.com/search?q=AMD+FFT , https://www.google.com/search?q=Intel+FFT

project-gemmi/benchmarking-fft: https://github.com/project-gemmi/benchmarking-fft

"An FFT Accelerator Using Deeply-coupled RISC-V Instruction Set Extension for Arbitrary Number of Points" (2023) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10265722 :

> with data loading from either specially designed vector registers (V-mode) or RAM off-the-core (R-mode). The evaluation shows the proposed FFT acceleration scheme achieves a performance gain of 118 times in V-mode and 6.5 times in R-mode respectively, with only 16% power consumption required as compared to the vanilla NutShell RISC-V microprocessor

"CSIFA: A Configurable SRAM-based In-Memory FFT Accelerator" (2024) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10631146

/? dsp hardware FFT: https://www.google.com/search?q=dsp+hardware+fft

Ask HN: Who's been picking up trade deals due to US tariff threats?

Trump claimed tariffs are necessary due to the drug war wartime authorizations and threatened our immediate neighbors and BRICS with tariffs this year.

Which countries are winning trade and tech deals while the US is forcing itself to pay tariffs on imports to collectively punish others without due process?

Is their objective to cause new manufacturing businesses to afford labor and living costs in the US?

Which metrics are the targets?

How will businesses compete in international markets with a tariff crutch subsidizing their domestic inefficiency?

Did tariffs save US steel businesses?

Example: China is now buying Canadian oil (instead of Russian oil at a discount due to sanctions)

/? canada tariffs: https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu...

"Trump tariffs inspire economic patriotism in Canada" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42922237

FWIU they have regressed from free trade all the way to tariffs on Canada at 25% on everything but oil, which is at 10%?

And they uncancelled and re-approved the Keystone XL tar sands midwest plains liability.

[+]

"EU and Mexico revive stalled trade deal as Trump tariffs loom" https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-mexico-revive-stalled-trade...

FWIU the President of Mexico told Trump that they would be more concerned about migrants crossing their northern border if the US were more concerned about arms trafficked to Mexico.

[+]

Basic income experiments here have not succeeded FWIU; https://hn.algolia.com/?q=basic+income

They did not pay for the relief checks signed with his personal brand and the record relief loan fraud by cutting taxes; so that's still not paid off either.

Recipe for national debt: increase expenses and cut revenue.

"Starve the beast" said the Reaganites who increased taxes on the middle class and increased foreign war expenditures and future obligations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starve_the_beast

"Where do people get that Reagan raised taxes 11 times? I don’t completely understand this." https://www.quora.com/Where-do-people-get-that-Reagan-raised...

"The Mostly Forgotten Tax Increases of 1982-1993" https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-12-15/the-mostl...

Total Tax Receipts as a % of GDP would tell the story; but they also increased the debt limit 18 times.

"Federal Receipts as Percent of Gross Domestic Product" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFRGDA188S

"Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S

Combined chart: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=1DTZx

History of the US debt ceiling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_d...

I don't think that debt financing onto future generations and starting conflicts that have since cost trillions made America great.

Would improving conditions in their home country change the immigration rate? But won't there still be climate refugees? It's hot, there's no water, there's no work.

Just watched an alarmed presentation on U-3 and U-6 as indicators of unemployment rate: U-6 includes underemployment at less than 25K/yr.

[+]

Andrew Yang (and Sam Altman) probably have a piece to say about basic income / wage subsidies in context to the robots and sophisticated AI taking our jobs and tiny houses.

Migrant labor exploitation? What would our food cost? How many people does it take to mow a sand lawn?

I hope that the current hate for immigrants isn't much more than divisive political fearmongering and splitting that will diminish when they regain their humility and self respect due to food prices and having a conscience.

Creating jobs on the other side of the border would probably be more cost-effective.

IDK, "Terminator: Dark Fate", "The Big Green", "Amistad", "McFarland, USA"

H1B competition in tech is fierce here, and the reason we don't get hired in our own country.

Indiar and Chinar have more gifted students than we have students.

Americans won't work the fields anymore; we'll pay Asia to manufacture robots and learn sustainable farming practices like no-till farming later.

The new sustainable aviation fuel subsidy (of the previous administration) requires sustainable farming practices so that we're not subsidizing unrealized losses due soil depletion. It doesn't make sense to pay them to waste the land without consideration.

Your success with fighting desertification is inspiring. We're still not sure why the Colorado river is running dry for the southwest where it's always been dry and carelessly farmed and drilled. TIL about bunds and preventing water from flashing off due to impacted soil trashed by years of tilling and overgrazing.

I've a few friends who've traveled to Oceania for school and work.

There should be an Australian "The Office".

Welfare economics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics

[+]

I looked it up:

Wage subsidy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_subsidy :

> A wage subsidy is a payment to workers by the state, made either directly or through their employers. Its purposes are to redistribute income and to obviate the welfare trap attributed to other forms of relief, thereby reducing unemployment. It is most naturally implemented as a modification to the income tax system.

Permaculture and Bill Mollison: perpetual spinach and Swiss Chard do well here. TIL there are videos about perennials and about companion planting. Potatoes in the soil below tomatoes, in food safe HDPE 5 gallon buckets with a patch cut into the side. But that's still plastic in the garden. Three Sisters: Corn, Beans, Squash.

Import substitution industrialization > Latin America,: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution_industrial...

"The Biggest Mapping Mistake of All Time" re: Baja and the Sea of Cortez: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Hcq9_Tw2eTE&

Confessions of an Economic Hit Man is derided as untrue. See also links to "War is a Racket", which concludes with chapter "5. To Hell With War" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit...

Structural adjustment > Criticisms: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_adjustment

Golden rule: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule

The "Farming Simulator" game has the user operate multiple labor positions on the farm as concurrently as they can master.

We can't do similar backpackers-style field labor because there aren't travel visas that are also work visas FWIU.

Volunteering while on a student visa is fine AFAIU. Non-commercial open source software development is also something that folks enjoying their travels can do for no money here.

Laser weeding is still fairly underutilized. There's not yet an organic standard for herb. Nicotine is an approved "organic* pesticide, for example.

Here we have Arbor Day Foundation, which will ship 10 free saplings for an easy annual tree survey.

TIL trees can be shipped domestically in a trianglar cardboard carton, in a plastic bag, with a damp sheet of paper around their roots.

It may be the work of Greening Australia that I've heard about: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greening_Australia

One of a number of videos about planting trees on YouTube: "Australia's Remarkable Desert Regreening Project Success" https://youtube.com/watch?v=HRo0RG02Mg0&

I've heard that China has changed their approach to fighting desertification in the Gobi desert; toward a healthy diversity of undergrowth instead of a monoculture of trees; ecology instead of just planting rows of trees that won't last by comparison.

Half Moon Bunds look like they are working to regreen the Sahel. Bunds would require different farm machines than rototilling tractors that cause erosion.

"Mastering the Art of Half Moon Bunds" https://youtube.com/watch?v=XyH6dFlv9dk&

Andrew Million's light board videos are a great resource, as a software dev with no real experience in hydrological engineering for sustainable agriculture.

"Inside Africa's Food Forest Mega-Project" https://youtube.com/watch?v=xbBdIG--b58&

"Flight of the Conchords" (HBO) and "Eagle vs Shark" are from NZ.

From YouTube playlists: Derek from Veritasium, The Slow Mo Guys, The Engineering Mindset, Morello, Jade from upandatom, Sarah from Chuck, and Synthony are all from AU as I recall.

"Be Kind Rewind" (2008) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Kind_Rewind

[+]

Reaganomics > Policies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics#Policies :

> The 1982 tax increase undid a third of the initial tax cut. In 1983 Reagan instituted a payroll tax increase on Social Security and Medicare hospital insurance. [25] In 1984 another bill was introduced that closed tax loopholes. According to tax historian Joseph Thorndike, the bills of 1982 and 1984 "constituted the biggest tax increase ever enacted during peacetime". [26]

Also,

>> said the Reaganites who increased taxes on the middle class and increased foreign war expenditures and future obligations:

To clarify, Reagan reduced taxes for the wealthiest the most, thus shifting the effective tax burden to the middle class and increasing inequality.

"Changes in poverty, income inequality, and the standard of living in the United States during the Reagan years" https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8500951/#:~:text=The%20rate%... :

> The rate of poverty at the end of Reagan's term was the same as in 1980. Cutbacks in income transfers during the Reagan years helped increase both poverty and inequality. Changes in tax policy helped increase inequality but reduced poverty.

Gini Index: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

GINI Index for the United States: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA

"Make America Great Again": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again

At that time - during the 1970s and 1980s - Federal Debt as a percentage of GDP was much lower than it is today; 30-53% in the 1980s and 120% of GDP in 2024 :

> Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S

[-]

The need for memory safety standards

> Looking forward, we're also seeing exciting and promising developments in hardware. Technologies like ARM's Memory Tagging Extension (MTE) and the Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions (CHERI) architecture offer a complementary defense, particularly for existing code.

IIRC there's some way that a Python C extension can accidentally disable the NX bit for the whole process.. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40474510#40486181 :

>>> IIRC, with CPython the NX bit doesn't work when any imported C extension has nested functions / trampolines

>> How should CPython support the mseal() syscall? [which was merged in Linux kernel 6.10]

> We are collaborating with industry and academic partners to develop potential standards, and our joint authorship of the recent CACM call-to-action marks an important first step in this process. In addition, as outlined in our Secure by Design whitepaper and in our memory safety strategy, we are deeply committed to building security into the foundation of our products and services.

> That's why we're also investing in techniques to improve the safety of our existing C++ codebase by design, such as deploying hardened libc++.

Secureblue; https://github.com/secureblue/Trivalent has hardened_malloc.

Memory safety notes and Wikipedia concept URIs: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33563857

...

A graded memory safety standard is one aspect of security.

> Tailor memory safety requirements based on need: The framework should establish different levels of safety assurance, akin to SLSA levels, recognizing that different applications have different security needs and cost constraints. Similarly, we likely need distinct guidance for developing new systems and improving existing codebases. For instance, we probably do not need every single piece of code to be formally proven. This allows for tailored security, ensuring appropriate levels of memory safety for various contexts.

> Enable objective assessment: The framework should define clear criteria and potentially metrics for assessing memory safety and compliance with a given level of assurance. The goal would be to objectively compare the memory safety assurance of different software components or systems, much like we assess energy efficiency today. This will move us beyond subjective claims and towards objective and comparable security properties across products.

[-]

Piezoelectric Catalyst Destroys Forever Chemicals

> The system’s energy requirements vary depending on the wastewater’s conditions, such as contaminant concentration, water matrix, or the customer’s discharge requirements. In one of Oxyle’s full-scale units that treats 10 cubic meters per hour, energy consumption measured less than 1 kilowatt-hour per cubic meter, according to the company.

> Using the flow of water, rather than electricity, to activate the reaction makes the method far more energy efficient than other approaches, says Mushtaq.

Different approach with no energy/volume (kWhr/m^3) metric in the abstract:

"Photocatalytic C–F bond activation in small molecules and polyfluoroalkyl substances" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08327-7 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42444729

[-]

New type of microscopy based on quantum sensors

"Optical widefield nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55003-5 :

> Crucially, each camera pixel records an NMR spectrum providing multicomponent information about the signal’s amplitude, phase, local magnetic field strengths, and gradients.

[-]

Show HN: jsonblog-schema – a JSON schema for making your blog from one file

JSON-LD or YAML-LD can be stored in the frontmatter in Markdown documents;

Schema.org is an RDFS schema with Classes and Properties:

https://schema.org/Blog

https://schema.org/BlogPosting

Syntax examples can be found below the list of Properties on a "JSON-LD" tabs

The JSON schema for schema.org in lexiq-legal/pydantic_schemaorg aren't yet rebuilt for pydantic v2 FWIU; https://github.com/lexiq-legal/pydantic_schemaorg

W3C SHACL Shapes and Constraints Language is the Linked Data schema valuation spec which is an alternative to JSON schema, of which there are many implementations.

[-]

How core Git developers configure Git

skwp/git-workflows-book > .gitconfig appendix: https://github.com/skwp/git-workflows-book?tab=readme-ov-fil... :

  [alias]
  unstage = reset HEAD              # remove files from index (tracking)
  uncommit = reset --soft HEAD^     # go back before last commit, with files in uncommitted state
https://learngitbranching.js.org/

charmbracelet/git-lfs-transfer: https://github.com/charmbracelet/git-lfs-transfer

jj-vcs/jj: https://github.com/jj-vcs/jj

[-]

Ggwave: Tiny Data-over-Sound Library

[+]

"Using the Web Audio API to Make a Modem" (2017) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15471723

[-]

Trump Plans to Liquidate Public Lands to Finance Sovereign Wealth Fund

I think we would rather devalue our currency than sell those reserves.

Ways to devalue the US dollar instead of selling public lands:

- Just print more money; fabricate wealth and pardon

[+]

Social Security Trust Fund: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Trust_Fund :

> The Trust Fund is required by law to be invested in non-marketable securities issued and guaranteed by the "full faith and credit" of the federal government. These securities earn a market rate of interest.[5]

Government bond > United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_bond#United_States

> [...] One projection scenario estimates that, by 2035, the Trust Fund could be exhausted. Thereafter, payroll taxes are projected to only cover approximately 83% of program obligations. [7]

> There have been various proposals to address this shortfall, including: reducing government expenditures, such as by raising the retirement age; tax increases; investment diversification [8] and, borrowing.

Robots, automation, AI, K12 Q12 STEM training, basic research, applied science

What should social security be invested in?

First, should social security ever be privatized? No, because they would steal it all in fees compared to HODL'ing Index Funds and commodities (as a hedge against inflation).

What should social security be invested in?

Low-risk investments in the interest of all of the people who plan to rely upon OASDI for retirement and accidental disability (OASDI: OA "Old Age", S "Survivors", D "Disability", I "Insurance")

What should a sovereign wealth fund be invested in?

We don't do "soverign wealth funds" because we don't have a monarchy in the United States; we have a temp servant leader President role and we have Congress and they work together to prepare the budget.

The President of the United States has limited budgetary discretionary authority by design. OMB (Office of Management and Budget) must work with CBO (Congressional Budget Office) to prepare the budget.

[-]

US court upholds Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes's conviction

[+]
[+]

Fraud: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud

US Sentencing Commission > Fraud: https://www.ussc.gov/topic/fraud

What would deter fraud?

"Here’s a look inside Donald Trump’s $355 million civil fraud verdict" (2024) https://apnews.com/article/trump-fraud-letitia-james-new-yor...

"Trump hush money verdict: Guilty of all 34 counts" .. "Guilty: Trump becomes first former US president convicted of felony crimes" (2024) https://apnews.com/article/trump-trial-deliberations-jury-te...

"Trump mistakes [EJC] for [ex-wife]. #Shorts" https://youtube.com/shorts/0tq3rh6bh_8 .. https://youtu.be/lonTBp9h7Fo?si=77DIJMrpBRgLcsMK

[+]

> House arrest would make the math on “should I try fraud” lean heavily towards fraud I think.

You argue that house arrest is an insufficient deterrent for the level of fraud committed by defendant A.

Is the sentencing for defendant A consistent with the US Sentencing Guidelines, and consistent with other defendants convicted of fraud?

> Maybe even more so if you’ve got a nice house.

Defendant B apparently isn't even on house arrest, and apparently sent someone else to their civil rape deposition obstructively and fraudulently.

[+]
[-]

Nixon's Revolutionary Vision for American Governance (2017)

/? nixon https://hn.algolia.com/?q=nixon ...

"New evidence that Nixon sabotaged 1968 Vietnam peace deal" (2017) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13296696

(Watergate (1972-1974): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal )

History repeats itself!

  Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ, Ford, Nixon, Carter, Reagan
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42547326 ..

Iran hostage crisis (1980-1981) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis :

> The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after American President Ronald Reagan was sworn into office

1980 October Surprise theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory

[-]

Larry Ellison's half-billion-dollar quest to change farming

Notes for Lanai island from an amateur:

Hemp is useful for soil remediation because it's so absorbent; which is part of why testing is important.

Is there already a composting business?

Do the schools etc. already compost waste food?

"Show HN: We open-sourced our compost monitoring tech" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42201207

Canadian greenhouses? Chinese-Mongolian-Canadian greenhouses are wing shaped and set against a berm;

"Passive Solar Greenhouse Technology From China?" https://youtube.com/watch?v=FOgyK6Jieq0&

Transparent wood requires extracting the lignin.

Transparent aluminum requires a production process, too.

There are polycarbonate hurricane panels.

Reflective material on one wall of the wallipini greenhouse (and geothermal) is enough to grow citrus fruit through the winter in Alliance, Nebraska. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39927538

Glass allows more wavelengths of light through than plastic or recyclable polycarbonate; including UV-C, which is sanitizing

Hydrogen peroxide cleans out fish tanks FWIU.

Various plastics are food safe, but not when they've been in the sun all day.

To make aircrete, you add soap bubbles to concrete with an air compressor.

/? aircrete dome build in HI and ground anchors

Catalan masonry vault roofs (in Spain, Italy, Mexico, Arizona,) are strong, don't require temporary arches, and passively cool most efficiently when they have an oculus to let the heat rise out of the dome to openable vents to the wind.

U.S. state and territory temperature extremes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_territory_tempe... :

> Hawaii: 15 °F (−9.4 °C) to 100 °F (37.8 °C)

> Nebraska: -47 °F (−43.9 °C) to 118 °F (47.8 °C)

"140-year-old ocean heat tech could supply islands with limitless energy" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38222695 :

> OTEC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversio...

North Carolina is ranked 4th in solar, has solar farms, and has hurricanes (and totally round homes on stilts). FWIU there are hurricane-rated solar panels, flexible racks, ground mounts.

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20092018/hurricane-floren...

"Sargablock: Bricks from Seaweed" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37188180

"Turning pineapple skins into soap and other cleaning products" https://www.businessinsider.com/turning-pineapple-skins-into...

"Costa Rica Let a Juice Company Dump Their Orange Peels in the Forest—and It Helped" https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/costa-rica-let-jui... https://www.sciencealert.com/how-12-000-tonnes-of-dumped-ora...

Akira Miyawaki and the Miyawaki method of forest cultivation for reforestation to fight desertification by regreening: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Miyawaki :

> Using the concept of potential natural vegetation, Miyawaki developed, tested, and refined a method of ecological engineering today known as the Miyawaki method to restore native forests from seeds of native trees on very degraded soils that were deforested and without humus. With the results of his experiments, he restored protective forests in over 1,300 sites in Japan and various tropical countries, in particular in the Pacific region[8] in the form of shelterbelts, woodlands, and woodlots, including urban, port, and industrial areas. Miyawaki demonstrated that rapid restoration of forest cover and soil was possible by using a selection of pioneer and secondary indigenous species that were densely planted and provided with mycorrhiza.

Mycorrhiza spores can be seeded into soil to support root network development.

/? Mycorrhiza spore kit: https://www.google.com/search?q=Mycorrhiza+spore+kit

> Miyawaki studied local plant ecology and used species that have key and complementary roles in the normal tree community.

It also works in small patches; self-sufficient "mini forest"

/? Miyawaki method before after [video search] https://www.google.com/search?q=miyawaki%20method%20before%2...

[-]

Brewing tea removes lead from water

/? tea bag microplastic: https://www.google.com/search?q=tea+bag+microplastic

There are glass and silver tea infusers.

"Repurposed beer yeast encapsulated in hydrogels may offer a cost-effective way to remove lead from water" https://phys.org/news/2024-05-repurposed-beer-yeast-encapsul...

"Yeast-laden hydrogel capsules for scalable trace lead removal from water" (2024) https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/su/d4su0...

.

"Application of brewing waste as biosorbent for the removal of metallic ions present in groundwater and surface waters from coal regions" (2018) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S22133...

.

https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2024/03/tur... :

> Protein fibril sponges made by ETH Zurich researchers [from whey protein] are hugely effective at recovering gold from electronic waste.

[-]

Aqueous-based recycling of perovskite photovoltaics

[+]
[+]
[+]

Organic solar cell: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell :

> 19.3%

Perovskite solar cell: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell :

> 29.8%

[+]
[-]

Show HN: Benchmarking VLMs vs. Traditional OCR

Vision models have been gaining popularity as a replacement for traditional OCR. Especially with Gemini 2.0 becoming cost competitive with the cloud platforms.

We've been continuously evaluating different models since we released the Zerox package last year (https://github.com/getomni-ai/zerox). And we wanted to put some numbers behind it. So we’re open sourcing our internal OCR benchmark + evaluation datasets.

Full writeup + data explorer here: https://getomni.ai/ocr-benchmark

Github: https://github.com/getomni-ai/benchmark

Huggingface: https://huggingface.co/datasets/getomni-ai/ocr-benchmark

Couple notes on the methodology:

1. We are using JSON accuracy as our primary metric. The end goal is to evaluate how well each OCR provider can prepare the data for LLM ingestion.

2. This methodology differs from a lot of OCR benchmarks, because it doesn't rely on text similarity. We believe text similarity measurements are heavily biased towards the exact layout of the ground truth text, and penalize correct OCR that has slight layout differences.

3. Every document goes Image => OCR => Predicted JSON. And we compare the predicted JSON against the annotated ground truth JSON. The VLMs are capable of Image => JSON directly, we are primarily trying to measure OCR accuracy here. Planning to release a separate report on direct JSON accuracy next week.

This is a continuous work in progress! There are at least 10 additional providers we plan to add to the list.

The next big roadmap items are: - Comparing OCR vs. direct extraction. Early results here show a slight accuracy improvement, but it’s highly variable on page length.

- A multilingual comparison. Right now the evaluation data is english only.

- A breakdown of the data by type (best model for handwriting, tables, charts, photos, etc.)

Harmonic Loss converges more efficiently on MNIST OCR: https://github.com/KindXiaoming/grow-crystals .. "Harmonic Loss Trains Interpretable AI Models" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42941954

[-]

Making any integer with four 2s

> I've read about this story in Graham Farmelo's book The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius.

"The Strangest Man": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strangest_Man

Four Fours: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_fours :

> Four fours is a mathematical puzzle, the goal of which is to find the simplest mathematical expression for every whole number from 0 to some maximum, using only common mathematical symbols and the digit four. No other digit is allowed. Most versions of the puzzle require that each expression have exactly four fours, but some variations require that each expression have some minimum number of fours.

"Golden ratio base is a non-integer positional numeral system" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37969716 :

> What about radix epi*i, or just e?"

The foundations of America's prosperity are being dismantled

> They warn that dismantling the behind-the-scenes scientific research programs that backstop American life could lead to long-lasting, perhaps irreparable damage to everything from the quality of health care to the public’s access to next-generation consumer technologies. The US took nearly a century to craft its rich scientific ecosystem; if the unraveling that has taken place over the past month continues, Americans will feel the effects for decades to come.

[-]

Should Amazon cancel its electric delivery vans too?

What is the cost of this?

[-]

General Reasoning: Free, open resource for building large reasoning models

"Can Large Language Models Emulate Judicial Decision-Making? [Paper]" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42927611 ; awesome-legal-nlp, LexGLUE, FairLex, LegalBench, "Who hath done it?" exercise : {Thing done}, ({Gdo, You, Others, Unknown/Nobody} x {Ignorance, Malice, Motive, Intent}) ... Did nobody do this?

Can LLMs apply a consistent procedure for logic puzzles with logically disjunctive possibilities?

Enter: Philosoraptor the LLM

[-]

Show HN: Slime OS – An open-source app launcher for RP2040 based devices

Hey all - this is the software part of my cyberdeck, called the Slimedeck Zero.

The Slimedeck Zero is based around this somewhat esoteric device called the PicoVision which is a super cool RP2040 (Raspberry Pi Pico) based device. It outputs relatively high-res video over HDMI while still being super fast to boot with low power consumption.

The PicoVision actually uses two RP2040 - one as a CPU and one as a GPU. This gives the CPU plenty of cycles to run bigger apps (and a heavy python stack) and lets the GPU handle some of the rendering and the complex timing HDMI requires. You can do this same thing on a single RP2040, but we get a lot of extra headroom with this double setup.

The other unique thing about the PicoVision is it has a physical double-buffer - two PSRAM chips which you manually swap between the CPU and GPU. This removes any possibility of screen tearing since you always know the buffer your CPU is writing to is not being used to generate the on-screen image.

For my cyberdeck, I took a PicoVision, hacked a QWERTY keyboard from a smart TV remote, added an expansion port, and hooked it all up to a big 5" 800x480 screen (interlaced up from 400x240 internal resolution).

I did a whole Slimedeck Zero build video ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnwPmoWMGqk ) over on my channel but I really hope Slime OS can have a life of it's own and fit onto multiple form-factors with an ecosystem of apps.

I've tried to make it easy and fun to write apps for. There's still a lot broken / missing / tbd but it's enough of a base that, personally, it already sparks that "programming is fun again" vibe so hopefully some other folks can enjoy it!

Right now it only runs on the PicoVision but there's no reason it couldn't run on RP2350s or other hardware - but for now I'm more interested in adding more input types (we're limited to the i2c TV remote keyboard I hacked together) and fleshing out the internal APIs so they're stable enough to make apps for it!

Multiple buffering; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_buffering

Wikipedia has "page flipping" but not "physical double-buffer"? TIL about triple buffering, and quad buffering for stereoscopic applications.

[-]

Sodium-ion EV battery breakthrough pushes performance to theoretical limits

> “The binder we chose, carbon nanotubes, facilitates the mixing of TAQ [bis-tetraaminobenzoquinone] crystallites and carbon black particles, leading to a homogeneous electrode,” explained Chen.

"High-Energy, High-Power Sodium-Ion Batteries from a Layered Organic Cathode" (2025) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.4c17713 :

> It exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 355 mAh/g per formula unit, enabled by a four-electron redox process, and achieves an electrode-level energy density of 606 Wh/kg (90 wt % active material) along with excellent cycling stability,

3.5M Voters Were Purged During 2024 Presidential Election [video]

Aren't there ZK (Zero Knowledge proof) blockchains that allow people to privately check whether their vote was counted correctly?

How can homomorphic encryption help detect and prevent illegal vote suppression?

[+]

Do you think that people should be able to verify that their vote was counted with their mobile phone?

A QR code on a receipt would work.

Did they send 3.5 million notifications of vote suppression?

Where the state has deviated from one person one vote, the state has errored.

[-]

Show HN: ArXiv-txt, LLM-friendly ArXiv papers

Just change arxiv.org to arxiv-txt.org in the URL to get the paper info in markdown

Example:

Original URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762

Change to: https://arxiv-txt.org/abs/1706.03762

To fetch the raw text directly, use https://arxiv-txt.org/raw/abs/1706.03762, this will be particularly useful for APIs and agents

If you train an LLM on only formally verified code, it should not be expected to generate formally verified code.

Similarly, if you train an LLM on only published ScholarlyArticles ['s abstracts], it should not be expected to generate publishable or true text.

Traceability for Retraction would be necessary to prevent lossy feedback.

[-]

"Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies" – Executive Order

Why do you think they are called "Independent Agencies"?

Can we work on our definition of "Independent Agency"?

The founders of this country intentionally did not create a "King" role.

[-]

Show HN: Subtrace – Wireshark for Docker Containers

Hey HN, we built Subtrace (https://subtrace.dev) to let you see all incoming and outgoing requests in your backend server—like Wireshark, but for Docker containers. It comes with a Chrome DevTools-like interface. Check out this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsGa6ZwVxdA, and see our docs for examples: https://docs.subtrace.dev.

Subtrace lets you see every request with full payload, headers, status code, and latency details. Tools like Sentry and OpenTelemetry often leave out these crucial details, making prod debugging slow and annoying. Most of the time, all I want to see are the headers and JSON payload of real backend requests, but it's impossible to do that in today's tools without excessive logging, which just makes everything slower and more annoying.

Subtrace shows you every backend request flowing through your system. You can use simple filters to search for the requests you care about and inspect their details.

Internally, Subtrace intercepts all network-related Linux syscalls using Seccomp BPF so that it can act as a proxy for all incoming and outgoing TCP connections. It then parses HTTP requests out of the proxied TCP stream and sends them to the browser over WebSocket. The Chrome DevTools Network tab is already ubiquitous for viewing HTTP requests in the frontend, so we repurposed it to work in the browser like any other app (we were surprised that it's just a bunch of TypeScript).

Setup is just one command for any Linux program written in any language.

You can use Subtrace by adding a `subtrace run` prefix to your backend server startup command. No signup required. Try for yourself: https://docs.subtrace.dev

[+]

Stratoshark: https://wiki.wireshark.org/Stratoshark :

> Stratoshark captures and analyzes system calls and logs using libsinsp and libscap, and can share capture files with the Sysdig command line tool and Falco

[-]

Show HN: Scripton – Python IDE with built-in realtime visualizations

Hey HN, Scripton (https://scripton.dev) is a Python IDE built for fast, interactive visualizations and exploratory programming — without the constraints of notebooks.

Why another Python IDE? Scripton hopes to fill a gap in the Python development ecosystem by being an IDE that:

1. Focuses on easy, fast, and interactive visualizations (and exposes rich JS plotting libraries like Observable Plot and Plotly directly to Python) 2. Provides a tightly integrated REPL for rapid prototyping and exploration 3. Is script-centric (as opposed to, say, notebook-style)

A historical detour for why these 3 features: Not so long ago (ok, well, maybe over a decade ago...), the go-to environment for many researchers in scientific fields would have been something like MATLAB. Generating multiple simultaneous visualizations (potentially dynamic) directly from your scripts, rapidly prototyping in the REPL, all without giving up on writing regular scripts. Over time, many switched over to Python but there wasn't an equivalent environment offering similar capabilities. IPython/Jupyter notebooks eventually became the de facto replacement. And while notebooks are great for many things (indeed, it wasn't uncommon for folks to switch between MATLAB and Mathematica Notebooks), they do make certain trade-offs that prevent them from being a full substitute.

Inner workings:

- Implemented in C++ (IDE <-> Python IPC), Python, TypeScript (UI), WGSL (WebGPU-based visualizations)

- While the editor component is based off Monaco, the IDE is not a vscode fork and was written from scratch. Happy to chat about the trade-offs if anyone's interested

- Uses a custom Python debugger written from scratch (which enables features like visualizing intermediate outputs while paused in the debugger)

Scripton's under active development (currently only available for macOS but Linux and Windows support is planned). Would love for you to try it out and share your thoughts! Since this is HN, I’m also happy to chat about its internals.

[+]
[+]

From "Show HN: We open-sourced our [rpi CSV] compost monitoring tech" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42201207 :

Nagios, Collectd, [Prometheus], Grafana

From "Preview of Explore Logs, a new way to browse your logs without writing LogQL" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39981805 :

> Grafana supports SQL, PromQL, InfluxQL, and LogQL.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40164993 :

> But that's not a GUI, that's notebooks. For Jupyter integration, TIL pyqtgraph has jupyter_rfb, Remote Frame Buffer: https://github.com/vispy/jupyter_rfb

pyqtgraph: https://github.com/pyqtgraph/pyqtgraph

Matplotlib can generate GIF and WEBM (and .mp4) animations, but not realtime.

ManimCE might work in notebooks, but IDK about realtime

Genesis is fast enough by FPS for faster than realtime 3D with Python (LuisaRender) and a GPU: https://github.com/Genesis-Embodied-AI/Genesis

[-]

SWE-Lancer: a benchmark of freelance software engineering tasks from Upwork

> By mapping model performance to monetary value, we hope SWE-Lancer enables greater research into the economic impact of AI model development.

What could be costed in an upwork or a mechanical turk task Value?

Task Centrality or Blockingness estimation: precedence edges, tsort topological sort, graph metrics like centrality

Task Complexity estimation: story points, planning poker, relative local complexity scales

Task Value estimation: cost/benefit analysis, marginal revenue

[-]

Nuclear fusion: WEST beats the world record for plasma duration

> 1337 seconds

AFAIU, no existing tokamaks can handle sustained plasma for any significant period of time because they'll burn down.

Did this destroy the facility?

What duration of sustained fusion plasma can tokamaks like EAST, WEST, and ITER withstand? What will need to change for continuous fusion energy to be net gained from a tokamak or a stellerator fusion reactor?

[+]
[+]
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Fusion energy gain factor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor :

> A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state

To rephrase the question: what is the limit to the duration of sustained inertial confinement fusion plasma in the EAST, WEST, and ITER tokamaks, and why is the limit that amount of time?

Don't those materials melt if exposed to temperatures hotter than the sun for sufficient or excessive periods of time?

For what sustained plasma duration will EAST, WEST, and ITER need to be redesigned? 1 hour, 24 hours?

[+]

[LLNL] "US scientists achieve net energy gain for second time in nuclear fusion reaction" (2023-08) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/06/us-scien...

But IDK if they've seen recent thing about water 100X'ing proton laser plasma beams from SLAC published this year/month;

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43088886 :

> "Innovative target design leads to surprising discovery in laser-plasma acceleration" (2025-02) https://phys.org/news/2025-02-discovery-laser-plasma.html

>> Compared to similar experiments with solid targets, the water sheet reduced the proton beam's divergence by an order of magnitude and increased the beam's efficiency by a factor of 100

"Stable laser-acceleration of high-flux proton beams with plasma collimation" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56248-4

Timeline of nuclear fusion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion

[+]

> all power sources rely on taking cold water and making it warm constantly so that it makes a turbine move.

PV (photovoltaic), TPV (thermopohotovoltaic), and thin film and other solid-state thermoelectric (TE) approaches do not rely upon corrosive water turning a turbine.

Turbine blades can be made of materials that are more resistant to corrosion.

On turbine efficiency:

"How the gas turbine conquered the electric power industry" https://news.ycombinator.com/context?id=38314774

It looks like the GE 7HA gas/hydrogen turbine is still the most efficient turbine? https://gasturbineworld.com/ge-7ha-03-gas-turbine/ :

> Higher efficiency: 43.3% in simple cycle and up to 64% in combined cycle,

Steam turbines aren't as efficient as gas turbines FWIU.

/? which nuclear reactors do not have a steam turbine:

"How can nuclear reactors work without steam?" [in space] https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7ojhr8/how_can_... :

> 5% efficient; you usually get less than 5% of the thermal energy converted into electricity

(International space law prohibits putting nuclear reactors in space without specific international approval, which is considered for e.g. deep space probes like Voyager; though the sun is exempt.)

Rankine cycle (steam) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle

Thermoelectric effect: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect :

> The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect (temperature differences cause electromotive forces), the Peltier effect (thermocouples create temperature differences), and the Thomson effect (the Seebeck coefficient varies with temperature).

"Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%" https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04473-y

Multi-junction PV cells are not limited by the Shockley–Queisser limit, but are limited by current production methods.

Multi-junction solar cells: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell#Mult...

Which existing thermoelectric or thermopohotovoltaic approaches work with nuclear fusion levels of heat (infrared)?

[+]

I wouldn't have looked this up otherwise.

Maybe solar energy storage makes sense for storing the energy from fusion reactor stars, too.

There's also MOST: Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage, which stores solar energy as chemical energy for up to 18 years with a "specially designed molecule of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen that changes shape when it comes into contact with sunlight."

"Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation" (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100789

> Multi-junction PV cells are not limited by the Shockley–Queisser limit, but are limited by current production methods.

Such as multilayer nanolithography, which nanoimprint lithography 10Xs; https://arstechnica.com/reviews/2024/01/canon-plans-to-disru...

Perhaps multilayer junction PV and TPV cells could be cost-effectively manufactured with nanoimprint lithography.

[-]

Qualys Security Advisory: MitM and DoS attacks against OpenSSH client and server

MitM-able since 6.8 (December 2014) only if

> VerifyHostKeyDNS is "yes" or "ask" (it is "no" by default),

And DOS-able since 9.5 (2023) because of a new ping command.

> To confirm our suspicion, we adopted a dual strategy:

> - we manually audited all of OpenSSH's functions that use "goto", for missing resets of their return value;

> - we wrote a CodeQL query that automatically searches for functions that "goto out" without resetting their return value in the corresponding "if" code block.

[-]

Catalytic computing taps the full power of a full hard drive

[+]

That sounds similar to this in QC:

From "Reversible computing escapes the lab" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42660606#42705562 :

> FWIU from "Quantum knowledge cools computers", if the deleted data is still known, deleting bits can effectively thermally cool, bypassing the Landauer limit of electronic computers? Is that reversible or reversibly-knotted or?

> "The thermodynamic meaning of negative entropy" (2011) https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10123

Though also Landauer's limit presumably only applies to electrons; not photons or phonons or gravitational waves.

[+]
[-]

Setting up a trusted, self-signed SSL/TLS certificate authority in Linux

[+]

https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/5759 :

> When generating a CA cert via caddy and putting that in the trust store, those private keys can also forge certificates for any other domain.

RFC5280 (2008) "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile" > Section 4.2.1.10 Name Constraints: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5280#section-4.2.1.... :

> The name constraints extension, which MUST be used only in a CA certificate, indicates a name space within which all subject names in subsequent certificates in a certification path MUST be located. Restrictions apply to the subject distinguished name and apply to subject alternative names. Restrictions apply only when the specified name form is present. If no name of the type is in the certificate, the certificate is acceptable.

> Name constraints are not applied to self-issued certificates (unless the certificate is the final certificate in the path). (This could prevent CAs that use name constraints from employing self-issued certificates to implement key rollover.)

[+]

It says "Proposed Standard" on the RFC; maybe that's why it's not widely implemented if that's the case?

https://bettertls.com/ has Name Constraints implementation validation tests, but "Archived Results" doesn't seem to have recent versions of SSL clients listed?

  nameConstraints=critical,
DNS Certification Authority Authorization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_Certification_Authority_Au... :

> Registrants publish a "CAA" Domain Name System (DNS) resource record which compliant certificate authorities check for before issuing digital certificates.

And hopefully they require DNSSEC signatures and DoH/DoT/DoQ when querying for CAA records.

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[-]

New technique generates topological structures with gravity water waves

Water also focuses laser plasmas;

"Innovative target design leads to surprising discovery in laser-plasma acceleration" https://phys.org/news/2025-02-discovery-laser-plasma.html

> Compared to similar experiments with solid targets, the water sheet reduced the proton beam's divergence by an order of magnitude and increased the beam's efficiency by a factor of 100.

[-]

LightGBM Predict on Pandas DataFrame – Column Order Matters

[LightGBM,] does not converge regardless of feature order.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41873650 :

> Do algorithmic outputs diverge or converge given variance in sequence order of all orthogonal axes? Does it matter which order the dimensions are stated in; is the output sensitive to feature order, but does it converge regardless?

Also, current LLMs suggest that statistical independence is entirely distinct from orthogonality, which we typically assume with high-dimensional problems. And, many statistical models do not work with non-independent features.

Does this model work with non-independence or nonlinearity?

Does the order of the columns in the training data CSV change the alpha of the model; does model output converge regardless of variance in the order of training data?

[-]

670nm red light exposure improved aged mitochondrial function, colour vision

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[+]

Another:

"Red (660 nm) or near-infrared (810 nm) photobiomodulation stimulates, while blue (415 nm), green (540 nm) light inhibits proliferation in human adipose-derived stem cells" (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07525-w

TIL it's called "red light optogenetics" even when the cells aren't modified for opto-activation.

And,

"Green light induces antinociception via visual-somatosensory circuits" (2023) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221112472...

"Infrared neural stimulation in human cerebral cortex" (2023) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X2... :

> In a comparison of electrical, optogenetic, and infrared neural stimulation, Roe et al. [14] found that all three approaches could in principal achieve such specificity. However, because brain tissue is conductive, it can be challenging to confine neuronal activation by traditional electrical stimulation to a single cortical column. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation can be applied with high spatial specificity (e.g. by delivering light via a 200um fiber optic apposed to the cortex) and with cell-type specificity (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory cells); however, optogenetics requires viral vectors and gene transduction procedures, making it less easy for human applications [15]. Over the last decade, infrared neural stimulation (INS), which is a pulsed heat-mediated approach, has provided an alternative method of neural activation. Because brain tissue is 75% water, infrared light delivered near peak absorption wavelengths (e.g. 1875 nm [16]) permits effective delivery of heat to the brain tissue. In particular, experimental and modelling studies [[17], [18], [19]] have shown that 1875 nm light (brief 0.5sec trains of 0.25msec pulses forming a bolus of heat) effectively achieves focal (submillimeter to millimeter sized) activation of neural tissue

Does NIRS -based (neuro-) imaging induce neuronal growth?

Are there better photonic beam-forming apparatuses than TI DLP projectors with millions of tiny actuated mirrors; isn't that what a TV does?

Cold plasma also affects neuronal regrowth and could or should be used for wound closure. Are they cold plasma-ing Sam (Hedlund) in "Tron: Legacy" (2010) before the disc golf discus thing?

Does cold plasma reduce epithelial scarring?

A certain duration of cold plasma also appears to increase seed germination rate FWIW.

To find these studies, I used a search engine and search terms and then picked studies which seem to confirm our bias.

[-]

Why is there an increase in lung cancer among women who have never smoked?

[+]

Also gendered: indoor task preference and cleaning product exposure?

Nonstick cookware exposure

Reduced fat, increased fructose foods (sugar feeds cancer)

Exhaust and walking?

Cooking oil and air fryer usage rates have changed.

Water quality isn't gender-specific is it?

Rocket stoves change lives in other economies; cooking stove materials

There are salt-based cleaning products, USB dilute hypochlorite bleach generators that require just water and salt, there are citric acid based cleaning products, and there's vinegar and baking soda.

Electronic motorized plastic bristle brushes?

Ironically, bleach doesn't kill COVID at all, but UV-C does.

[+]

Nope, that's politely terse.

[-]

Ask HN: What are people's experiences with knowledge graphs?

I see lots of YouTube videos and content about knowledge graphs in the context of Gen AI. Are these at all useful for personal information retrieval and organization? If so, are there any frameworks or products that you'd recommend that help construct and use knowledge graphs?

Property graphs don't specify schema.

Is it Shape.color or Shape.coleur, feet or meters?

RDF has URIs for predicates (attributes). RDFS specifies :Class(es) with :Property's, which are identified by URIs.

E.g. Wikidata has schema; forms with validation. Dbpedia is Wikipedia infoboxes regularly extracted to RDF.

Google acquired metaweb freebase years ago, launched a Knowledge Graph product, and these days supports Structured Data search cards in microdata, RDFa, and JSONLD.

[LLM] NN topology is sort of a schema.

Linked Data standards for data validation include RDFS and SHACL. JSON schema is far more widely implemented.

RDFa is "RDF in HTML attributes".

How much more schema does the application need beyond [WikiWord] auto-linkified edges? What about typed edges with attributes other than href and anchor text?

AtomSpace is an in-memory hypergraph with schema to support graph rewriting specifically for reasoning and inference.

There are ORMs for graph databases. Just like SQL, how much of the query and report can be done be the server without processing every SELECTed row.

Query languages for graphs: SQL, SPARQL, SPARQLstar, GraphQL, Cypher, Gremlin.

Object-attribute level permissions are for the application to implement and enforce. Per-cell keys and visibility are native db features of e.g. Accumulo, but to implement the same with e.g. Postgres every application that is a database client is on scout's honor to also enforce object-attribute access control lists.

And then identity; which user with which (sovereign or granted) cryptographic key can add dated named graphs that mutate which data in the database.

So, property graphs eventually need schema and data validation.

markmap.js.org is a simple app to visualize a markdown document with headings and/or list items as a mindmap; but unlike Freemind, there's no way to add edges that make the tree a cyclic graph.

Cyclic graphs require different traversal algorithms. For example, Python will raise MaxRecursionError when encountering a graph cycle without a visited node list, but a stack-based traversal of a cyclic graph will not halt without e.g. a visited node list to detect cycles, though a valid graph path may contain cycles (and there is feedback in so many general systems)

YAML-LD is JSON-LD in YAML.

JSON-LD as a templated output is easier than writing a (relatively slow) native RDF application and re-solving for what SQL ORM web frameworks already do.

There are specs for cryptographically signing RDF such that the signature matches regardless of the graph representation.

There are processes and business processes around knowledge graphs like there are for any other dataset.

OTOH; ETL, Data Validation, Publishing and Hosting of dataset and/or servicing arbitrary queries and/or cost-estimable parametric [windowed] reports, Recall and retraction traceability

DVC.org and the UC BIDS Computational Inference notebook book probably have a better enumeration of processes for data quality in data science.

...

With RDF - though it's a question of database approach and not data representation -

Should an application create a named graph per database transaction changeset or should all of that data provenance metadata be relegated to a database journal that can't be read from or written to by the app?

How much transaction authentication metadata should an app be trusted to write?

A typical SQL webapp has one database user which can read or write to any column of any table.

Blockchains and e.g. Accumulo require each user to "connect to" the database with a unique key.

It is far harder for users to impersonate other users in database systems that require a cryptographic key per user than it is to just write in a different username and date using the one db cred granted to all application instances.

W3C DIDs are cryptographic keys (as RDF with schema) that can be generated by users locally or generated centrally; similar to e.g. Bitcoin account address double hashes.

Users can cryptographically sign JSON-LD, YAML-LD, RDFa, and any other RDF format with W3C DIDs; in order to assure data integrity.

How do data integrity and data provenance affect the costs, utility, and risks of knowledge graphs?

Compared to GPG signing git commits to markdown+YAML-LD flat files in a git repo, and paying e.g gh to enforce codeowner permissions on files and directories in the repo by preventing unsigned and unauthorized commits, what are the risks of trusting all of the data from all of the users that could ever write to a knowledge graph?

Which initial graph schema support inference and reasoning; graph rewriting?

[-]

CodeWeavers Hiring More Developers to Work on Wine and Valve's Proton

KSP2 support in Proton or ProtonGE could make the game playable.

From https://www.protondb.com/app/954850 :

> With no tinkering the in-game videos stutter and skip frames. I fixed this by installing lavfilters with protontricks. The game as far as i know has no means of limiting the frame rate. This was fixed using mangohud.

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[-]

Opposing arrows of time can theoretically emerge from certain quantum systems

[+]

/? "time-polarized photons" https://www.google.com/search?q=%22time-polarized+photons%22

https://www.scribd.com/doc/287808282/Bearden-Articles-Mind-C... ... https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C43&q=%22... ... "p sychon ergetics" .. /? Torsion fields :

- "Torsion fields generated by the quantum effects of macro-bodies" (2022) https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.16245 :

> We generalize Einstein's General Relativity (GR) by assuming that all matter (including macro-objects) has quantum effects. An appropriate theory to fulfill this task is Gauge Theory Gravity (GTG) developed by the Cambridge group. GTG is a "spin-torsion" theory, according to which, gravitational effects are described by a pair of gauge fields defined over a flat Minkowski background spacetime. The matter content is completely described by the Dirac spinor field, and the quantum effects of matter are identified as the spin tensor derived from the spinor field. The existence of the spin of matter results in the torsion field defined over spacetime. Torsion field plays the role of Bohmian quantum potential which turns out to be a kind of repulsive force as opposed to the gravitational potential which is attractive [...] Consequently, by virtue of the cosmological principle, we are led to a static universe model in which the Hubble redshifts arise from the torsion fields.

Wikipedia says that torsion fields are pseudoscientific.

Retrocausality is observed.

From "Evidence of 'Negative Time' Found in Quantum Physics Experiment" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41707116 :

> "Experimental evidence that a photon can spend a negative amount of time in an atom cloud" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03680

/?hnlog retrocausality (Ctrl-F "retrocausal", "causal") https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/ )

From "Robust continuous time crystal in an electron–nuclear spin system" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39291044 ;

> [ Indefinite causal order, Admissible causal structures and correlations, Incandescent Temporal Metamaterials, ]

From "What are time crystals and why are they in kids’ toys?" https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/what-are-time-crysta... :

> Time crystals have been detected in an unexpected place: monoammonium phosphate, a compound found in fertilizer and ‘grow your own crystal’ kits.

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_dihydrogen_phosphate :

> Piezoelectric, birefringence (double refraction), transducers

Retrocausality in photons, Retrocausality in piezoelectric time crystals which are birefringent (which cause photonic double-refraction)

Is it gauge theory, though?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38839439 :

> If gauge symmetry breaks in superfluids (ie. Bose-Einstein condensates); and there are superfluids at black hole thermal ranges; do gauge symmetry constraints break in [black hole] superfluids?

Probably not gauge symmetry there, then.

[-]

Quantum Computing Notes: Why Is It Always Ten Years Away? – Usenix

There is significant growth in number of qubits per QPU, coherence time, time cost per instruction, and number of error-corrected qubits per QPU over time.

A chart of such quantities over time would likely indicate exponential growth over the past n years.

[-]

Fluoxetine promotes metabolic defenses to protect from sepsis-induced lethality

[+]

Fluoxetine also appears to increase plasticity in the adult visual cortex, which can reduce monocular dominance. https://www.google.com/search?q=fluoxetine+plasticity+visual...

[-]

NASA has a list of 10 rules for software development

[+]

awesome-safety-critical lists a number of specs: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#so...

[+]

From "The state of Rust trying to catch up with Ada [video]" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43007013 :

>> The MISRA guidelines for Rust are expected to be released soon but at the earliest at Embedded World 2025. This guideline will not be a list of Do’s and Don’ts for Rust code but rather a comparison with the C guidelines and if/how they are applicable to Rust

/? Misra rust guidelines:

- This is a different MISRA C for Rust project: https://github.com/PolySync/misra-rust

- "Bringing Rust to Safety-Critical Systems in Space" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.18135v1

...

> minimum of two assertions per function.

Which guidelines say "you must do runtime type and value checking" of every argument at the top of every function?

The SEI CERT C Guidelines are far more comprehensive than the OT 10 rules TBH:

"SEI CERT C Coding Standard" https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/plugins/servlet/mobile?c...

"CWE CATEGORY: SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Guidelines 08. Memory Management (MEM)" https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1162.html

[+]

Are there SAST or linting tools to check that the code is compliant with the [agency] recommendations?

Also important and not that difficult, formal design, implementation, and formal verification;

"Formal methods only solve half my problems" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31617335

"Why Don't People Use Formal Methods?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18965964

Formal Methods in Python; FizzBee, Nagini, deal-solver: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39904256#39958582

[+]

Why isn't there tooling to support these recommendations; why is there no automated verification?

SAST and DAST tools can be run on_push with git post-receive hooks or before commit with pre commit. (GitOps; CI; DevOpsSec with Sec shifted left in the development process is DevSecOps)

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[-]

We were wrong about GPUs

[+]

IaaS or PaaS?

Who owns and depreciates the logs, backups, GPUs, and the database(s)?

K8s docs > Scheduling GPUs: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/manage-gpus/scheduling-gpus... :

> Once you have installed the plugin, your cluster exposes a custom schedulable resource such as amd.com/gpu or nvidia.com/gpu.

> You can consume these GPUs from your containers by requesting the custom GPU resource, the same way you request cpu or memory

awesome-local-ai: Platforms / full solutions https://github.com/janhq/awesome-local-ai?platforms--full-so...

But what about TPUs (Tensor Processing Units) and QPUs (Quantum Processing Units)?

Quantum backends: https://github.com/tequilahub/tequila#quantum-backends

Kubernetes Device Plugin examples: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/comput...

Kubernetes Generic Device Plugin: https://github.com/squat/generic-device-plugin#kubernetes-ge...

K8s GPU Operator: https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/gpu-operator...

Re: sunlight server and moonlight for 120 FPS 4K HDR access to GPU output over the Internet: https://github.com/kasmtech/KasmVNC/issues/305#issuecomment-... :

> Still hoping for SR-IOV in retail GPUs.

> Not sure about vCPU functionality in GPUs

Process isolation on vCPUs with or without SR-IOV is probably not as advanced as secure enclave approaches.

Intel SGX is a secure enclave capability, which is cancelled on everything but Xeon. FWIU there is no SGX for timeshared GPUs.

What executable loader reverifies the loaded executable in RAM after imit time ?

What LLM loader reverifies the in-RAM model? Can Merkle hashes reduce that cost; of nn state verification?

Can it be proven that a [chat AI] model hosted by someone else is what is claimed; that it's truly a response from "model abc v2025.02"?

PaaS or IaaS

[-]

Surely you must be joking, Jupyter notebooks with Ruby [video]

List of Jupyter Kernels: https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/Jupyter-kernels

IRuby: https://github.com/SciRuby/iruby

conda-forge/ruby-feedstock: https://github.com/conda-forge/ruby-feedstock

It looks like ruby-feedstock installs `gem`; but AFAIU there's not yet a way to specify gems in an environment.yml like `pip:` packages.

There aren't many other conda-forge feedstocks for Ruby, though;

/? Ruby https://github.com/orgs/conda-forge/repositories?q=Ruby

[-]

What if Eye...?

From "An ultra-sensitive on-off switch helps axolotls regrow limbs" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36912925 :

> [ mTOR, Muller glia in Zebrafish, ]

From "Reactivating Dormant Cells in the Retina Brings New Hope for Vision Regeneration" (2023) https://neurosciencenews.com/vision-restoration-genetic-2318... :

> “What’s interesting is that these Müller cells are known to reactivate and regenerate retina in fish,” she said. “But in mammals, including humans, they don’t normally do so, not after injury or disease. And we don’t yet fully understand why.”

[-]

Learning fast and accurate absolute pitch judgment in adulthood

[+]

Nice! The keyboard could be larger on mobile in portrait and landscape

Ctrl-Shift-M https://devtoolstips.org/tips/en/simulate-devices/ ; how to simulate a mobile viewport: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/device-mode#devic...

/? google lighthouse mobile accessibility test: https://www.google.com/search?q=google+lighthouse+mobile+acc...

Lighthouse: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview

Another metric for changing performance: notes tested before finding the correct note

[+]
[+]

OpenEar is built on tone.js: https://github.com/ShacharHarshuv/open-ear

limut implements WebAudio and WebGL, and FoxDot-like patterns and samples: https://github.com/sdclibbery/limut

https://glicol.org/ runs in a browser and as a VST plugin

https://draw.audio/

"Using the Web Audio API to Make a Modem" (2017) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15471723

gh topics/webaudio: https://github.com/topics/webaudio

awesome-webaudio: https://github.com/notthetup/awesome-webaudio

From the OpenEar readme re perfect pitch training; https://github.com/ShacharHarshuv/open-ear :

> Currently includes the following built in exercises:

> [...]

> 7. Interval recognition - the very popular exercise almost all app has. Although I do not recommend using it as I find it inaffective in confusing, since the intervals are out-of-context.

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I Applied Wavelet Transforms to AI and Found Hidden Structure

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"The Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems (CODES): A Unified Framework for Cosmology, Quantum Mechanics, and Relativity" (2025) https://zenodo.org/records/14799070

Hey, chirality! /? Hnlog chiral https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/

> loss function

Yesterday on HN: Harmonic Loss instead of Cross-Entropy; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42941393

> Fourier was failing hence

What about QFT Quantum Fourier transform? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Fourier_transform

Harmonic analysis involves the Fourier transform: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis

> Recursive Model Adaptation

"Parameter-free" networks

Graph rewriting, AtomSpace

> feature localization

Hilbert curves cluster features; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_curve :

> Moreover, there are several possible generalizations of Hilbert curves to higher dimensions

Re: Relativity and the CODES paper;

/? fedi: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42376759 , https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38061551

> Fedi's SQR Superfluid Quantum Relativity (.it), FWIU: also rejects a hard singularity boundary, describes curl and vorticity in fluids (with Gross-Pitaevskii,), and rejects antimatter.

Testing of alternatives to general relativity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relati...

> structured emergent primes to improve loss function convergence and network pruning

Products of primes modulo prime for set membership testing; is it faster? Even with a long list of primes?

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I do not have experience with wavelet-driven loss functions.

Do structured emergent primes afford insight into n-body fluid+gravity dynamics and superfluid (condensate) dynamics at deep space and stellar thermal ranges?

How do wavelets model curl and n-body vortices?

What do I remember about wavelets, without reading the article? Wavelets are or aren't analogous to neurons. Wavelets discretize. Am I confusing wavelets and autoencoders? Are wavelets like tiles or compression symbol tables?

How do wavelet-driven loss functions differ from other loss functions like Cross-Entropy and Harmonic Loss?

How does prime emergence relate to harmonics and [Fourier,] convolution with and without superposition?

Other seemingly relevant things:

- particle with mass only when moving in certain directions; re: chirality

- "NASA: Mystery of Life's Handedness Deepens" (2024-11) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42229953 :

> ScholarlyArticle: "Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49689-w

>>> Could this be used as an engine of some kind?

>> What about helical polarization?

> If there is locomotion due to a dynamic between handed molecules and, say, helically polarized fields; is such handedness a survival selector for life in deep space?

> Are chiral molecules more likely to land on earth?

>> "Chiral Colloidal Molecules And Observation of The Propeller Effect" https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856768/

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> Wavelet-driven loss functions vs. Cross-Entropy/Harmonic Loss You’re right about wavelets discretizing—it’s what makes them a better fit than Fourier for adaptive structuring. The key distinction is that wavelets localize both frequency and time dynamically, meaning loss functions can become context-sensitive rather than purely probabilistic. This resolves issues with information localization in AI training, allowing emergent structure rather than brute-force heuristics.

frequency and time..

SR works for signals without GR; and there's an SR explanation for time dilation which resolves when the spacecraft lands fwiu , Minkowski,

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39719114 :

>>> Physical observation (via the transverse photon interaction) is the process given by applying the operator ∂/∂t to (L^3)t, yielding an L3 output

>> [and "time-polarized photons"]

> Prime emergence, harmonics, and convolution (Fourier vs. CWT) Structured primes seem to encode hidden periodicities across systems—prime gaps, biological sequences, cosmic structures, etc. • Fourier struggled because it assumes a globally uniform basis set. • CWT resolves this by detecting frequency-dependent structures (chirality-based). • Example: Prime number distributions align with Ulam Spirals, which match observed redshift distributions in deep space clustering. The coherence suggests an underlying structuring force, and phase-locking principles seem to emerge naturally.

/? ulam spiral wikipedia: https://www.google.com/search?q=ulam+spiral+wikipedia ; all #s, primes

Are hilbert curves of any use for grouping points in this 1D (?) space?

/? ulam spiral hilbert curve: https://www.google.com/search?q=ulam+spiral+hilbert+curve

> N-body vortex dynamics, superfluidity, and chiral molecules in deep space You might be onto something here. The connection between: • Superfluid dynamics in deep space • Chiral molecules preferring certain gravitational dynamics • Handedness affecting locomotion in polarized fields suggests chirality might be an overlooked factor in cosmic structure formation (i.e., why galaxies tend to form spiral structures).

Why are there so many arms on the fluid disturbance of a spinning basketball floating on water?

(Terms: viscosity of the water, mass, volume, and surface characteristics of the ball, temperature of the water, temperature of the air)

Traditionally, curl is the explanation fwiu.

Does curl cause chirality and/or does chirality cause curl?

The sensitivity to Initial conditions of a two arm pendulum system, for example, is enough to demonstrate chaotic, divergent n-body dynamics. `python -m turtledemo.chaos` demonstrates a chaotic divergence with a few simple functions.

Phase transition diagrams are insufficient to describe water freezing or boiling given sensitivity to initial temperature observed in the Mpemba effect; phase transition diagrams are insufficient with an initial temperature axis.

Superfluids (Bose-Einstein condensates) occur at earth temperatures. For example, helium chilled to 1 Kelvin demonstrates zero viscosity, and climbs up beakers and walls despite gravity.

A universal model cannot be sufficient if it does not describe superfluids and superconductors; photons and electrons behave fluidically in other phases.

> Could this be an engine? (Electromagnetic rotation and helicity) Possibly. If structured emergence scales across these domains, it’s possible that chirality-induced resonance fields could drive a new form of energy extraction—similar to the electroweak interaction asymmetry seen in beta decay.

A spinning asteroid or comet induces a 'spinning' field. Interplanetary and deep space spacecraft could spin on one or more axes to create or boost EM shielding.

"Gamma radiation is produced in large tropical thunderstorms" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41731196 https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-41732854 :

"Gamma rays convert CH4 to complex organic molecules, may explain origin of life" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42131762#42157208 :

>> A terrestrial life origin hypothesis: gamma radiation mutated methane (CH4) into Glycine (the G in ACGT) and then DNA and RNA.

>> [ Virtual black holes, quantum foam, [ gamma, ] radiation and phase shift due to quantum foam and Planck relics ]

From "Lightweight woven helical antenna could replace field-deployed dishes" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39132365 :

>> Astrophysical jets produce helically and circularly-polarized emissions, too FWIU.

>> Presumably helical jets reach earth coherently over such distances because of the stability of helical signals.

>> 1. Could [we] harvest energy from a (helically and/or circularly-polarised) natural jet, for deep space and/or local system exploration? Can a spacecraft pull against a jet for relativistic motion?

>> 2. Is helical the best way to beam power wirelessly; without heating columns of atmospheric water in the collapsing jet stream? [with phased microwave]

>> 3. Is there a (hydrodynamic) theory of superfluid quantum gravity that better describes the apparent vorticity and curl of such signals and their effects?

From "Computer Scientists Prove That Heat Destroys Quantum Entanglement" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41381849#41382939 :

>> How, then, can entanglement across astronomical distances occur without cooler temps the whole way there, if heat destroys all entanglement?

>> Would helical polarization like quasar astrophysical jets be more stable than other methods for entanglement at astronomical distances?

> The idea that chirality acts as a selector for deep-space survival is interesting. Do you think the preference for left-handed amino acids on Earth could be a consequence of an early chiral field bias? If so, does that imply a fundamental symmetry-breaking event at planetary formation?

The earth is rotating and revolving in relation to the greatest local mass. Would there be different terrestrial chirality if the earth rotated in the opposite direction?

How do the vortical field disturbances from Earth's rotation in atmospheric, EM, and gravitational wave spaces interact with molecular chirality and field chirality?

**

Re: Polarized fields: From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42318113 :

> Phase from second-order Intensity due to "mechanical concepts of center of mass and moment of inertia via the Huygens-Steiner theorem for rigid body rotation"

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The OBS Project is threatening Fedora Linux with legal action

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Does Fedora's OBS ship with non-free codecs as required dependencies?

What should they call the (demanded) fork?

Also, Flatpaks have different file paths (like NixOS, which has updated packages according to e.g repology), and so selinux fails with many or most flatpaks.

Are Drinking Straws Dangerous? (2017)

> About 1,400 people visit the emergency room every year due to injuries from drinking straws.

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It's a drinking hazard,

And, https://www.livescience.com/65925-metal-straw-death.html :

> He added that in this case, the metal straw may have been particularly hazardous because it was used with a lid that prevented the straw from moving. "It seems to me these metal straws should not be used with any form of lid that holds them in place,"

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Why cryptography is not based on NP-complete problems

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SAT Solvers, GA, LLMs, brute force

Birthday paradox probability changes with memoization.

Rainbow tables trade CPU for storage for lookup; but salting, double hashing, and key derivation functions with many rounds like pbkdf and argon2.

[-]

Ask HN: Ideas for Business Cards

Hi, I'm a freelancer working in security and I'm looking for companies and ideas for some good business cards that are out of ordinary. I am thinking about business cards that have (very basic and stupid stuff) secure elements or watermark, but I can't find anything online.

Protip: leave space to write on the reverse

/? business cards https://hn.algolia.com/?q=business+cards

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Transformer is a holographic associative memory

"Google Replaces BERT Self-Attention with Fourier Transform: 92% Accuracy, 7 Times Faster on GPUs" (2021) https://syncedreview.com/2021/05/14/deepmind-podracer-tpu-ba...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40519828 :

> Because self-attention can be replaced with FFT for a loss in accuracy and a reduction in kWh [1], I suspect that the Quantum Fourier Transform can also be substituted for attention in LLMs.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42957785 :

> How does prime emergence relate to harmonics and [Fourier,] convolution with and without superposition?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40580049 :

> From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25190770#25194040 :

>> Convolution is in fact multiplication in Fourier space (this is the convolution theorem [1]) which says that Fourier transforms convert convolutions to products. 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_theorem :

>>> In mathematics, the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals) is the pointwise product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g., frequency domain). Other versions of the convolution theorem are applicable to various Fourier-related transforms.

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The return of the buffalo is reviving portions of the ecosystem

Buffalo: /? buffalo ecosystem impact : https://www.google.com/search?q=buffalo+ecosystem+impact

Wolves: /? wolves yellowstone: https://www.google.com/search?q=wolves+yellowstone ; 120 wolves in 2024

Beavers: "Government planned it 7 years, beavers built a dam in 2 days and saved $1M" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42938802#42941813

Keystone species: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species :

> Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Some keystone species, such as the wolf and lion, are also apex predators.

Trophic cascade: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade

Ecosystem service: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_service :

> Evaluations of ecosystem services may include assigning an economic value to them.

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The state of Rust trying to catch up with Ada [video]

From "Industry forms consortium to drive adoption of Rust in safety-critical systems" (2024-06) https://thenewstack.io/rust-the-future-of-fail-safe-software... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40680722

rustfoundation/safety-critical-rust-consortium > subcommittee/coding-guidelines/meetings/2025-January-29/minutes.md: https://github.com/rustfoundation/safety-critical-rust-conso... :

> The MISRA guidelines for Rust are expected to be released soon but at the earliest at Embedded World 2025. This guideline will not be a list of Do’s and Don’ts for Rust code but rather a comparison with the C guidelines and if/how they are applicable to Rust.

/? ' is:issue concurrency: https://github.com/rustfoundation/safety-critical-rust-conso...

rust-secure-code/projects#groups-of-people: https://github.com/rust-secure-code/projects#groups-of-peopl...

Rust book > Chapter 16. Concurrency: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-00-concurrency.html

Chapter 19. Unsafe Rust > Unsafe Superpowers: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html#unsa... :

> You can take five actions in unsafe Rust that you can’t in safe Rust, which we call unsafe superpowers. Those superpowers include the ability to:

"Secure Rust Guidelines" has Chapters on Memory Management, FFI but not yet Concurrency;

04_language.html#panics:

> Common patterns that can cause panics are:

Secure Rust Guidelines > Integer overflows in Rust: https://anssi-fr.github.io/rust-guide/04_language.html#integ... :

> In particular, it should be noted that using debug or release compilation profile changes integer overflow behavior. In debug configuration, overflow cause the termination of the program (panic), whereas in the release configuration the computed value silently wraps around the maximum value that can be stored.

awesome-safety-critical #software-safety-standards: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

rust-secure-code/projects > Model checkers: https://github.com/rust-secure-code/projects#model-checkers :

Loom: https://docs.rs/loom/latest/loom/ :

> Loom is a model checker for concurrent Rust code. It exhaustively explores the behaviors of code under the C11 memory model, which Rust inherits.

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Daily omega-3 fatty acids may help human organs stay young

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From "An Omega-3 that’s poison for cancer tumors" (2021) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27499427 :

> Fish don't synthesize Omega PUFAs, they eat algae which synthesize fat-soluble DHA and EPA.

> From "Warning: Combination of Omega-3s in Popular Supplements May Blunt Heart Benefits" (2018) https://scitechdaily.com/warning-combination-of-omega-3s-in-... :

>> Now, new research from the Intermountain Healthcare Heart Institute in Salt Lake City finds that higher EPA blood levels alone lowered the risk of major cardiac events and death in patients, while DHA blunted the cardiovascular benefits of EPA. Higher DHA levels at any level of EPA, worsened health outcomes.

>> [...] Based on these and other findings, we can still tell our patients to eat Omega-3 rich foods, but we should not be recommending them in pill form as supplements or even as combined (EPA + DHA) prescription products,” he said. “Our data adds further strength to the findings of the recent REDUCE-IT (2018) study that EPA-only prescription products reduce heart disease events.”

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Show HN: Play with real quantum physics in your browser

I wanted to make the simplest app to introduce myself and others to quantum computing.

Introducing, Schrödinger's Coin. Powered by a simple Hadamard gate[0] on IBM quantum, with this app you can directly interact with a quantum system to experience true randomness.

Thoughts? Could you see any use cases for yourself of this? Or, does it inspire any other ideas of yours? Curious what others on HN think!

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate#Hadamard_ga...

Quantum logic gate > Universal logic gates: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate#Universal_q...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37379123 :

> [ Rx, Ry, Rz, P, CCNOT, CNOT, H, S, T ]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39341752 :

>> How many ways are there to roll a {2, 8, or 6}-sided die with qubits and quantum embedding?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42092621 :

> Exercise: Implement a QuantumQ circuit puzzle level with Cirq or QISkit in a Jupyter notebook

ray-pH/quantumQ > [Godot] "Web WASM build" issue #5: https://github.com/ray-pH/quantumQ/issues/5

From https://quantumflytrap.com/scientists/ :

> [Quantum Flytrap] Virtual Lab is a virtual optical table. With a drag and drop interface, you can show phenomena, recreate existing experiments, and prototype new ones.

> Within this environment it is possible to recreate interference, quantum cryptography protocols, to show entanglement, Bell test, quantum teleportation, and the many-worlds interpretation.

[-]

AI datasets have human values blind spots − new research

What about Care Bears?

How do social studies instructors advise in regards to a helpful balance of SEL and other content?

Is prosocial content for children underrepresented in training corpora?

Re: Honesty and a "who hath done it" type exercise for LLM comparison: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42927611

[-]

Microsoft Go 1.24 FIPS changes

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From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28540916#28546930 :

  GOLANG_FIPS=1
From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42265927 :

> Chrome switching to NIST-approved ML-KEM quantum encryption" (2024) https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/chrome-switch...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41535866 :

>> Someday there will probably be a TLS1.4/2.0 with PQ, and also FIPS-140-4?

The superconductivity of layered graphene

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Show HN: PulseBeam – Simplify WebRTC by Staying Serverless

WebRTC’s capabilities are amazing, but the setup headaches (signaling, connection/ICE failures, patchwork docs) can kill momentum. That’s why we built PulseBeam—a batteries-included WebRTC platform designed for developers who just want real-time features to work. What’s different? Built-in Signaling Built-in TURN Time limited JWT auth (serverless for production or use our endpoint for testing) Client and server SDKs included Free and open-source core If you’ve used libraries like PeerJS, PulseBeam should feel like home. We’re inspired by its simplicity. We’re currently in a developer-preview stage. We provide free signaling like PeerJS, and TURN up to 1GB. Of course, feel free to roast us

jupyter-collaboration is built on Y Documents (y.js, pycrdt, jupyter_ydoc,) https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyter-collaboration

There is a y.js WebRTC adapter, but jupyter-collaboration doesn't have WebRTC data or audio or video support AFAIU.

y-webrtc: https://github.com/yjs/y-webrtc

Is there an example of how to do CRDT with PulseBeam WebRTC?

With client and serverside data validation?

> JWT

Is there OIDC support on the roadmap?

E.g. Google supports OIDC: https://developers.google.com/identity/openid-connect/openid...

W3C DIDs, VC Verifiable Credentials, and Blockcerts are designed for decentralization.

STUN, TURN, and ICE are NAT traversal workarounds FWIU; though NAT traversal isn't necessary if the client knowingly or unknowingly has an interface with a public IPV6 address due to IPV6 prefix delegation?

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Elon Musk proposes putting the U.S. Treasury on blockchain for full transparency

FedNow supports ILP Interledger Protocol, which is an open spec that works with traditional ledgers and distributed cryptoasset ledgers.

> In addition to Peering, Clearing, and Settlement, ILP Interledger Protocol Specifies Addresses: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36503888

>> ILP is not tied to a single company, payment network, or currency

ILP Addresses - v2.0.0 > Allocation Schemes: https://github.com/interledger/rfcs/blob/main/0015-ilp-addre...

People that argue for transaction privacy in blockchains: large investment banks, money launderers, the US Government when avoiding accountability because natsec.

Whereas today presumably there are database(s) of checks sent to contractors for the US Gvmt; and maybe auditing later.

Re: apparently trillions missing re: seasonal calls to "Audit the Fed! Audit DoD!" and "The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006" which passed after Illinois started tracking grants: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25893860

DHS helped develop W3C DIDs, which can be decentralizedly generated and optionally centrally registered or centrally generated and registered.

W3C Verifiable Credentials support DIDs Decentralized Identifiers.

Do not pay for closed source or closed spec capabilities; especially for inter-industry systems that would need to integrate around an API spec.

Do not develop another blockchain; given the government's inability to attract and retain talent in this space, it is unlikely that a few million dollars and government management would exceed the progress of billions invested in existing blockchains.

There's a lot of anti-blockchain FUD. Ask them to explain the difference between multi-primary SQL database synchronization system with off-site nodes (and Merkle hashes between rows), and a blockchain.

Why are there Merkle hashes in the centralized Trillian and now PostgreSQL databases that back CT Certificate Transparency logs (the logs of X.509 cert granting and revocations)?

Why did Google stop hosting a query endpoint for CT logs? How can single points of failure be eliminated in decentralized systems?

Blockchains are vulnerable to DoS Denial of Service like all other transaction systems. Adaptive difficulty and transaction fees that equitably go to miners or are just burnt are blockchain solutions to Denial of Service.

"Stress testing" to a web dev means something different than "stress testing" the banks of the Federal Reserve system, for example.

A webdev should know that as soon as your app runs out of (SQL) database connections, it will start throwing 500 Internal Server error. MySQL, for example, defaults to 150+1 max connections.

Stress testing for large banks does not really test for infosec resource exhaustion. Stress testing banks involves them making lots of typically large transactions; not lots of small transactions.

Web Monetization is designed to support micro payments, could support any ledger, and is built on ILP.

ILP makes it possible for e.g. 5x $100 transactions to be auditably grouped together. Normal, non bank of the US government payers must source liquidity from counter parties; which is easier to do with many smaller transactions.

Why do blockchains require additional counterparties in two party (payer-payee) transactions?

To get from USD to EUR, for example, sometimes it's less costly to go through CAD. Alice holds USD, Bob wants EUR, and Charlie holds CAD and EUR and accepts USD, but will only extend $100 of credit per party.

ripplenet was designed for that from the start. Interledger was contributed by ripplecorp to W3C as an open standard, and ILP has undergone significant revision since being open sources.

ILP does not require XRP, which - like XLM - is premined and has a transaction fee less than $0.01.

Ripplenet does not have Proof of Work mining: the list of transaction validator server IPs is maintained by pull request merge consensus in the GitHub repo.

The global Visa network claims to do something like 60,000 TPS. Bitcoin can do 6-7 TPS, and is even slower if you try and build it without blocks.

I thought I read that a stellar benchmark reached 10,000 TPS but they predicted that the TPS would be significantly greater with faster more expensive validation servers.

E.g. Crypto Kitties NFT smart contract game effectively DoS'd pre-sharding Ethereum, which originally did 15-30 TPS IIRC. Ethereum 2.0 reportedly intends to handles 100,000 TPS.

US Contractor payees would probably want to receive a stablecoin instead of a cryptoasset with high volatility.

Some citizens received a relief check to cash out or deposit, and others received a debit card for an account created for them.

I've heard that the relief loan program is the worst fraud in the history of the US government. Could any KYC or AML practices also help prevent such fraud? Does uploading a scan of a photo ID and/or routing and account numbers on a cheque make exchanges more accountable?

FWIU, only Canadian banks give customers the option to require approval for all deposits. Account holders do not have the option to deny deposits in the US, FWIU.

I don't think the US Government can acquire USDC. Awhile back stablecoin providers were audited and admonished.

A reasonable person should expect US Government backing of a cryptoasset to reduce volatility.

Large investment banks claimed to be saving the day on cryptoasset volatility.

High-frequency market makers claim to be creating value by creating liquidity at volatile prices.

They eventually added shorting to Bitcoin, which doesn't account for debt obligations; there is no debt within the Bitcoin network: either a transaction clears within the confirmation time or it doesn't.

There are no chargebacks in Bitcoin; a refund is an optional transaction between B and A, possibly with the same amount less fees.

There is no automatic rebilling in Bitcoin (and by extension other blockchains) because the payer does not disclose the private key necessary to withdraw funds in their account to payees.

Escrow can be done with multisig ("multi signature") transactions or with smart contracts; if at least e .g. 2 out of 3 parties approve, the escrowed transaction completes. So if Alice escrows $100 for Bob conditional upon receipt of a product from Bob, and Bob says she sent it and third-party Charlie says it was received, that's 2 out of 3 approving so Alice's $100 would then be sent to Bob.

All blockchains must eventually hard fork to PQ Post Quantum hashing and encryption, or keep hard forking to keep doubling non-PQ key sizes (if they are not already PQ).

PQ Post Quantum algos typically have a different number of characters, so any hard fork to PQ account keys and addresses will probably require changing data validation routines in webapps that handle transactions.

The coinbase field in a Bitcoin transaction struct can be used for correlating between blockchain transactions and rows in SQL database that claim to have valid data or metadata about a transaction; you put a unique signed value in the coinbase field when you create transactions, and your e.g. SQL or Accumulo database references the value stored in the coinbase field as a foreign key.

Crypto tax prep services can't just read transactions from public blockchains; they need exchange API access to get the price of the asset on that exchange at the time of that transaction: there's no on-chain price oracle.

"ILP Addresses, [Payment Pointers], and Blockcerts" https://github.com/blockchain-certificates/cert-issuer/issue... :

> How can or should a Blockcert indicate an ILP Interledger Protocol address or a Payment Pointer?

ILP Addresses:

  g.acme.bob
  g.us-fed.ach.0.acmebank.swx0a0.acmecorp.sales.199.~ipr.cdfa5e16-e759-4ba3-88f6-8b9dc83c1868.2
Payment Pointer -> URLS:

  $example.com -> https://example.com/.well-known/pay
  
  $example.com/invoices/12345 -> https://example.com/invoices/12345

  $bob.example.com -> https://bob.example.com/.well-known/pay

  $example.com/bob -> https://example.com/bob

[-]

Revolutionizing software testing: Introducing LLM-powered bug catchers

ScholarlyArticle: "Mutation-Guided LLM-based Test Generation at Meta" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12862v1

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Can this unit test generation capability be connected to the models listed on the SWE-bench [Multimodal] leaderboard?

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To resolve an [SWE bench] Issue, write tests for the issue and relevant or adjacent code in different commits, w/ FB ACH

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OpenWISP: Multi-device fleet management for OpenWrt routers

zdw | 2025-02-05 10:38:21 | 93 | # | ^
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Unattended upgrades fail and sit there requiring manual intervention (due to lack of transactional updates and/or multiple flash slots (root partitions and bootloader configuration)).

Pull style configuration requires the device to hold credentials in order to authorize access to download the new policy set.

It's possible to add an /etc/init.d that runs sysupgrade on boot, install Python and Ansible, configure and confirm remote logging, and then run `ansible-pull`.

ansible-openwrt eliminates the need to have Python on a device: https://github.com/gekmihesg/ansible-openwrt

But then log collection; unless all of the nodes have correctly configured log forwarding at each stage of firmware upgrade, pull-style configuration management will lose logs that push-style configuration management can easily centrally log.

Pull based updates would work on OpenWRT devices if they had enough storage, transactional updates and/or multiple flash slots, and scheduled maintenance windows.

OpenWRT wiki > Sysupgrade: https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/sysupgrade

[-]

Calculating Pi in 5 lines of Python

> Infinite series can't really be calculated to completion using a computer,

The sum of an infinite divergent series cannot be calculated with or without a computer.

The sum of an infinite convergent series can be calculated with:

  1/(a-r)
Sequence > Limits and convergence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence#Limits_and_convergenc...

Limit of a sequence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_sequence

SymPy docs > Limits of Sequences: https://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/series/limitseq.html

> Provides methods to compute limit of terms having sequences at infinity.

Madhava-Leibniz formula for π: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_formula_for_%CF%80

[-]

Eco-friendly artificial muscle fibers can produce and store energy

> The team utilized poly(lactic acid) (PLA), an eco-friendly material derived from crop-based raw materials, and highly durable bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to develop the artificial muscle fibers that mimic the functional and real muscles.

"Energy harvesting and storage using highly durable Biomass-Based artificial muscle fibers via shape memory effect" (2025) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S13858...

"Giant nanomechanical energy storage capacity in twisted single-walled carbon nanotube ropes" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01645-x :

>> 583 Wh/kg

But just graphene presumably doesn't work in these applications due to lack of tensilility like certain natural fibers?

[-]

Harmonic Loss Trains Interpretable AI Models

"Harmonic Loss Trains Interpretable AI Models" (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.01628

Src: https://github.com/KindXiaoming/grow-crystals :

> What is Harmonic Loss?

Cross Entropy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-entropy

XAI: Explainable AI > Interpretability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelli...

Right to explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_explanation

Is this Harmonic Loss harmonic like: power loss in BNNs with spreading activation and cardiac cycles, and power loss in electrical systems?

[-]

Government planned it 7 years, beavers built a dam in 2 days and saved $1M

According to "Leave It to Beavers" (2018) PBS Nature [53m], beavers are attracted to the sound of running water played back from a cassette tape. [1]

[1] https://g.co/kgs/5yA9R5

[-]

Oracle justified its JavaScript trademark with Node.js–now it wants that ignored

[+]
[+]

"JS" because of the .js file extension.

ECMAScript version history: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript_version_history

"Java" is an island in Indonesia associated with coffee beans from the Dutch East Indies that Sun Microsystems named their portable software after.

Coffee production in Indonesia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Indonesia... :

> Certain estates age a portion of their coffee for up to five years, normally in large burlap sacks, which are regularly aired, dusted, and flipped.

[-]

Build your own SQLite, Part 4: reading tables metadata

[+]
[+]

Is translation necessary to port the complete SQLite test suite?

sqlite/sqlite//test: https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/tree/master/test

tursodatabase/limbo//testing: https://github.com/tursodatabase/limbo/tree/main/testing

[-]

ArXiv LaTeX Cleaner: Clean the LaTeX code of your paper to submit to ArXiv

t55 | 2025-01-31 13:47:13 | 103 | # | ^
[+]
[+]

FigShare and Zenodo grant (DataCite) DOIs for git commit tags.

Maybe papers need to contain executable test assertions.

Quantum Bayesian Inference with Renormalization for Gravitational Waves

ScholarlyArticle: "Quantum Bayesian Inference with Renormalization for Gravitational Waves" (2025) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ada6ae

NewsArticle: "Black Holes Speak in Gravitational Waves, Heard Through Quantum Walks" (2025) https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/01/29/black-holes-speak-i... :

> Unlike classical MCMC, which requires a large number of iterative steps to converge on a solution, QBIRD uses a quantum-enhanced Metropolis algorithm that incorporates quantum walks to explore the parameter space more efficiently. Instead of sequentially evaluating probability distributions one step at a time, QBIRD encodes the likelihood landscape into a quantum Hilbert space, allowing it to assess multiple transitions between parameter states simultaneously. This is achieved through a set of quantum registers that track state evolution, transition probabilities, and acceptance criteria using a modified Metropolis-Hastings rule.

> Additionally, QBIRD incorporates renormalization and downsampling, which progressively refine the search space by eliminating less probable regions and concentrating computational resources on the most likely solutions. These techniques enable QBIRD to achieve accuracy comparable to classical MCMC while reducing the number of required samples and computational overhead, making it a more promising approach for gravitational wave parameter estimation as quantum hardware matures.

Parameter estimation algorithms:

"Learning quantum Hamiltonians at any temperature in polynomial time" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02243 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396171

"Robustly learning Hamiltonian dynamics of a superconducting quantum processor" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52629-3 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42086445

[-]

Can Large Language Models Emulate Judicial Decision-Making? [Paper]

An actor can emulate the communication style of judicial decision language, sure.

But the cost of a wrong answer (wrongful conviction) exceeds a threshold of ethical use.

> We try prompt engineering techniques to spur the LLM to act more like human judges, but with no success. “Judge AI” is a formalist judge, not a human judge.

From "Asking 60 LLMs a set of 20 questions" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37451642 :

> From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36038440 :

>> Awesome-legal-nlp links to benchmarks like LexGLUE and FairLex but not yet LegalBench; in re: AI alignment and ethics / regional law

>> A "who hath done it" exercise

>> "For each of these things, tell me whether Gdo, Others, or You did it"

AI should never be judge, jury, and executioner.

[-]

I Wrote a WebAssembly VM in C

[+]
[+]
[+]

WASI Preview 1 and WASI Preview 2 can do file and network I/O IIUC.

Re: tty support in container2wasm and fixed 80x25 due to lack of SIGWINCH support in WASI Preview 1: https://github.com/ktock/container2wasm/issues/146

The File System Access API requires granting each app access to each folder.

jupyterlab-filesystem-access only works with Chromium based browsers, because FF doesn't support the File System Access API: https://github.com/jupyterlab-contrib/jupyterlab-filesystem-...

The File System Access API is useful for opening a local .ipynb and .csv with JupyterLite, which builds CPython for WASM as Pyodide.

There is a "Direct Sockets API in Chrome 131" but not in FF; so WebRTC and WebSocket relaying is unnecessary for WASM apps like WebVM: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42029188

WASI Preview 2: https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/blob/main/wasip2/README.... :

> wasi-io, wasi-clocks, wasi-random, wasi-filesystem, wasi-sockets, wasi-cli, wasi-http

[-]

US bill proposes jail time for people who download DeepSeek

That would disincentive this type of research, for example:

"DeepSeek's Hidden Bias: How We Cut It by 76% Without Performance Loss" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42868271

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42891042

TIL about BBQ: Bias Benchmark for QA

"BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering" (2021) https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08193

[-]

Waydroid – Android in a Linux container

[+]
[+]

Just had a conversation about this on a waydroid github issue. The LineageOS X86 image is outdated compared to also open source Bliss OS' Android 12.

/? Android play store APK GitHub actions

It looks like Android Emulator has the most current version of Android that will run on x86?

[+]

virtio-gpu rutabaga was recently added to QEMU IIUC mostly by Google for Chromebook Android emulation or Android Studio or both?

virtio-gpu-rutabaga: https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/system/devices/virtio-gpu.h...

Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface: https://crosvm.dev/book/appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html

gfxstream: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/hardware/google/gf...

"Gfxstream Merged Into Mesa For Vulkan Virtualization" (2024-09) https://www.phoronix.com/news/Mesa-Gfxstream-Merged

I don't understand why there is not an official x86 container / ROM for Android development? Do CI builds of Android apps not run tests with recent versions of Android? How do CI builds of APKs run GUI tests without an Android container?

[+]

37D boundary of quantum correlations with a time-domain optical processor

"Exploring the boundary of quantum correlations with a time-domain optical processor" (2025) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd8080 .. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.07794v3 :

> Abstract: Contextuality is a hallmark feature of the quantum theory that captures its incompatibility with any noncontextual hidden-variable model. The Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ)-type paradoxes are proofs of contextuality that reveal this incompatibility with deterministic logical arguments. However, the GHZ-type paradox whose events can be included in the fewest contexts and which brings the strongest nonclassicality remains elusive. Here, we derive a GHZ-type paradox with a context-cover number of three and show this number saturates the lower bound posed by quantum theory. We demonstrate the paradox with a time-domain fiber optical platform and recover the quantum prediction in a 37-dimensional setup based on high-speed modulation, convolution, and homodyne detection of time-multiplexed pulsed coherent light. By proposing and studying a strong form of contextuality in high-dimensional Hilbert space, our results pave the way for the exploration of exotic quantum correlations with time-multiplexed optical systems.

New thermogalvanic tech paves way for more efficient fridges

"Solvation entropy engineering of thermogalvanic electrolytes for efficient electrochemical refrigeration" (2025) https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(25)00003-0

[+]

Someday maybe!

Quantum thermal diodes: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42537703

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38861468 :

> Laser cooling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling

> Cooling with LEDs in reverse: https://issuu.com/designinglighting/docs/dec_2022/s/17923182 :

> "Near-field photonic cooling through control of the chemical potential of photons" (2019) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0918-8

[+]

Emergence of a second law of thermodynamics in isolated quantum systems

ScholarlyArticle: "Emergence of a Second Law of Thermodynamics in Isolated Quantum Systems" (2025) https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuan...

NewsArticle: "Even Quantum Physics Obeys the Law of Entropy" https://www.tuwien.at/en/tu-wien/news/news-articles/news/auc...

NewsArticle: "Sacred laws of entropy also work in the quantum world, suggests study" ... "90-year-old assumption about quantum entropy challenged in new study" https://interestingengineering.com/science/entropy-also-work...

Polarization-dependent photoluminescence of Ce-implanted MgO and MgAl2O4

NewsArticle: "Scientists explore how to make quantum bits with spinel gemstones" (2025) https://news.uchicago.edu/story/scientists-explore-how-make-... :

> A type of gemstone called spinel can be used to store quantum information, according to new research from a collaboration involving University of Chicago, Tohoku University, and Argonne National Laboratory.

[-]

3D scene reconstruction in adverse weather conditions via Gaussian splatting

Is it possible to see microwave ovens on the ground with a Rydberg antenna array for in-cockpit drone Remote ID signal location?

[-]

Large Language Models for Mathematicians (2023)

t55 | 2025-02-01 10:41:08 | 89 | # | ^

It makes sense for LLMs to work with testable code for symbolic mathematics; CAS Computer Algebra System code instead of LaTeX which only roughly corresponds.

Are LLMs training on the AST parses of the symbolic expressions, or token coocurrence? What about training on the relations between code and tests?

Benchmarks for math and physics LLMs: FrontierMath, TheoremQA, Multi SWE-bench: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42097683

[-]

Large language models think too fast to explore effectively

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

Charles Sanders Peirce > Pragmatism > Theory of inquiry > Scientific Method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce#Scienti...

Peirce’s Deductive Logic: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/

Scientific Method > 2. Historical Review: Aristotle to Mill https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-method/#HisRev...

Scientific Method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

Reproducibility: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility

Replication crisis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_crisis

TFS > Replication crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow

"Language models can explain neurons in language models" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35879007 :

Lateralization of brain function: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_functi...

[-]

Ask HN: Percent of employees that benefit financially from equity offers?

Title says it all. Equity offers are a very common thing in tech. I don't personally know anyone who has made money from equity offers, though nearly all my colleagues have received them at some point.

Does anyone have real data on how many employees actually see financial upside from equity grants? Are there studies or even anecdotal numbers on how common it is for non-executives/non-founders to walk away with any money? Specifically talking about privately held US startups.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29141796 :

> There are a number of options/equity calculators:

> https://tldroptions.io/ ("~65% of companies will never exit", "~15% of companies will have low exits", "~20% of companies will make you money")

Ultra-fast picosecond real-time observation of optical quantum entanglement

"Real-time observation of picosecond-timescale optical quantum entanglement towards ultrafast quantum information processing" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01589-7 .. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07357v1 (2024) :

> Abstract: Entanglement is a fundamental resource for various optical quantum information processing (QIP) applications. To achieve high-speed QIP systems, entanglement should be encoded in short wavepackets. Here we report the real-time observation of ultrafast optical Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen correlation at a picosecond timescale in a continuous-wave system. Optical phase-sensitive amplification using a 6-THz-bandwidth waveguide-based optical parametric amplifier enhances the effective efficiency of 70-GHz-bandwidth homodyne detectors, mainly used in 5G telecommunication, enabling its use in real-time quantum state measurement. Although power measurement using frequency scanning, such as an optical spectrum analyser, is not performed in real time, our observation is demonstrated through the real-time amplitude measurement and can be directly used in QIP applications. The observed Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen states show quantum correlation of 4.5 dB below the shot-noise level encoded in wavepackets with 40 ps period, equivalent to 25 GHz repetition—103 times faster than previous entanglement observation in continuous-wave systems. The quantum correlation of 4.5 dB is already sufficient for several QIP applications, and our system can be readily extended to large-scale entanglement. Moreover, our scheme has high compatibility with optical communication technology such as wavelength-division multiplexing, and femtosecond-timescale observation is also feasible. Our demonstration is a paradigm shift in accelerating accessible quantum correlation—the foundational resource of all quantum applications—from the nanosecond to picosecond timescales, enabling ultrafast optical QIP.

[-]

Recipe Database with Semantic Search on Digital Ocean's Smallest VM

Datasette-lite supports SQLite in WASM in a browser.

DuckDB WASM would also solve for a recipe database without an application server, for example in order to reduce annual hosting costs of a side project.

Is the scraped data CC-BY-SA licensed? Attribution would be good.

/? datasette vector search

FAISS

WASM vector database: https://www.google.com/search?q=WASM+vector+database

Moiré-driven topological electronic crystals in twisted graphene

ScholarlyArticle: "Moiré-driven topological electronic crystals in twisted graphene" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08239-6

NewsArticle: "Anomalous Hall crystal made from twisted graphene" (2025) https://physicsworld.com/a/anomalous-hall-crystal-made-from-...

[-]

Adding concurrent read/write to DuckDB with Arrow Flight

[+]
[+]

cosmos/iavl is a Merkleized AVL tree.

https://github.com/cosmos/iavl :

> Merkleized IAVL+ Tree implementation in Go

> The purpose of this data structure is to provide persistent storage for key-value pairs (say to store account balances) such that a deterministic merkle root hash can be computed. The tree is balanced using a variant of the AVL algorithm so all operations are O(log(n)).

Integer Vector clock or Merkle hashes?

Why shouldn't you store account balances in git, for example?

Or, why shouldn't you append to Parquet or Feather and LZ4 for strongly consistent transactional data?

Centralized databases can have Merkle hashes, too;

"How Postgres stores data on disk" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41163785 :

> Those systems index Parquet. Can they also index Feather IPC, which an application might already have to journal and/or log, and checkpoint?

DLT applications for strong transactional consistency sign and synchronize block messages and transaction messages.

Public blockchains have average transaction times and costs.

Private blockchains also have TPS Transactions Per Second metrics, and unknown degrees of off-site redundancy for consistent storage with or without indexes.

Blockchain#Openness: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain#Openness :

> An issue in this ongoing debate is whether a private system with verifiers tasked and authorized (permissioned) by a central authority should be considered a blockchain. [46][47][48][49][50] Proponents of permissioned or private chains argue that the term "blockchain" may be applied to any data structure that batches data into time-stamped blocks. These blockchains serve as a distributed version of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) in databases. [51] Just as MVCC prevents two transactions from concurrently modifying a single object in a database, blockchains prevent two transactions from spending the same single output in a blockchain. [52]

> Opponents say that permissioned systems resemble traditional corporate databases, not supporting decentralized data verification, and that such systems are not hardened against operator tampering and revision. [46][48] Nikolai Hampton of Computerworld said that "many in-house blockchain solutions will be nothing more than cumbersome databases," and "without a clear security model, proprietary blockchains should be eyed with suspicion." [10][53]

Merkle Town: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38829274 :

> How CT works > "How CT fits into the wider Web PKI ecosystem": https://certificate.transparency.dev/howctworks/

From "PostgreSQL Support for Certificate Transparency Logs Now Available" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42628223 :

> Are there Merkle hashes between the rows in the PostgreSQL CT store like there are in the Trillian CT store?

> Sigstore Rekor also has centralized Merkle hashes.

[+]

No, I just explained how the world does strongly consistent distributed databases for transactional data, which is the exact question here.

DuckDB does not yet handle strong consistency. Blockchains and SQL databases do.

[+]

Do you think that blockchain engineers are incapable of developing high throughout distributed systems due to engineering incapacity or due to real limits to how fast a strongly consistent, sufficiently secured cryptographic distributed system can be? Are blockchain devs all just idiots, or have they dumbly prioritized data integrity because that doesn't matter it's about big data these days, nobody needs CAP?

From "Rediscovering Transaction Processing from History and First Principles" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41064634 :

> metrics: Real-Time TPS (tx/s), Max Recorded TPS (tx/s), Max Theoretical TPS (tx/s), Block Time (s), Finality (s)

> Other metrics: FLOPS, FLOPS/WHr, TOPS, TOPS/WHr, $/OPS/WHr

TB/s in query processing of data already in RAM?

/? TB/s "hnlog"

- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40423020 , [...] :

> The HBM3E Wikipedia article says 1.2TB/s.

> Latest PCIe 7 x16 says 512 GB/s:

fiber optics: 301 TB/s (2024-05)

Cerebras: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebras :

WSE-2 on-chip SRAM memory bandwidth: 20 PB/s / 220 PB/S

WSE-3: 21 PB/S

HBM > Technology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory#Technolo... :

HBM3E: 9.8 Gbit/s , 1229 Gbyte/s (2023)

HBM4: 6.4 Gbit/s , 1638 Gbyte/s (2026)

LPDDR SDRAM > Generations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR#Generations :

LPDDR5X: 1,066.63 MB/S (2021)

GDDR7: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR7_SDRAM

GDDR7: 32 Gbps/pin - 48 Gbps/pin,[11] and chip capacities up to 64 Gbit, 192 GB/s

List of interface bit rates: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates :

PCIe7 x16: 1.936 Tbit/s 242 GB/s (2025)

800GBASE-X: 800 Gbps (2024)

DDR5-8800: 70.4 GB/s

Bit rate > In data communications: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate# In_data_communications ; Gross and Net bit rate, Information rate, Network throughout, Goodput

Re: TPUs, NPUs, TOPS: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42318274 :

> How many TOPS/W and TFLOPS/W? (T [Float] Operations Per Second per Watt (hour ?))*

Top 500 > Green 500: https://www.top500.org/lists/green500/2024/11/ :

PFlop/s (Rmax)

Power (kW)

GFlops/watts (Energy Efficiency)

Performance per watt > FLOPS/watts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt#FLOPS_per...

Electrons: 50%–99% of c the speed of light ( Speed of electricity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_electricity , Velocity factor of a CAT-7 cable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_factor#Typical_veloci... )

Photons: c (*)

Gravitational Waves: Even though both light and gravitational waves were generated by this event, and they both travel at the same speed, the gravitational waves stopped arriving 1.7 seconds before the first light was seen ( https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/light-gravitational-... )

But people don't do computation with gravitational waves.

[+]

How would you recommend that appends to Parquet files be distributedly synchronized with zero trust?

Raft, Paxos, BFT, ... /? hnlog paxos ... this about "50 years later, is two-phase locking the best we can do?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37712506

To have consensus about protocol revisions; To have data integrity and consensus about the merged sequence of data in database {rows, documents, named graphs, records,}.

[-]

"We're building a new static type checker for Python"

Could it please also do runtime type checking?

(PyContracts and iContract do runtime type checking, but it's not very performant.)

That MyPy isn't usable at runtime causes lots of re-work.

[+]
[+]

pycontracts: https://github.com/AlexandruBurlacu/pycontracts

icontract: https://github.com/Parquery/icontract

The DbC Design-by-Contract patterns supported by icontract probably have code quality returns beyond saving work.

Safety critical coding guidelines specify that there must be runtime type and value checks at the top of every function.

Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art and Future Vision

"Communicating with Gravitational Waves" https://www.universetoday.com/170685/communicating-with-grav... :

> What’s promising about gravitational wave communication (GWC) is that it could overcome these challenges. GWC is robust in extreme environments and loses minimal energy over extremely long distances. It also overcomes problems that plague electromagnetic communication (EMC), like diffusion, distortion, and reflection. There’s also the intriguing possibility of harnessing naturally created GWs, which means reducing the energy needed to create them.

Like backscatter with gravitational waves?

Re Gravitational Wave detectors: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41632710 :

>> Does a fishing lure bobber on the water produce gravitational waves as part of the n-body gravitational wave fluid field, and how separable are the source wave components with e.g. Quantum Fourier Transform/or and other methods?

ScholarlyArticle: "Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art and Future Vision" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.03251

[-]

Tapping into the natural aromatic potential of microbial lignin valorization

Transparent wood composite > Delignification process: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_wood_composite#Del... :

> The production of transparent wood from the delignification process vary study by study. However, the basics behind it are as follows: a wood sample is drenched in heated (80 °C–100 °C) solutions containing sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium hydroxide/sulfite for about 3–12 hours followed by immersion in boiling hydrogen peroxide.[15] Then, the lignin is separated from the cellulose and hemicellulose structure, turning the wood white and allowing the resin penetration to start. Finally, the sample is immersed in a matching resin, usually PMMA, under high temperatures (85 °C) and a vacuum for 12 hours.[15] This process fills the space previously occupied by the lignin and the open wood cellular structure resulting in the final transparent wood composite.

How could transparent wood production methods be sustainably scaled?

Is the lignin extracted in transparent wood production usable for valorization?

"Lignin valorization: Status, challenges and opportunities" (2022) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S09608... :

> Most of the research on lignin valorization has been done on lignin from pulp and paper industries (Bruijnincx et al., 2015, Reshmy et al., 2022) The advantage of using lignin from those facilities is that the resource is already centralized and the transportation costs to further process are significantly less

[-]

Freezing CPU intensive background tabs in Chrome

How could browsers let app developers know that their app requires excessive resources?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40861851 :

>> - [ ] UBY: Browsers: Strobe the tab or extension button when it's beyond (configurable) resource usage thresholds

>> - [ ] UBY: Browsers: Vary the {color, size, fill} of the tabs according to their relative resource utilization

>> - [ ] ENH,SEC: Browsers: specify per-tab/per-domain resource quotas: CPU,

[-]

X/Freedesktop.org Encounters New Cloud Crisis: Needs New Infrastructure

> Equinix had been sponsoring three AMD EPYC 7402P servers and another three dual Intel Xeon Silver 4214 servers for running the FreeDesktop.org GitLab cluster. Plus for GitLab runners there are three AMD EPYC 7502P servers and two Ampere Altra 80-core servers.

> The FreeDesktop.org GitLab burns through around 50TB of bandwidth per month.

Is there an estimate of the monthly and annual costs?

List of display servers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_display_servers

Who's profiting from X/Freedesktop.org?

(Screenkey, xrandr, and xgamma don't work on Wayland)

Sommelier is Wayland based.

XQuartz hasn't had a release since 2023 and doesn't yet support HiDPI (so X apps on Mac are line-doubled). Shouldn't they be merging fixes?

[-]

DOT rips up US fuel efficiency regulations [pdf]

What is the AQI where they live?

And a pipeline through my f heart.

From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_offshore_drillin... :

> In 2018, a new federal initiative to expand offshore drilling suddenly excluded Florida, but although this would be favored by Floridians, concerns remained about the basis for that apparently arbitrary exception being merely politically motivated and tentative. No scientific, military, or economic basis for the decision was given, provoking continuing public concern in Florida.[11]

Why not Florida?

> In 2023, President Biden signed a Memorandum of March 13, 2023 prohibiting oil and gas leasing in certain arctic areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (Withdrawal of Certain Areas off the United States Arctic Coast of the Outer Continental Shelf from Oil or Gas Leasing). However, in January 2025

From https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/economics-and-demog... :

> Coastal counties of the U.S. are home to 129 million people, or almost 40 percent of the nation's total population

Are we going to protect other states from this, too?

Servers and data centers could use 30% less energy with a simple Linux update

"Kernel vs. User-Level Networking: Don't Throw Out the Stack with the Interrupts" (2022) https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3626780 :

> Abstract: This paper reviews the performance characteristics of network stack processing for communication-heavy server applications. Recent literature often describes kernel-bypass and user-level networking as a silver bullet to attain substantial performance improvements, but without providing a comprehensive understanding of how exactly these improvements come about. We identify and quantify the direct and indirect costs of asynchronous hardware interrupt requests (IRQ) as a major source of overhead. While IRQs and their handling have a substantial impact on the effectiveness of the processor pipeline and thereby the overall processing efficiency, their overhead is difficult to measure directly when serving demanding workloads. This paper presents an indirect methodology to assess IRQ overhead by constructing preliminary approaches to reduce the impact of IRQs. While these approaches are not suitable for general deployment, their corresponding performance observations indirectly confirm the conjecture. Based on these findings, a small modification of a vanilla Linux system is devised that improves the efficiency and performance of traditional kernel-based networking significantly, resulting in up to 45% increased throughput without compromising tail latency. In case of server applications, such as web servers or Memcached, the resulting performance is comparable to using kernel-bypass and user-level networking when using stacks with similar functionality and flexibility.

[-]

Concept cells help your brain abstract information and build memories

skos:Concept RDFS Class: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/#concepts

schema:Thing: https://schema.org/Thing

atomspace:ConceptNode: https://wiki.opencog.org/w/Atom_types .. https://github.com/opencog/atomspace#examples-documentation-...

SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System > Concepts, ConceptScheme: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_...

But temporal instability observed in repeat functional imaging studies indicates that functional localization constant: the regions of the brain that activate for a given cue vary over time.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42091934 :

> "Representational drift: Emerging theories for continual learning and experimental future directions" (2022) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095943882... :

>> Future work should characterize drift across brain regions, cell types, and learning.

[+]

So there's more stability in the electrovolt wave function of the brain than in the cellular activation pathways?

[+]

At a biological level there's constant change, but our memories and personality are relatively stable.

Is the (electrovolt wave function) content of the brain completely independent from the biological substrate?

[-]

Show HN: Design/build of some parametric speaker cabinets with OpenSCAD

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In this video, they explain that the bandpass port for letting air out of typically the back of speakers is essential for acoustic transmission including bass; and they made an anechoic chamber.

"World's Second Best Speakers!" https://youtube.com/watch?v=EEh01PX-q9I&

TechIngedients also has a video about attaching $6 bass kickers to XPS foam to make flat panel speakers about as good as expensive bookshelf speakers.

"World’s Best Speakers!" https://youtube.com/watch?v=CKIye4RZ-5k&

[-]

Tool touted as 'first AI software engineer' is bad at its job, testers claim

[+]

[Multi-] SWE-bench Leaderboards:

SWE-bench: https://www.swebench.com/ :

> SWE-bench is a dataset that tests systems' ability to solve GitHub issues automatically. The dataset collects 2,294 Issue-Pull Request pairs from 12 popular Python repositories. Evaluation is performed by unit test verification using post-PR behavior as the reference solution.

Multi-SWE-bench: A Multi-Lingual and Multi-Modal GitHub Issue Resolving Benchmark: https://multi-swe-bench.github.io/

[-]

Show HN: Stratoshark, a sibling application to Wireshark

Hi all, I'm excited to announce Stratoshark, a sibling application to Wireshark that lets you capture and analyze process activity (system calls) and log messages in the same way that Wireshark lets you capture and analyze network packets. If you would like to try it out you can download installers for Windows and macOS and source code for all platforms at https://stratoshark.org.

AMA: I'm the goofball whose name is at the top of the "About" box in both applications, and I'll be happy to answer any questions you might have.

Re: custom fields in pcap traces and retis https://github.com/retis-org/retis

[-]

MIT Unveils New Robot Insect, Paving the Way Toward Rise of Robotic Pollinators

Is there robo-beekeeping with or without humanoid robots?

/? Robo beekeeping: https://www.google.com/search?q=robo+beekeeping

Beekeeping: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping

FWIU bees like clover (and dandelions are their spring food source), which we typically kill with broadleaf herbicide for lawncare.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38158625 :

> Is it possible to create a lawn weed killer (a broadleaf herbicide) that doesn't kill white dutch clover; because bees eat clover (and dandelions) and bees are essential?"

> [ Dandelion rubber is a sustainable alternative to microplastic tires ]

Pesticide toxicity to bees: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees :

> Pesticides, especially neonicotinoids, have been investigated in relation to risks for bees such as Colony Collapse Disorder. A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as clothianidin represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees. [5][6] Neonicotinoids have been banned for all outdoor use in the entire European Union since 2018, but has a conditional approval in the U.S. and other parts of the world, where it is widely used. [7][8]

TIL dish soap kills wasps, yellow jackets, hornets nearly on contact.

From https://savethebee.org/garden-weeds-bees-love/ :

> Many are beneficial, like dandelions, milkweed, clover, goldenrod and nettle, for bees and other pollinators.

[-]

Show HN: Pytest-evals – Simple LLM apps evaluation using pytest

The pytest-evals README mentions that it's built on pytest-harvest, which works with pytest-xdist and pytest-asyncio.

pytest-harvest: https://smarie.github.io/python-pytest-harvest/ :

> Store data created during your pytest tests execution, and retrieve it at the end of the session, e.g. for applicative benchmarking purposes

[+]

Laser technique measures distances with nanometre precision

> optical frequency comb

"113 km absolute ranging with nanometer precision" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05542 :

> two-way dual-comb ranging (TWDCR) approach

> The advanced long-distance ranging technology is expected to have immediate implications for space research initiatives, such as the space telescope array and the satellite gravimetry

[+]
[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42330179 .. https://www.notebookcheck.net/University-of-Tokyo-researcher... :

> multispectral [UV + IR] camera ... optical, non-contact method to detect [blood pressure, hypertension, blood glucose levels, and diabetes]." [ for "Non-Contact Biometric System for Early Detection of Hypertension and Diabetes" https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.150.suppl_1.413... ]

>> "Tongue Disease Prediction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms" (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/97 :

>>> new imaging system to analyze and extract tongue color features at different color saturations and under different light conditions from five color space models (RGB, YcbCr, HSV, LAB, and YIQ). [ and XGboost ]

[-]

Show HN: Terraform Provider for Inexpensive Switches

Hi HN,

I’ve been building this provider for (web managed) network switches manufactured by HRUI. These switches often used in SMBs, home labs, and by budget-conscious enthusiasts. Many HRUI switches are also rebranded and sold under various OEM/ODM names (eg. Horaco, XikeStor, keepLiNK, Sodola, etc) making them accessible/popular but often overlooked in the world of infrastructure automation.

The provider is in pre-release, and I’m looking for owners of these switches to test it and share feedback. My goal is to make it easier to automate its config using Terraform/OpenTofu :)

You can use this provider to configure VLANs, port settings, trunk/link aggregation etc.

I built this provider to address the lack of automation tools for budget-friendly hardware. It leverage goquery and has an internal SDK sitting between the Terraform resources and the switch Web UI.

If you have one of these switches, I’d love for you to give it a try and let me know how it works for you!

    Terraform Registry: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/brennoo/hrui
    OpenTofu Provider: https://search.opentofu.org/provider/brennoo/hrui
I’m happy to answer any questions about the provider or the hardware it supports. Feedback, bug reports, and ideas for improvement are more than welcome!

[+]

OpenWRT > Table of Hardware > Switches: https://openwrt.org/toh/views/switches

ansible-openwrt: https://github.com/gekmihesg/ansible-openwrt

/? terraform OpenWRT: https://www.google.com/search?q=terraform+openwrt

/? terraform Open vSwitch: https://www.google.com/search?q=open+vswitch+terraform

Open vSwitch supports OpenFlow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vSwitch

Open vSwitch > "Porting Open vSwitch to New Software or Hardware" https://docs.openvswitch.org/en/latest/topics/porting/

[-]

Optimizing Jupyter Notebooks for LLMs

Jupyter + LLM tools: Ipython-GPT, Elyra, jetmlgpt, jupyter-ai; CoCalc, Colab, NotebookLM,

jupyterlab/jupyter-ai: https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyter-ai

"[jupyter/enhancement-proposals#128] Pre-proposal: standardize object representations for ai and a protocol to retrieve them" https://github.com/jupyter/enhancement-proposals/issues/128

Ask HN: Next Gen, Slow, Heavy Lift Firefighting Aircraft Specs?

How can new and existing firefighting aircraft, land craft, seacraft, and other capabilities help fight fire; in California at present and against the new climate enemy?

- Spec: [Firefighting] Aircraft should have Drone ID receivers, perhaps integrated with ADS-B

# Next-Gen Firefighting Aircraft (working title: NGFFA)

## Roadmap

- [ ] Brainstorm challenges and solutions; new sustainable approaches and time-tested methods

- [ ] Write a grant spec

- [ ] Write a legislative program funding request

## Challenges

- Challenge: Safety; Risk to personnel and civilians

- Challenge: Diving into fire is dangerous for the human aircraft operator

- Challenge: Vorticity due to fire heat; fire CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

-- The verticals that updraft and downdraft off a fire are dangerous for pilots and expensive, non-compostable aircraft.

- Challenge: Water drifts away before it hits the ground due to the release altitude, wind, and fire air currents

- Challenge: Water shortage

- Challenge: Water lift aircraft shortage

- Task: Pour thousands of gallons (or Canadian litres) of water onto fire

- Task: Pour a line, a circle, or other patterns to contain fire

- Task: Process seawater quickly enough to avoid property damage with untreated ocean salt water, for example

https://www.google.com/search?q=fluid+vorticity+fire+plane

## Solutions

- Are Quadcopters (or n-copters) more stable than helicopters or planes in high-wind fire conditions?

- Fire CFD modeling for craft design.

- Light, durable aerospace-grade hydrogen vessels

- Intermodally transportable containers

- Are there stackable container-sized water vessels for freight transport?

- Floating, towable seawater processing and loading capability.

-- Process seawater for: domestic firefighting, disaster relief,

-- Fill vessels at sea.

- "Starlite" as a flame retardant; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlite

- starlite youtuber #Replication FWIU: [ cornstarch, flour, sugar, borax ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlite#Replication

- Notes re: "xPrize Wildfire – $11M Prize Competition" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35658214

- Hydrogels, Aerogels

- (Hemp) Aerogels absorb oil better than treated polyurethane foam and hair.

- EV fire blanket, industry cartridge spec

- Non-flammable batteries; unpressurized Sodium Ion, Proton batteries, Twisted Carbon Nanotube batteries

- Compostable batteries

- Cloud seeding and firefighting

## Reference material

- Aerial firefighting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_firefighting

- Aerial firefighting > Comparison table of fixed-wing, firefighting tanker airplanes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_firefighting#Comparison...

Imaging Group and Phase Velocities of THz Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Graphene

ScholarlyArticle: "Spacetime Imaging of Group and Phase Velocities of Terahertz Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Graphene" (2024) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04615

NewsArticle: "Scientists observe and control ultrafast surface waves on graphene" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2025-01-scientists-ultrafast-surface-g...

[-]

Reversible computing escapes the lab

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How do the efficiency gains compare to speedups from photonic computing, superconductive computing, and maybe fractional Quantum Hall effect at room temperature computing? Given rough or stated production timelines, for how long will investments in reversible computing justify the relative returns?

Also, FWIU from "Quantum knowledge cools computers", if the deleted data is still known, deleting bits can effectively thermally cool, bypassing the Landauer limit of electronic computers? Is that reversible or reversibly-knotted or?

"The thermodynamic meaning of negative entropy" (2011) https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10123 ... https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110601134300.h... ;

> Abstract: ... Here we show that the standard formulation and implications of Landauer’s principle are no longer valid in the presence of quantum information. Our main result is that the work cost of erasure is determined by the entropy of the system, conditioned on the quantum information an observer has about it. In other words, the more an observer knows about the system, the less it costs to erase it. This result gives a direct thermodynamic significance to conditional entropies, originally introduced in information theory. Furthermore, it provides new bounds on the heat generation of computations: because conditional entropies can become negative in the quantum case, an observer who is strongly correlated with a system may gain work while erasing it, thereby cooling the environment.

[+]

/? How can fractional quantum hall effect be used for quantum computing https://www.google.com/search?q=How+can+a+fractional+quantum...

> Non-Abelian Anyons, Majorana Fermions are their own anti particles, Topologically protected entanglement

> In some FQHE states, quasiparticles exhibit non-Abelian statistics, meaning that the order in which they are braided affects the final quantum state. This property can be used to perform universal quantum computation

Anyon > Abelian, Non Abelian Anyons, Toffoli (CCNOT gate) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon#Abelian_anyons

Hopefully there's a classical analogue of a quantum delete operation that cools the computer.

There's no resistance for electrons in superconductors, so there's far less waste heat. But - other than recent advances with rhombohedral trilayer graphene and pentalayer graphene (which isn't really "graphene") - superconductivity requires super-chilling which is too expensive and inefficient.

Photons are not subject to the Landauer limit and are faster than electrons.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, Photons are Bosons, and Electrons are Leptons are Fermions.

Electrons behave like fluids in superconductors.

Photons behave like fluids in superfluids (Bose-Einstein condensates) which are more common in space.

And now they're saying there's a particle that only has mass when moving in certain directions; a semi-Dirac fermion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Dirac_fermion

> Because of this, within two decades, nearly all digital compute will need to be reversible.

Reversible computing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_computing

Reverse computation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_computation

Time crystals demonstrate retrocausality.

Is Hawking radiation from a black hole or from all things reversible?

What are the possible efficiency gains?

[-]

Show HN: WASM-powered codespaces for Python notebooks on GitHub

Hi HN!

Last year, we shared marimo [1], an open-source reactive notebook for Python with support for execution through WebAssembly [2].

We wanted to share something new: you can now run marimo and Jupyter notebooks directly from GitHub in a Wasm-powered, codespace-like environment. What makes this powerful is that we mount the GitHub repository's contents as a filesystem in the notebook, making it really easy to share notebooks with data.

All you need to do is prepend 'marimo.app' to any Python notebook on GitHub. Some examples:

- Jupyter Notebook: https://marimo.app/github.com/jakevdp/PythonDataScienceHandb...

- marimo notebook: https://marimo.app/github.com/marimo-team/marimo/blob/07e8d1...

Jupyter notebooks are automatically converted into marimo notebooks using basic static analysis and source code transformations. Our conversion logic assumes the notebook was meant to be run top-down, which is usually but not always true [3]. It can convert many notebooks, but there are still some edge cases.

We implemented the filesystem mount using our own FUSE-like adapter that links the GitHub repository’s contents to the Python filesystem, leveraging Emscripten’s filesystem API. The file tree is loaded on startup to avoid waterfall requests when reading many directories deep, but loading the file contents is lazy. For example, when you write Python that looks like

```python

with open("./data/cars.csv") as f: print(f.read())

# or

import pandas as pd pd.read_csv("./data/cars.csv")

```

behind the scenes, you make a request [4] to https://raw.githubusercontent.com/<org>/<repo>/main/data/car....

Docs: https://docs.marimo.io/guides/publishing/playground/#open-no...

[1] https://github.com/marimo-team/marimo

[2] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39552882

[3] https://blog.jetbrains.com/datalore/2020/12/17/we-downloaded...

[4] We technically proxy it through the playground https://marimo.app to fix CORS issues and GitHub rate-limiting.

> CORS and GitHub

The Godot docs mention coi-serviceworker; https://github.com/orgs/community/discussions/13309 :

gzuidhof/coi-serviceworker: https://github.com/gzuidhof/coi-serviceworker :

> Cross-origin isolation (COOP and COEP) through a service worker for situations in which you can't control the headers (e.g. GH pages)

CF Pages' free unlimited bandwidth and gitops-style deploy might solve for apps that require more than the 100GB software cap of free bandwidth GH has for open source projects.

[+]

> [ FUSE to GitHub FS ]

> Notebooks created from GitHub links have the entire contents of the repository mounted into the notebook's filesystem. This lets you work with files using regular Python file I/O!

Could BusyBox sh compiled to WASM (maybe on emscripten-forge) work with files on this same filesystem?

"Opening a GitHub remote with vscode.dev requires GitHub login? #237371" ... but it works with Marimo and JupyterLite: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/issues/237371

Does Marimo support local file system access?

jupyterlab-filesystem-access only works with Chrome?: https://github.com/jupyterlab-contrib/jupyterlab-filesystem-...

vscode-marimo: https://github.com/marimo-team/vscode-marimo

"Normalize and make Content frontends and backends extensible #315" https://github.com/jupyterlite/jupyterlite/issues/315

"ENH: Pluggable Cloud Storage provider API; git, jupyter/rtc" https://github.com/jupyterlite/jupyterlite/issues/464

Jupyterlite has read only access to GitHub repos without login, but vscode.dev does not.

Anyways, nbreproduce wraps repo2docker and there's also a repo2jupyterlite.

nbreproduce builds a container to run an .ipynb with: https://github.com/econ-ark/nbreproduce

container2wasm wraps vscode-container-wasm: https://github.com/ktock/vscode-container-wasm

container2wasm: https://github.com/ktock/container2wasm

[-]

Scientists Discover Underground Water Vault in Oregon 3x the Size of Lake Mead

[+]

TIL semiconductor manufacturing uses a lot of water, relative to other production processes? And energy, for photolithography.

(Edit: nanoimprint lithography may have significantly lower resource requirements than traditional lithography? https://arstechnica.com/reviews/2024/01/canon-plans-to-disru... : "will be “one digit” cheaper and use up to 90 percent less power" )

Datacenters too;

"Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42376406

Most datacenters have no way to return their boiled, sterilized water for water treatment, and so they don't give or sell datacenter waste water back, it takes heat with it when it is evaporated.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42454547#42460317 :

> FWIU, datacenters are unable to sell their waste heat, boiled sterilized steam and water, unused diesel, and potentially excess energy storage.

"Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40820952

How did it form?

How does it affect tectonics on the western coast of the US?

Cascade Range > Geology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range#Geology

https://www.sci.news/othersciences/geophysics/hikurangi-wate... :

> Revealed by 3D seismic imaging, the newly-discovered [Hikirangi] water reservoir lies 3.2 km (2 miles) under the ocean floor off the coast of New Zealand, where it may be dampening a major earthquake fault that faces the country’s North Island. The fault is known for producing slow-motion earthquakes, called slow slip events. These can release pent-up tectonic pressure harmlessly over days and weeks

The "Slow earthquake" wikipedia article mentions the northern Cascades as a research area of interest: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_earthquake

They say water has a fingerprint; a hydrochemical and/or a geochemical footprint?

Is the water in the reservoir subducted from the surface or is it oozing out of the Earth?

"Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle" (2014) https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1253358 :

> Summary: [...] Schmandt et al. combined seismological observations beneath North America with geodynamical modeling and high-pressure and -temperature melting experiments. They conclude that the mantle transition zone — 410 to 660 km below Earth's surface — acts as a large reservoir of water.

[-]

A 'warrior' brain surgeon saved his Malibu street from wildfires and looters

> training, N95 masks, sourced fire hoses

> sprinklers in the roof, cement tiles instead of wood

> Dr Griffiths, who is also a doctor to the LA Kings hockey team, said if one thing can come from the devastating tragedy, he wants people to get to know their neighbours.

From "Ask HN: Next Gen, Slow, Heavy Lift Firefighting Aircraft Specs?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42665860 :

> Next-Gen Firefighting Aircraft (working title: NGFFA)

[-]

Refactoring with Codemods to Automate API Changes

From "Show HN: Codemodder – A new codemod library for Java and Python" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39111747 :

> [ codemodder-python, libCST, MOSES and Holman's elegant normal form, singnet/asmoses, Formal Verification, ]

How do photons mediate both attraction and repulsion?

Additional recent findings in regards to photons (and attraction and repulsion) from the past few years:

"Scientists discover laser light can cast a shadow" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42231644 :

- "Shadow of a laser beam" (2024) https://opg.optica.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-11-11-...

- "Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5315

- "Ultrafast opto-magnetic effects in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01686-7 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40911861

- 2024: better than the amplituhedron (for avoiding some Feynmann diagrams) .. "Physicists Reveal a Quantum Geometry That Exists Outside of Space and Time" (2024) https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-reveal-a-quantum-g... :

- "All Loop Scattering As A Counting Problem" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15913

- "All Loop Scattering For All Multiplicity" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.09284

And then gravity and photons:

- "Deflection of electromagnetic waves by pseudogravity in distorted photonic crystals" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.0...

- "Photonic implementation of quantum gravity simulator" (2024) https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/advanced-photoni... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42506463

- "Graviton to Photon Conversion via Parametric Resonance" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08767 .. "Physicists discover that gravity can create light" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35633291#35674794

What about the reverse; of gravitons produce photons, can photons create gravity?

- "All-optical complex field imaging using diffractive processors" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01482-6 .. "New imager acquires amplitude and phase information without digital processing" (2024) https://www.google.com/amp/s/phys.org/news/2024-05-imager-am...

- "Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev... :

> More surprisingly, through the barycentric coordinate system, optical polarization, entanglement, and their identity relation are shown to be quantitatively associated with the mechanical concepts of center of mass and moment of inertia via the Huygens-Steiner theorem for rigid body rotation. The obtained result bridges coherence wave optics and classical mechanics through the two theories of Huygens.

- "Experimental evidence that a photon can spend a negative amount of time in an atom cloud" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/35018520 .. https://www.impactlab.com/2024/10/13/photons-defy-time-new-q... ; Rubidium

- "Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation" (2000) https://www.nature.com/articles/35018520 ; Cesium

- "Exact Quantum Electrodynamics of Radiative Photonic Environments" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... .. "New theory reveals the shape of a single photon"

- "Physicists Magnetize a Material with Light" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42628841

[-]

Ask HN: What are the biggest PITAs about managing VMs and containers?

I’ve been asked to write a blog post about “The PITA of managing containers and VMs.”

It's meant to be a rant listicle (with explanations as appropriate). What should I be sure to include?

[+]

Systemd, k8s, Helm, and Terraform model service dependencies.

Quadlet is the podman recommended way to do podman with systemd instead of k8s.

Podman supports kubes of containers and pods of containers;

  man podman-container
  man podman-generate-kube
  man podman-kube
  man podman-pod
`podman generate kube` generates YAML for `podman kube play` and for k8s `kubectl`.

Podman Desktop can create a local k8s (kubernetes) cluster with any of kind, minikube, or openshift local. k3d and rancher also support creating one-node k8s clusters with minimal RAM requirements for cluster services.

kubectl is the utility for interacting with k8s clusters.

k8s Ingress API configures DNS and Load Balancing (and SSL certs) for the configured pods of containers.

E.g. Traefik and Caddy can also configure the load balancer web server(s) and request or generate certs given access to a docker socket to read the labels on the running containers to determine which DNS domains point to which containers.

Container labels can be specified in the Dockerfile/Containerfile, and/or a docker-compose.yml/compose.yml, and/or in k8s yaml.

Compose supports specifying a number of servers; `docker compose up web=3`.

Terraform makes consistent.

Compose does not support rolling or red/green deployment strategies. Does compose support HA high-availability deployments? If not, justify investing in a compose yaml based setup instead of k8s yaml.

Quadlet is the way to do podman containers without k8s; with just systemd for now.

[+]

Podman kube has support for k8s Jobs now: https://github.com/containers/podman/pull/23722

k8s docs > concepts > workloads > controllers > Jobs: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jo...

Ingress, Deployment, StatefulSets,: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37763931

[-]

Northeastern's curriculum changes abandon fundamentals of computer science

Racket: https://learnxinyminutes.com/racket/

Python: https://learnxinyminutes.com/python/

pyret?

pyret: https://pyret.org/pyret-code/ :

> Why not just use Java, Python, Racket, OCaml, or Haskell?

IMHO fun educational learning languages aren't general purpose or production ready; and so also at this point in my career I would appreciate a more reusable language in a CS curriculum.

Python isn't CS pure like [favorite lisp], but it is a language coworkers will understand, it supports functional and object-oriented paradigms, and the pydata tools enable CS applications in STEM.

A lot of AI and ML code is written in Python, with C/Rust/Go.

There's an AIMA Python, but there's not a pyret or a racket AIMA or SICP, for example.

"Why MIT Switched from Scheme to Python (2009)" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14167453

Computational thinking > Characteristics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_thinking#Charact...

"Ask HN: Which school produces the best programmers or software engineers?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37581843

overleaf/learn/Algorithms re: nonexecutable LaTeX ways to specify algorithms: https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Algorithms

Book: "Classic Computer Science Algorithms in Python"

coding-problems: https://github.com/MTrajK/coding-problems

coding-interview-university: https://github.com/jwasham/coding-interview-university

coding-interview-university lists "Computational complexity" but not "Computational thinking", which possibly isn't that different from WBS (work breakdown structure), problem decomposition and resynthesis, and the Scientific Method

[-]

Ask HN: How can I learn to better command people's attention when speaking?

I've noticed over the years that whenever I'm in group conversations in a social setting, people in general don't pay too much attention to what I say. For example, let's say the group is talking about travel and someone says something I find relatable e.g. someone mentions a place I've been to and really liked. When I try to contribute to the conversation, people just don't seem interested, and typically the conversation moves on as if I hadn't said anything. If I try to speak for a longer time (continuing with the travel example, let's say I try to talk about a particular attraction I enjoyed visiting at that location), I'm usually interrupted, and the focus shifts to whoever interrupted me.

This has happened (and still happens often) a lot, in different social circles, with people of diverse backgrounds. So, I figure it's not that I hang out with rude people, the problem must be me. I think the saddest part of all this is that even my wife's attention drifts off most of the time I try to talk to her.

I know it's not a language barrier issue, and I know for sure I enunciate my words well. I wonder though if the issue may be that I have a weak voice, or just an overall weak presence/body language. How can that be improved, if that's the case?

Could building rapport help?

Book: "Power Talk: Using Language to Build Authority and Influence" (2001) https://g.co/kgs/6L8MxNy

- Speaking from the edge, Speaking from the center

"From Comfort Zone to Performance Management" (2009) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C43&q=%E2... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32786594 :

> The ScholarlyArticle also suggests management styles for each stage (Commanding, Cooperative, Motivational, Directive, Collaborative); and suggests that team performance is described by chained power curves of re-progression through these stages

[-]

Show HN: TabPFN v2 – A SOTA foundation model for small tabular data

I am excited to announce the release of TabPFN v2, a tabular foundation model that delivers state-of-the-art predictions on small datasets in just 2.8 seconds for classification and 4.8 seconds for regression compared to strong baselines tuned for 4 hours. Published in Nature, this model outperforms traditional methods on datasets with up to 10,000 samples and 500 features.

The model is available under an open license: a derivative of the Apache 2 license with a single modification, adding an enhanced attribution requirement inspired by the Llama 3 license: https://github.com/PriorLabs/tabpfn. You can also try it via API: https://github.com/PriorLabs/tabpfn-client

TabPFN v2 is trained on 130 million synthetic tabular prediction datasets to perform in-context learning and output a predictive distribution for the test data points. Each dataset acts as one meta-datapoint to train the TabPFN weights with SGD. As a foundation model, TabPFN allows for fine-tuning, density estimation and data generation.

Compared to TabPFN v1, v2 now natively supports categorical features and missing values. TabPFN v2 performs just as well on datasets with or without these. It also handles outliers and uninformative features naturally, problems that often throw off standard neural nets.

TabPFN v2 performs as well with half the data as the next best baseline (CatBoost) with all the data.

We also compared TabPFN to the SOTA AutoML system AutoGluon 1.0. Standard TabPFN already outperforms AutoGluon on classification and ties on regression, but ensembling multiple TabPFNs in TabPFN v2 (PHE) is even better.

There are some limitations: TabPFN v2 is very fast to train and does not require hyperparameter tuning, but inference is slow. The model is also only designed for datasets up to 10k data points and 500 features. While it may perform well on larger datasets, it hasn't been our focus.

We're actively working on removing these limitations and intend to release new versions of TabPFN that can handle larger datasets, have faster inference and perform in additional predictive settings such as time-series and recommender systems.

We would love for you to try out TabPFN v2 and give us your feedback!

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[-]

A video tour of the Standard Model (2021)

Standard Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_th...

Physics beyond the Standard Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Mo...

Story of the LaTeX representation of the standard model, from a comment re: "The deconstructed Standard Model equation" (2016): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41753471#41772385

Can manim work with sympy expressions?

A standard model demo video could vary each (or a few) highlighted variables and visualize the [geometric,] impact/sensitivity of each

Or Lean mathlib; what can GA methods like mutation and selection do with the Standard Model in Lean?

[-]

Physicists Magnetize a Material with Light

"Researchers discover new material for optically-controlled magnetic memory" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-08-material-optically-magnetic-me... ..

"Distinguishing surface and bulk electromagnetism via their dynamics in an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn5696

> MnBi2Te4

ScholarlyArticle: "Terahertz field-induced metastable magnetization near criticality in FePS3" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08226-x

"Room temperature chirality switching and detection in a helimagnetic MnAu2 thin film" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46326-4 .. https://scitechdaily.com/memory-breakthrough-helical-magnets... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41921153

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Breit–Wheeler process > Experimental observations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breit%E2%80%93Wheeler_process#...

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Scientists find 'spooky' quantum entanglement within individual protons

> The team found that the sharing of information that defines entanglement occurs across whole groups of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons within a proton.

[-]

Tell HN: ChatGPT can't show you a 5.25" floppy disk

Challenge: Come up with a query that makes it draw something resembling a 5.25" floppy, that is, without the metal shield and hub that is present on the 3.5" disks.

What about LaserDisc and CD-ROM?

[-]

PostgreSQL Support for Certificate Transparency Logs Now Available

Are there Merkle hashes between the rows in the PostgreSQL CT store like there are in the Trillian CT store?

Sigstore Rekor also has centralized Merkle hashes.

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[-]

German power prices turn negative amid expansion in renewables

Given the intraday prices, are there sufficient incentives to stimulate creation of energy storage businesses to sell the excess electricity back a couple hours or days later?

Or have the wasteful idiot cryptoasset miners been regulated out of existence such that there is no longer a buyer of last resort for excess rationally-subsidized clean energy?

Are the Duck Curve and Alligator curve problems the same in EU and other energy markets with and without intraday electricity prices?

Duck curve: Solar peaks around noon, but energy usage peaks around the evening commute and dinner; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_curve

Alligator curve: Wind peaks in the middle of the night;

https://fresh-energy.org/renewable-integration-in-the-midwes... :

> So, if we’re not duck-like, what is the Upper Midwest’s energy mascot? We give you: the Smilin’ Gator Curve. Unlike California’s ominous, faceless duck, Sally Gator welcomes the Midwest’s commitment to renewable generation!

(An excellent drawing of a cartoon municipally-bonded incumbent energy utility mascot!)

Can cryptoasset or data mining firms scale to increase demand for electricity when energy prices low or below zero? What are there relocation costs?

Is such a low subsidized energy price lucrative to energy storage, not-yet-PQ Proof-of-Work, and other data mining firms?

Can't GPE gravitational potential energy in old but secured mine shafts scale to meet energy storage requirements?

[+]

So, per your understanding, grid connectivity for energy production projects is a bigger issue than energy storage in their market?

Price falls below zero because there's a supply glut (and due to aggressive, excessive, or effective subsidies to accelerate our team transition to clean energy).

Is it the national or regional electricity prices that are falling below zero?

Is the price lower during certain hours of the day? If so, then energy storage could probably smooth that out.

[-]

Zasper: A Modern and Efficient Alternative to JupyterLab, Built in Go

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jupyter-server/enterprise_gateway: https://github.com/jupyter-server/enterprise_gateway

JupyterLab supports Lumino and React widgets.

Jupyter Notebook was built on jQuery, but Notebook is now forked from JupyterLab and there's NbClassic.

Breaking the notebook extension API from Notebook to Lab unfortunately caused re-work for progress, as I recall.

jupyter-xeus/xeus is an "Implementation of the Jupyter kernel protocol in C++* https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus

jupyter-xeus/xeus-python is a "Jupyter kernel for the Python programming language"* that's also what JupyterLite runs in WASM instead of ipykernel: https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus-python#what-are-the-adv...

JupyterLite kernels normally run in WASM; which they are compiled to by emscripten / LLVM.

To also host WASM kernels in a go process, I just found: going: https://github.com/fizx/goingo .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26159440

Vscode and vscode.dev support wasm container runtimes now; so the Python kernel runs in WASM runs in a WASM container runs in vscode FWIU.

Vscode supports polyglot notebooks that run multiple kernels, like "vatlab/sos-notebook" and "minrk/allthekernels". Defining how to share variables between kernels is the more unsolved part AFAIU. E.g. Arrow has bindings for zero-copy sharing in multiple languages.

Cocalc, Zeppelin, Marimo notebook, Data Bricks, Google Colaboratory (Colab tools), and VSCode have different takes on notebooks with I/O in JSON.

There is no CDATA in HTML5; so HTML within an HTML based notebook format would need to escape encode binary data in cell output, too. But the notebook format is not a packaging format. So, for reproducibility of (polyglot) notebooks there must also be a requirements.txt or an environment.yml to indicate the version+platform of each dependency in Python and other languages.

repo2docker (and repo2podman) build containers by installing packages according to the first requirements .txt or environment.yml it finds according to REES Reproducible Execution Environment Standard. repo2docker includes a recent version of jupyterlab in the container.

JupyterLab does not default to HTTPS with an LetsEncrypt self-signed cert but probably should, because Jupyter is a shell that can run commands as the user that owns the Jupyter kernel process.

MoSH is another way to run a web-based remote terminal. Jupyter terminal is not built on MoSH Mobile Shell.

jupyterlab/jupyter-collaboration for real time collaboration is based on the yjs/yjs CRDT. https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyter-collaboration

Cocalc's Time Slider tracks revisions to all files in a project; including latex manuscripts (for ArXiV), which - with Computer Modern fonts and two columns - are the typical output of scholarly collaboration on a ScholarlyArticle.

[+]

There are packaged installers for the jupyterlab-desktop GUI for Windows, Mac, and Linux: https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab-desktop#installatio...

Docker Desktop and Podman Desktop are GUIs for running containers on Windows, Mac, and Linux.

containers become out of date quickly.

If programmer or non-programmer notebook authors do not keep versions specified in a requirements.txt upgraded, what will notify other users that they are installing old versions of software?

Are there CVEs in any of the software listed in the SBOM for a container?

There should be tests to run after upgrading notebook and notebook server dependencies.

Notes re: notebooks, reproducibility, and something better than MHTML/ZIP; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35896192 , https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35810320

From a JEP proposing "Markdown based notebooks" https://github.com/jupyter/enhancement-proposals/pull/103#is... :

> Any new package format must support cryptographic signatures and ideally WoT identity

Any new package format for jupyter must support multiple languages, because polyglot notebooks may require multiple jupyter kernels.

Existing methods for packaging notebooks as containers and/or as WASM: jupyter-docker-stacks, repo2docker / repo2podman, jupyterlite, container2wasm

You can sign and upload a container image built with repo2docker to any OCI image registry like Docker, Quay, GitHub, GitLab, Gitea; but because Jupyter runs a command execution shell on a TCP port, users should upgrade jupyter to limit the potential for remote exploitation of security vulnerabilities.

> Non programmers using notebooks are usually the least qualified to make them reproducible, so better just ship the whole thing.

Programs should teach idempotency, testing, isolation of sources of variance, and reproducibility.

What should the UI explain to the user?

If you want your code to be more likely to run in the future, you need to add a "package" or a "package==version" string in a requirements.txt (or pyproject.toml, or an environment.yml) for each `import` statement in the code.

If you do not specify the exact versions with `package==version` or similar, when users try to install the requirements to run your notebook, they could get a newer or a different version of a package for a different operating system.

If you want to prevent MITM of package installs, you need to specify a hash for the package for this platform in the requirements.txt or similar; `package==version#sha256=adc123`.

If you want to further limit software supply chain compromise, you must check the cryptographic signatures on packages to install, and verify that you trust that key to sign that package. (This is challenging even for expert users.)

WASM containers that run jupyter but don't expose it on a TCP port may be less of a risk, but there is a performance penalty to WASM.

If you want users to be able to verify that your code runs and has the same output (is "reproducible"), you should include tests to run after upgrading notebook and notebook server dependencies.

[-]

NASA, Axiom Space Change Assembly Order of Commercial Space Station

mzs | 2024-12-26 13:33:21 | 94 | # | ^
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I wonder if the ISS could instead be scrapped to the moon.

Let's get this space station to the moon.

Can a [Falcon 9 [Heavy] or similar] rocket shove the ISS from its current attitude into an Earth-Moon orbit with or without orbital refuelling?

The ISS weighs 900,000 lbs on Earth.

Have we yet altered the orbital trajectory of anything that heavy in space?

Can any existing rocket program rendezvous and boost sideways to alter the trajectory of NEOs (Near-Earth Objects) or aging, heirloom, defunct space stations?

Which of the things of ISS that we have internationally paid to loft into orbit would be useful for future robot, human, and emergency operations on the Moon?

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Thanks for the research.

How are any lunar orbital trajectories relatively safe given the same risks to all crafts at such altitudes?

Is it mass or thrust, or failure to plan something better than inconsiderately decommissioning into the atmosphere and ocean.

If there are escape windows to the moon for other programs, how are there no escape windows to the moon for the ISS?

Given the standing risks of existing orbital debris and higher-altitude orbits' lack of shielding, are NEO impact collisions with e.g. hypersonic glide delivery vehicles advisable methods for NEO avoidance?

The NEO avoidance need is still to safely rendezvous and shove things headed for earth orbit into a different trajectory;

Is there a better plan than blowing a NEO up into fragments still headed for earth, like rendezvousing and shoving to the side?

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Thanks for the numbers. I think it's still possible to create gists with .ipynb Jupyter notebooks which have can have latex math and code with test assertions; symbolic algebra with sympy, astropy, GIZMO-public, spiceypy

> and some way to attach them

Because of my love for old kitchens on the Moon.

(The cost then to put all of that into orbit, in today's dollars)

So, orbitally refuelling Starship(s) would be less efficient than 33 of the cited capability all at once.

This list is pretty short:

Template:Engine_thrust_to_weight_table: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Engine_thrust_to_weig...

What about solar; could any solar-powered thrusters - given an unlimited amount of time - shove the ISS into a dangerous orbit towards the moon instead of the ocean?

> and some way to attach them

There's a laser welding in space spec and grants FWIU.

Can any space program do robotic spacecraft hull repair in orbit, like R2D2? With laser welding?

Or do we need to find more people like Col. McBride in brad pitt space movie, more astronauts?

> sympy, astropy, GIZMO-public, spiceypy

poliastro

Is the task to fabricate a 3d mount to attach a gradual thrust mechanism to a NEO?

[-]

Multispectral imaging through scattering media and around corners

ScholarlyArticle: "Multispectral imaging through scattering media and around corners via spectral component separation" (2024) https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-32-27-48786&id...

Multispectral identification of plastics: "Multi-sensor characterization for an improved identification of polymers in WEEE recycling" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X2...

[-]

Awesome Donations: A repository of FLOSS donation options

Jupyter is now with LF Charities, with a new 501(c) EIN: https://github.com/jupyter/governance/issues/204#issuecommen...

NumFOCUS has Sponsored Projects: https://numfocus.org/sponsored-projects and Affiliated Projects: https://numfocus.org/sponsored-projects/affiliated-projects

Datasette-lite is another way to support client-side search and faceting of data like a list of open source projects with attributes, in YAML-LD in git, but SQLite with sqlite-utils.

FUNDING.yml is the GitHub Sponsors way to support donations:

"How to add a FUNDING.yml to github orgs and org/repos" https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/managing-your-reposi...

Open source projects can link to a "Custom URL" in a GitHub organization or project's FUNDING.yml file to add a "Donate" button.

From https://github.com/sponsors :

> Support the developers who power open source

> button text: See your top dependencies

> button text: Get sponsored

Open Source sponsoring organizations like NumFOCUS, LFX Platform, and LF Charities (Linux Foundation) could crawl GitHub Sponsors FUNDING.yml documents to build Donate pages.

Test as a normal human customer in through the front door like everyone else;

I want to donate with a DAF or a QCD,

How do I find the EIN for a nonprofit corporation in the US?

/? "$project" "EIN"

/? ein donor advised fund :

DAF: Donor Advised Fund

QCD: Qualified Charitable Donation (from an IRA)

DAF pros and cons: [ https://smartasset.com/investing/donor-advised-funds-pros-an... , ]

"Ten of America’s 20 Top Public Charities Are Donor-Advised Funds" (2024) https://inequality.org/article/top-public-charities-dafs/

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30189240 :

- CharityVest: https://www.charityvest.org/ :

>> Donate cash, stock, crypto, or complex assets to your giving account when it's most tax-efficient. It’s all tax-deductible upon receipt and on one tax statement at year-end.

>> Make employees the authors of your impact story with personal and corporate donor-advised funds.

>> Provide tax-smart charitable stipends to employees, automate matching gifts, and enable equity donations.*

- TheGivingBlock handles (crypto) charitable donations to and for nonprofits: https://thegivingblock.com/

W3C Web Monetization could solve for nonprofit donations too, I think. https://WebMonetization.org/

Web Monetization handles micropayments with low fees (with ILP Interledger Protocol, like FedNow) with an open standard;

Web Monetization > Monetizing a web page: https://webmonetization.org/specification/#monetizing-a-web-... :

   <link
      rel="monetization"
      href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://example.com/pay"
      onmonetization="sayThanks(this)"
   >
   <script>
     function sayThanks(monetizedLink) {
       // Do something here
     }
   </script>
Maybe some links to obviously relevant and manually tangential wikipedia pages about concepts described herein and herewith:

Charitable organization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization

Philanthropy in the US: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy_in_the_United_Sta...

Philanthropy > Criticism, Differences between traditional and new philanthropy > Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Promoting_equity_...

Nonprofit organization > Fundraising, Problems, tech support: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization#Fundrai...

Non-profit technology > Uses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_technology#Uses :

> [Computers and Internets,;] volunteer management and support, donor management, client tracking and support, project management, human resources (paid staff) management, financial accounting, program evaluation, research, marketing, activism and collaboration. Nonprofit organizations that engage in income-generation activities, such as ticket sales, may also use technology for these functions.

[-]

Arnis: Generate cities in Minecraft from OpenStreetMap

Re: real-time weather, flight, traffic, react-based cockpits, and open source Google Earth GlTF data and flight sim applications like MSFS and X-Plane: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38437821

Probably easier to determine whether a verbal or (lat,long,game) location reference is a reference to an in-game location or an virtual location in a game with the same name.

From https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/tile/3d-til... re: Google Maps GlTF 3d tiles:

> Note: To render Google's photorealistic tiles, you must use a 3D Tiles renderer that supports the display of copyright attribution. You can use [CesiumJS or Cesium for Unreal]

Open source minecraft games with Python APIs:

> sensorcraft is like minecraft but in python with pyglet for OpenGL 3D; self.add_block(), gravity, ai, circuits

WebGL is more portable than OpenGL; or can't pyglet be compiled to WASM?

panda3d and godot easily compile to WASM FWIU.

An open source physics engine in Python that might be useful for minecraft clones: Genesis-Embodied-AI/Genesis; "Genesis: A Generative and Universal Physics Engine for Robotics and Beyond" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42457213#42457224

From "Approximating mathematical constants using Minecraft" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42319313 :

> [ luanti, minetest, mcpi, MCPI-Revival/minecraft-pi-reborn ]

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[-]

Jimmy Carter has died

gkolli | 2024-12-29 16:08:21 | 1183 | # | ^

Jimmy Carter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter

Many analyses have since estimated the error of the projections they were conducting policy according to especially in the late 1970s.

"The Limits to Growth" (1971) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth

Oil price shock (1973) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis

Oil crisis (1979) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis

"The Global 2000 Report to the President" (1980) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_2000_Report_to_the_...

1980-: expensive international meddling we're still paying for, increased government spending , increased taxes on the middle class, oil governor, oil dci, vp, president

1992-: significant reprieve from costly meddling, globalization, soccer, fallout from arms dropped on the eastern bloc after the end of the cold war, not much development in batteries or renewables, dot-com boom, WorldCom, GLBA deregulation, dot-com crash

2000s: humvees, hummers and ~18 MPG SUVs, debt (war expensed to national debt, tax cuts), oil commodity price volatility given an international production rate agreement, crony capitalist bailouts to top off the starve the beast scorched earth debt, almost 20 years of war with countries initially engaged in the 1980s, trillions in spending, tax cuts

"The Limits to Growth" (2004) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth :

> "Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update" was published in 2004. The authors observed that "It is a sad fact that humanity has largely squandered the past 30 years in futile debates and well-intentioned, but halfhearted, responses to the global ecological challenge. We do not have another 30 years to dither. Much will have to change if the ongoing overshoot is not to be followed by collapse during the twenty-first century."

[-]

Unforgeable Quantum Tokens Delivered over Fiber Network

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How can QKD repeaters store and forward or just forward without collapsing phase state?

How does photonic phase state collapse due to fiber mitm compare to a heartbeat on a classical fiber?

There is quantum counterfactual communication without entanglement FWIU? And there's a difference between QND "Quantum Non-Demolition" and "Interaction-free measurement"

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41480957#41533965 :

>> IIRC I read on Wikipedia one day that Bell's actually says there's like a 60% error rate?(!)

> That was probably the "Bell test" article, which - IIUC - does indeed indicate that if you can read 62% of the photons you are likely to find a loophole-free violation

> [ "Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter", ]

Bell test > Detection loophole: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test#Detection_loophole :

> when using a maximally entangled state and the CHSH inequality an efficiency of η>2sqrt(2)−2≈0.83 is required for a loophole-free violation.[51] Later Philippe H. Eberhard showed that when using a partially entangled state a loophole-free violation is possible for

η>2/3≈0.67,[52] which is the optimal bound for the CHSH inequality. [53] Other Bell inequalities allow for even lower bounds. For example, there exists a four-setting inequality which is violated for η>(5−1)/2≈0.62 [54]

Isn't modern error detection and classical PQ sufficient to work with those odds?

> Historically, only experiments with non-optical systems have been able to reach high enough efficiencies to close this loophole, such as trapped ions, [55] superconducting qubits, [56] and nitrogen-vacancy centers. [57] These experiments were not able to close the locality loophole, which is easy to do with photons. More recently, however, optical setups have managed to reach sufficiently high detection efficiencies by using superconducting photodetectors, [30][31] and hybrid setups have managed to combine the high detection efficiency typical of matter systems with the ease of distributing entanglement at a distance typical of photonic systems. [10]

[-]

Portspoof: Emulate a valid service on all 65535 TCP ports

How does this compare to a tarpit?

Tarpit (networking) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpit_(networking)

/? inurl:awesome tarpit https://www.google.com/search?q=inurl%3Aawesome+tarpit+site%...

"Does "TARPIT" have any known vulnerabilities or downsides?" https://serverfault.com/questions/611063/does-tarpit-have-an...

https://gist.github.com/flaviovs/103a0dbf62c67ff371ff75fc62f... :

> However, if implemented incorrectly, TARPIT can also lead to resource exhaustion in your own server, specifically with the conntrack module. That's because conntrack is used by the kernel to keep track of network connections, and excessive use of conntrack entries can lead to system performance issues, [...]

> The script below uses packet marks to flag packets candidate for TARPITing. Together with the NOTRACK chain, this avoids the conntrack issue while keeping the TARPIT mechanism working.

The tarpit module used to be in tree.

xtables-addons/ xt_TARPIT.c: https://github.com/tinti/xtables-addons/blob/master/extensio...

[+]

The original Labrea Tarpit avoids DOS'ing it's own conntrack table somehow, too;

LaBrea.py: https://github.com/dhoelzer/ShowMeThePackets/blob/master/Sca...

La Brea Tar Pits and museum: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits

The NERDctl readme says: https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl :

> Supports rootless mode, without slirp overhead (bypass4netns)

How does that work, though? (And unfortunately podman replaced slirp4netns with pasta from psst.)

rootless-containers/bypass4netns: https://github.com/rootless-containers/bypass4netns/ :

> [Experimental] Accelerates slirp4netns using SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD. As fast as `--net=host`

Which is good, because --net=host with rootless containers is security inadvisable FWIU.

"bypass4netns: Accelerating TCP/IP Communications in Rootless Containers" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00365 :

> bypass4netns uses sockets allocated on the host. It switches sockets in containers to the host's sockets by intercepting syscalls and injecting the file descriptors using Seccomp. Our method with Seccomp can handle statically linked applications that previous works could not handle. Also, we propose high-performance rootless multi-node communication. We confirmed that rootless containers with bypass4netns achieve more than 30x faster throughput than rootless containers without it

RunCVM, Kata containers, GVisor all have a better host/guest boundary than rootful or rootless containers; which is probably better for honeypot research on a different subnet.

IIRC there are various utilities for monitoring and diffing VMs, for honeypot research.

There could be a list of expected syscalls. If the simulated workload can be exhaustively enumerated, the expected syscalls are known ahead of time and so anomaly detection should be easier.

"Oh, like Ghostbusters."

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Show HN: Llama 3.1 8B CPU Inference in a Browser via WebAssembly

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Could this be done with WebNN? If not, how should the spec change?

Re: WebNN, window.ai, navigator.ml: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40834952

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There's WebNN, and WebGPU, but no WebTPU; so I guess WebNN would be it

"Web Neural Network API" W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft https://www.w3.org/TR/webnn/

"WebGPU" W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/

WebGPU: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGPU

Tested koboldcpp with a 7B GGUF model because it should work with 8Gb VRAM; but FWIU somehow kobold pages between RAM and GPU VRAM. How does the user, in WASM, know that they have insufficient RAM for a model?

Relativistic quantum fields are universal entanglement embezzlers

"Relativistic quantum fields are universal entanglement embezzlers" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/accepted/32073Yd2G141638436cb80... :

> Abstract: Embezzlement of entanglement refers to the counterintuitive possibility of extracting entangled quantum states from a reference state of an auxiliary system (the “embezzler”) via local quantum operations while hardly perturbing the latter. We uncover a deep connection between the operational task of embezzling entanglement and the mathematical classification of von Neumann algebras. Our result implies that relativistic quantum fields are universal embezzlers: Any entangled state of any dimension can be embezzled from them with arbitrary precision. This provides an operational characterization of the infinite amount of entanglement present in the vacuum state of relativistic quantum field theories.

"Quantum entanglement can be endlessly 'embezzled' from quantum fields" (2024) https://www.newscientist.com/article/2461485-quantum-entangl...

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CLI tool to insert spacers when command output stops

- In Python, Sarge has code to poll stdout and stderr

- Years ago for timesheets, I created a "gap report" that finds when the gap between the last dated events exceeds a threshold.

- The vscode terminal indicates which stdout, stderr are from which process with a circle .

This says it's "Integrated > Shell Integration: Decorations Enabled" to configure the feature; https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73242939/vscode-remove-c...

- Are there other shells that indicate which stdout and stderr are from which process? What should it do about e.g. reset ANSI shell escape sequences?

WaveOrder: Generalist framework for label-agnostic computational microscopy

"waveOrder: generalist framework for label-agnostic computational microscopy" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.09775 :

> Abstract: Correlative computational microscopy is accelerating the mapping of dynamic biological systems by integrating morphological and molecular measurements across spatial scales, from organelles to entire organisms. Visualization, measurement, and prediction of interactions among the components of biological systems can be accelerated by generalist computational imaging frameworks that relax the trade-offs imposed by multiplex dynamic imaging. This work reports a generalist framework for wave optical imaging of the architectural order (waveOrder) among biomolecules for encoding and decoding multiple specimen properties from a minimal set of acquired channels, with or without fluorescent labels. waveOrder expresses material properties in terms of elegant physically motivated basis vectors directly interpretable as phase, absorption, birefringence, diattenuation, and fluorophore density; and it expresses image data in terms of directly measurable Stokes parameters. We report a corresponding multi-channel reconstruction algorithm to recover specimen properties in multiple contrast modes. With this framework, we implement multiple 3D computational microscopy methods, including quantitative phase imaging, quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization, and fluorescence deconvolution imaging, across scales ranging from organelles to whole zebrafish. These advances are available via an extensible open-source computational imaging library, waveOrder, and a napari plugin, recOrder.

mehta-lab/waveorder: https://github.com/mehta-lab/waveorder :

> Wave optical models and inverse algorithms for label-agnostic imaging of density & orientation

> wave-optical simulation and reconstruction of optical properties that report microscopic architectural order.

mehta-lab/recOrder: https://github.com/mehta-lab/recOrder .. https://www.napari-hub.org/plugins/recOrder-napari :

> 3D quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization

> recOrder is a collection of computational imaging methods. It currently provides QLIPP (quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization), phase from defocus, and fluorescence deconvolution.

[-]

Cognitive load is what matters [Programming]

I think the effects of cognitive load on code readability can be demonstrated with variable and function names:

  phi
  s
  ses
  session
  cursor_session
  database_session
  dbs
  db.session
Really short variable names reduce the cognitive burden for users that understand that "phi" means "database session", but frustrate users who aren't contextually familiar.

Really long variable names make it too difficult to verbalize and thus comprehend code.

Is 7±2 a practical limit to working memory for seasoned coders, though?

[-]

Tracing packets in the Linux kernel networking stack and friends

> When storing events for later post-processing, the packets' journeys can be reconstructed: [...]

> Retis offers many more features including retrieving conntrack information, advanced filtering, monitoring dropped packets and dropped packets from Netfilter, generating pcap files from the collected packets, allowing writing post-processing scripts in Python and more.

Would syntax highlighting be a useful general feature, or should that be a post-processing script in e.g. Python?

[+]

Hey np. Also,

Wireshark and also tshark iirc support custom protocol dissectors;

"How can I add a custom protocol analyzer to wireshark?" https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4904991/how-can-i-add-a-...

What can the pcap files contain?

[+]

Can Wireshark parse comments in pcapng files, even with a dissector?

/? ' https://www.google.com/search?q=Can+Wireshark+parse+comments... :

  frame.comment contains "Your string"
And there's apparently a way to add a custom column to display frame.comment from pcapng traces in wireshark

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[-]

Show HN: Gribstream.com – Historical Weather Forecast API

Hello! I'd like share about my sideproject https://gribstream.com

It is an API to extract weather forecasting data from the National Blend of Models (NBM) https://vlab.noaa.gov/web/mdl/nbm and the Global Forecast System (GFS) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-climate-models/gl... . The data is freely available from AWS S3 in grib2 format which can be great but also really hard (and resource intensive) to work with, especially if you want to extract timeseries over long periods of time based on a few coordinates. Being able to query and extract only what you want out of terabytes of data in just an http request is really nice.

What is cool about this dataset is that it has hourly data with full forecast history so you can use the dataset to train and forecast other parameters and have proper backtesting because you can see the weather "as of" points in time in the past. It has a free tier so you can play with it. There is a long list of upcoming features I intend to implement and I would very much appreciate both feedback on what is currently available and on what features you would be most interested in seeing. Like... I'm not sure if it would be better to support a few other datasets or focus on supporting aggregations.

Features include:

- A free tier to help you get started - Full history of weather forecasts - Extract timeseries for thousands of coordinates, for months at a time, at hourly resolution in a single http request taking only seconds. - Supports as-of/time-travel, indispensable for proper backtesting of derivative models - Automatic gap filling of any missing data with the next best (most recent) forecast.

Please try it out and let me know what you think :)

[+]

Why is weather data stored in netcdf instead of tensors or sparse tensors?

Also, SQLite supports virtual tables that can be backed by Content Range requests; https://www.sqlite.org/vtab.html

sqlite-wasm-http, sql.js-httpvfs; HTTP VFS: https://www.npmjs.com/package/sqlite-wasm-http

sqlite-parquet-vtable: https://github.com/cldellow/sqlite-parquet-vtable

Could there be a sqlite-netcdf-vtable or a sqlite-gribs-vtable, or is the dimensionality too much for SQLite?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31824578 :

> It looks like e.g. sqlite-parquet-vtable implements shadow tables to memoize row group filters. How does JOIN performance vary amongst sqlite virtual table implementations?

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42264274

SpatialLite does geo vector search with SQLite.

datasette can JOIN across multiple SQLite databases.

Perhaps datasette and datasette-lite could support xarray and thus NetCDF-style multidimensional arrays in WASM in the browser with HTTP Content Range requests to fetch and cache just the data requested

"The NetCDF header": https://climateestimate.net/content/netcdfs-and-basic-coding... :

> The header can also be used to verify the order of dimensions that a variable is saved in (which you will have to know to use, unless you’re using a tool like xarray that lets you refer to dimensions by name) - for a 3-dimensional variable, `lon,lat,time` is common, but some files will have the `time` variable first.

"Loading a subset of a NetCDF file": https://climateestimate.net/content/netcdfs-and-basic-coding...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42260094 :

> xeus-sqlite-kernel > "Loading SQLite databases from a remote URL" https://github.com/jupyterlite/xeus-sqlite-kernel/issues/6#i...

  %FETCH <url> <filename>

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blaylockbk/Herbie: https://github.com/blaylockbk/Herbie :

> Download numerical weather prediction datasets (HRRR, RAP, GFS, IFS, etc.) from NOMADS, NODD partners (Amazon, Google, Microsoft), ECMWF open data, and the Pando Archive System

The Herbie docs mention a "GFS GraphCast" but not yet GenCast? https://herbie.readthedocs.io/en/stable/gallery/noaa_models/...

"GenCast predicts weather and the risks of extreme conditions with state-of-the-art accuracy" (2024) https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/gencast-predicts-weath...

"Probabilistic weather forecasting with machine learning" (2024) ; GenCast paper https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08252-9

google-deepmind/graphcast: https://github.com/google-deepmind/graphcast

Are there error and cost benchmarks for these predictive models?

[-]

Ask HN: Are you paying electricity bills for your service?

Hi HN, We are an early-stage startup working on OS-level AI energy optimization. Our goal is to revolutionize the way systems manage power consumption at the OS level making AI and compute more energy-efficient and sustainable. Our initial prototype has demonstrated significant saving (20%+) without application/model changes.

We are looking to connect with individuals who have exposure to energy costs, energy purchasing or a strong desire to optimize them at the server and datacenter level. Whether you are working in data centers, telco, AI infra, or any area where energy efficiency is crucial, we would love to discuss potential challenges, solutions, and opportunities in this space. We're eager to learn from your experiences and explore ways we can collaborate to make a meaningful impact. Drop us a note at scottcha@live.com and we'll connect up.

Thanks Scott & Chad

Various solutions for (incentivizing) energy efficiency:

- https://app.electricitymaps.com/map/24h

- "First open-source global energy system model" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39333285

- There aren't intraday electricity prices in most markets in the United States. (You must have intraday electricity prices to be an EU Member State, by comparison.). Wouldn't intraday prices incentivize energy storage solutions and energy efficiency?

- "Ask HN: Does mounting servers parallel with the temperature gradient trap heat?" (2020) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23033210

- "Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40820952

- "New HPE fanless cooling achieves a 90% reduction in cooling power consumption" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42106715

- "Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42376406

- "Three New Supercomputers Reach Top of Green500 List" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40473656

/? costed opcodes (smart contracts, eWASM,)

[+]

It looks like they have data for the United States now.

We have public utilities that must raise bonds to grow to scale with demand, and some competitive electrical energy markets with competitive margin and efficiency incentives in the US.

FWIU, datacenters are unable to sell their waste heat, boiled sterilized steam and water, unused diesel, and potentially excess energy storage.

To sell energy back to the grid to help solve the Duck curve and Alligator curve problems requires a smart grid 2.0 or a green field without much existing infrastructure to cross over or under.

To sell datacenter waste heat through a pipe under the street to the building next door, you must add some heat.

Nonprofit org opportunity: Screenplay wherein {{Superhero}} explains this and other efficiency and sustainability opportunities to the market at large, perhaps with comically excessive product placement for which charity or charities and physics with 3D CG

"Solar thermal trapping at 1,000°C and above" (2024) should be enough added heat to move waste datacenter heat to a compatible adjacent facility.

Sand batteries hold more heat than water, in certain thermal conditions.

Algae farms can eat CO2 and Heat, for example.

Cooling towers waste heat and water as steam.

Nonprofit org opportunity: Directory with for-charity sponsored lists of renewable energy products and services, with regions of operation; though there's a way to list schema:LocalBusiness and their schema:Offer (s) for products and services with rdfs:Class and rdfs:Property for search engines to someday also index

Business opportunity: managed renewable energy service to quote solar/wind/hydro/geo/fauna/insulation site plans [for nonprofit organizations], with support contracts and safety inspection and also crew management

The Landauer limit is presumed to be a real limit to electronic computation: changing a 1 to a 0 releases energy that can't be sent out on the negative so it's wasted as thermal energy.

Photonic computing, graphene computing, counterfactual computing, superconductors, and probably edge chiral currents do or will eventually do more computation per unit of energy.

Ops per wHr metrics quantify the difference.

[-]

Jupyter Notebooks as E2E Tests

[+]

There are a number of ways to run tests within notebooks and to run notebooks as tests.

ipytest: https://github.com/chmp/ipytest

nbval: https://github.com/computationalmodelling/nbval

papermill: https://github.com/nteract/papermill

awesome-jupyter > Testing: https://github.com/markusschanta/awesome-jupyter

"Is there a cell tag convention to skip execution?" https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/is-there-a-cell-tag-conventi...

Methods for importing notebooks like regular Python modules: ipynb, import_ipnb, nbimporter, nbdev

nbimporter README on why not to import notebooks like modules: https://github.com/grst/nbimporter#update-2019-06-i-do-not-r...

nbdev parses jupyter notebook cell comments to determine whether to export a module to a .py file: https://nbdev1.fast.ai/export.html

There's a Jupyter kernel for running ansible playbooks as notebooks with output.

dask-labextension does more of a retry-on-failure workflow

Biodegradable aerogel: Airy cellulose from a 3D printer

ScholarlyArticle: "Additive Manufacturing of Nanocellulose Aerogels with Structure-Oriented Thermal, Mechanical, and Biological Properties" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202307921

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13912857 :

> “After we 3-D print, we restore the hydrogen bonding network through a sodium hydroxide treatment,” Pattinson says. “We find that the strength and toughness of the parts we get … are greater than many commonly used materials” for 3-D printing, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA).

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41314454 :

> "Plant-based epoxy enables recyclable carbon fiber" (2022) [that's stronger than steel and lighter than fiberglass] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30138954 ... https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37560244

"Scientists convert bacteria into efficient cellulose producers" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41175002

Do hemp and cellulose 3d-printing filaments emit less VOCs?

"Japanese Joinery, 3D printing, and FreeCAD" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36191589

We developed a way to use light to dismantle PFAS 'forever chemicals'

[+]

Distinctly, this is a subsequent article by the authors published by phys.org

"Photocatalytic C–F bond activation in small molecules and polyfluoroalkyl substances" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08327-7 :

> Abstract: [...] Here, we report an organic photoredox catalyst system that can efficiently reduce C–F bonds to generate carbon-centered radicals, which can then be intercepted for hydrodefluorination (swapping F for H) and cross-coupling reactions. This system enables the general use of organofluorines as synthons under mild reaction conditions. We extend this method to the defluorination of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and fluorinated polymers, a critical challenge in the breakdown of persistent and environmentally damaging forever chemicals.

[-]

Natural Number Game: build the basic theory of the natural numbers from scratch

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Homotopy type theory (HoTT) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_type_theory

/? From a set like {0,1} to a wave function of reals in Hilbert space [to Constructor Theory and Quantum Counterfactuals] https://www.google.com/search?q=From+a+set+like+%7B0%2C1%7D+... , https://www.google.com/search?q=From+a+set+like+%7B0%2C1%7D+...

From "What do we mean by "the foundations of mathematics"?" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38102096#38103520 :

> HoTT in CoQ: Coq-HoTT: https://github.com/HoTT/Coq-HoTT

>>> The HoTT library is a development of homotopy-theoretic ideas in the Coq proof assistant. It draws many ideas from Vladimir Voevodsky's Foundations library (which has since been incorporated into the UniMath library) and also cross-pollinates with the HoTT-Agda library. See also: HoTT in Lean2, Spectral Sequences in Lean2, and Cubical Agda.

leanprover/lean2 /hott: https://github.com/leanprover/lean2/tree/master/hott

Lean4:

"Theorem Proving in Lean 4" https://lean-lang.org/theorem_proving_in_lean4/

Learnxinimutes > Lean 4: https://learnxinyminutes.com/lean4/

/? Hott in lean4 https://www.google.com/search?q=hott+in+lean4

> What is the relation between Coq-HoTT & Homotopy Type Theory and Set Theory with e.g. ZFC?

[-]

The Equal Rights Amendment is already part of the U.S. Constitution

Equal Rights Amendment > Recent Congressional action: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment#Recent_...

Declaration of Independence: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration :

> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,

Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_... :

> Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to state governments (and by extension, local governments). The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause to provide two main protections: procedural due process, which requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

Fourteenth Amendment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_Un...

Fourteenth Amendment > Equal Protection Clause: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause :

> The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Equal justice under law: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_justice_under_law

Equality before the law: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law :

> Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states: "All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law". [1] Thus, it states that everyone must be treated equally under the law regardless of race, gender, color, ethnicity, religion, disability, or other characteristics, without privilege, discrimination or bias. The general guarantee of equality is provided by most of the world's national constitutions, [4] but specific implementations of this guarantee vary.

Equal Protection of Equal Rights.

Strict scrutiny iff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_scrutiny

UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-huma... :

> Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

> Article 8: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

> Article 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

> Article 16: Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

UDHR: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human...

(1) Equal Protection of (2) Equal Rights.

Inalienable right: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalienable_right ( -> Natural rights and legal rights (in British Common law since the Magna Carta))

Life:

Liberty: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty :

> In the Constitutional law of the United States, ordered liberty means creating a balanced society where individuals have the freedom to act without unnecessary interference (negative liberty) and access to opportunities and resources to pursue their goals (positive liberty), all within a fair legal system.

Pursuit of Happiness:

[-]

Searching for small primordial black holes in planets, asteroids, here on Earth

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42347561 (1 point)

Maybe the gravity hole in the Indian Ocean is due to a primordial black hole

[+]

/? What happens if a black hole hits Earth? https://www.google.com/search?q=What+Happens+If+A+Black+Hole...

Though, the same folks claim there could be a microscopic black hole every 30 km on or throughout earth

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38452488 :

> PBS Spacetime estimates that there are naturally occurring microscopic black holes every 30 km on Earth. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33483002

> [...]

> Isn't there a potential for net relative displacement and so thus couldn't (microscopic) black holes be a space drive?

[-]

How did software get so reliable without proof? (1996) [pdf]

"How Did Software Get So Reliable Without Proof?" (1996) : https://6826.csail.mit.edu/2020/papers/noproof.pdf

> Abstract: By surveying current software engineering practice, this paper reveals that the techniques employed to achieve reliability are little different from those which have proved effective in all other branches of modern engineering: rigorous management of procedures for design inspection and review; quality assurance based on a wide range of targeted tests; continuous evolution by removal of errors from products already in widespread use; and defensive programming, among other forms of deliberate over-engineering. Formal methods and proof play a small direct role in large scale programming; but they do provide a conceptual framework and basic under- standing to promote the best of current practice, and point directions for future improvement.

From "Extreme Programming" > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming :

> He began to refine the development methodology used in the project [in 1996] and wrote a book on the methodology (Extreme Programming Explained, published in October 1999)

> Many extreme-programming practices have been around for some time; the methodology takes "best practices" to extreme levels. For example, the "practice of test-first development, planning and writing tests before each micro-increment" was used as early as NASA's Project Mercury, in the early 1960s.

Agile > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development#His... :

> Iterative and incremental software development methods can be traced back as early as 1957, [10] with evolutionary project management [11][12] and adaptive software development [[ ASD ]] emerging in the early 1970s.

> During the 1990s, a number of lightweight software development methods evolved in reaction to the prevailing heavyweight methods (often referred to collectively as waterfall) that critics described as overly regulated, planned, and micromanaged. [15] These lightweight methods included: rapid application development (RAD), from 1991; [16][17] the unified process (UP) and dynamic systems development method (DSDM), both from 1994; Scrum, from 1995; Crystal Clear and extreme programming (XP), both from 1996; and feature-driven development (FDD), from 1997. Although these all originated before the publication of the Agile Manifesto, they are now collectively referred to as agile software development methods. [3]

> "Manifesto for Agile Software Development" [2001]

awesome-safety-critical: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

/? z3

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41944043 :

> - Does Z3 distinguish between xy+z and z+yx, in terms of floating point output? math.fma() would be a different function call with the same or similar output.

> (deal-solver is a tool for verifying formal implementations in Python with Z3.)

- re: property testing, fuzzing, formal verification: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40884466 https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#story-40875559

From "The Future of TLA+ [pdf]" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41385141 :

> Formal methods including TLA+ also can't/don't prevent or can only workaround side channels in hardware and firmware that is not verified. But that's a different layer.

Things formal methods shouldn't be expected to find: Floating point arithmetic non-associativity, side-channels

> "Use of Formal Methods at Amazon Web Services" (2014) https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/formal-methods-amazon....

>> This raised a challenge; how to convey the purpose and benefits of formal methods to an audience of software engineers? Engineers think in terms of debugging rather than ‘verification’, so we called the presentation “Debugging Designs” [8] . Continuing that metaphor, we have found that software engineers more readily grasp the concept and practical value of TLA+ if we dub it:

  Exhaustively testable pseudo-code
> We initially avoid the words [...]

Ask HN: Worst gravity and black hole art, and CG labeling guidelines for science

I think that computer graphic simulations of gravity and black holes should be labeled as simulations.

The same technology that we use to label or watermark genai image and video content could be used to label n-body gravity and black hole images.

"Is this a direct physical observation? Is this retouched; did they add color, did they refocus, etc? Is this a presumptively contrived simulation rendering that shouldn't have same strength of evidence as a less biased direct physical observation?"

Almost all images and videos of black holes are simulations just.

This likely affects our intuition. People try to fit models to observations. If the observations are conjecture but aren't so labeled, then the people have unfortunately biased intuition.

In the interest of progress in science, What are some of the worst black hole and gravity computer graphics you've seen?

How could science programming improve its citations in presenting simulated computer graphics as science evidence?

How could an "unproven science rendering labeling guideline" be politely and effectively shared with CG artists, physicists, and science content producers?

Sagittarius A*: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A\\\\* :

> Astronomers have been unable to observe Sgr A* in the optical spectrum because of the effect of 25 magnitudes of extinction (absorption and scattering) by dust and gas between the source and Earth. [26]

> [...]

> In May 2022, astronomers released the first image of the accretion disk around the horizon of Sagittarius A*, confirming it to be a black hole, using the Event Horizon Telescope, a world-wide network of radio observatories. [13] This is the second confirmed image of a black hole, after Messier 87's supermassive black hole in 2019. [14][15] The black hole itself is not seen; as light is incapable of escaping the immense gravitational force of a black hole," only nearby objects whose behavior is influenced by the black hole can be observed. The observed radio and infrared energy emanates from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees while falling into the black hole. [16]*

EHT: Event Horizon Telescope: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope

First EHT image of Sagittarius A*: (2017, 2022) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EHT_Saggitarius_A_bl...

/? How does the rotation of our solar system relate to the rotation of Sagittarius A* https://www.google.com/search?q=How+does+the+rotation+of+our...*

Milky Way > Astrography > Sun's location and neighborhood: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way#Sun's_location_and_n... :

> The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules,

> at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center.

> The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit. [109] [unreliable source?] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term.* [...]

> It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year), [112] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans.

> The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light.

> The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit). [113] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic. [114]

From an Answer to "Does our solar system orbit Sagittarius A (location of the SMBH)?" https://www.quora.com/Does-our-solar-system-orbit-Sagittariu... :

> [...] Think about this: the mass of the entire Milky Way galaxy is about 1 trillion solar masses; however, Sgr A is only about 4 million solar masses: about 0.0001% of the galaxy’s total mass. The force that is most responsible for keeping the solar system in orbit around the galaxy is not Sgr A, but the gravity of the galaxy itself.

> Need evidence? Consider the fact that as the Sun moves around the galaxy, it also bobs “above” and “below” the galactic plane. It’s orbital path resembles the edge of a warped record instead of a flat ellipse. This wouldn’t happen if the Sun were simply orbiting a point mass in the center of the galaxy, but it makes perfect sense if the Sun is being tugged “up” and then “down” by the galaxy’s collective gravity.

> So yes, the Sun is orbiting around a point corresponding to the location of Sgr A, but no, the Sun is not just orbiting Sgr A.

"[EHT Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*)] Milky Way black hole has 'strong, twisted' magnetic field in mesmerizing new [polarized (phase filtered)] image" (2024-03) https://www.npr.org/2024/03/28/1241403435/milky-way-black-ho...

"Astronomers unveil strong magnetic fields spiraling at the edge of Milky Way’s central black hole" (2024-03) https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2406/

ScholarlyArticle: "First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring" (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0

ScholarlyArticle: "First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII.: Physical interpretation of the polarized ring" (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1

"First image of our Milky Way's black hole [Sagittarius A*] may be inaccurate, scientists say" (2024-10) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42087932 https://www.space.com/the-universe/black-holes/1st-image-of-... :

> "We hypothesize that the ring image resulted from errors during EHT's imaging analysis and that part of it was an artifact, rather than the actual astronomical structure."

> The ring-like structure, which really represents intense radio waves blasted from the brilliant disk of gas, known as the "accretion disk," that's swirling around the black hole, may in fact be more elongated than appears, the researchers argue

"An Independent Hybrid Imaging of Sgr A* from the Data in EHT 2017 Observations" (2024-10) https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1158 https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/534/4/3237/7660988 :

> To mitigate the time variability in the Sgr A* structure, data weighting strategies derived from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (GRMHD) simulations with the source-size assumption are used. In addition, the EHTC analysis uses a unique criterion for selecting the final image. It is not based on consistency with the observed data, but rather on the highest rate of appearance of the image morphology from a wide imaging parameter space. Our concern is that these methods may interfere with the PSF deconvolution and cause the resulting image to reflect more structural features of the PSF than of the actual intrinsic source.

> On the other hand, our independent analysis used traditional very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging techniques to derive our final image. We used the hybrid mapping method, which is widely accepted as the standard approach, namely iterations between imaging by the clean algorithm and calibrating the data by self-calibration, following well-established precautions. In addition, we performed a comparison with the PSF structure, noting the absence of distinct PSF features in the resulting images. Finally, we selected the image with the highest degree of consistency with the observational data."

> Our final image shows that the eastern half of this structure is brighter, which may be due to a Doppler boost from the rapid rotation of the accretion disc. We hypothesize that our image indicates that a portion of the accretion disc, located approximately 2 to several R_S (where R_S is the Schwarzschild radius) away from the black hole, is rotating at nearly 60% of the speed of light and is seen at an angle of 40°−45° (Section 4).

> general relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (GRMHD)

Magnetohydrodynamics; fluids and electricity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics

Magnetorotational instability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorotational_instability

SPH: 1970s

QHD: Quantum Hydrodynamics

SQS: Superfluid Quantum Space

SQG: Superfluid Quantum Gravity and SQR: Superfluid Quantum Relativity

Fedi's

> Schwarzschild radius

Does this image help to confirm or reject the Shwarzschild radius, or whether black holes have hair or turbulence at the boundary we've been calling the event horizon though Hawking radiation permeates through all such boundaries in at least some directions?

> which may be due to a Doppler boost from the rapid rotation of the accretion disc.

How much does the thermal energy vary within the (already physically distributed) matter surrounding the black hole?

Isn't there reason to believe that things are in a different phase of matter at those darker temperatures ? Are there superfluid states at those thermal ranges? Are our phase transition diagrams complete? Standard phase transition diagrams do not describe the Mpemba effect, for example. TODOcite. Does fusion plasma research have insight into the phases of matter at higher temperatures? What are the temperatures around the disturbance?

Does M87a show a similar Doppler effect as this analysis suggests affects the 2017 EHT Sgr A* image?

> Mpemba effect, phase transitions

And whether that matters for imaging of an accretion disc

> From "Exploring Quantum Mpemba Effects" (2024) https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/10 :

> Similar processes, in which a system relaxes to equilibrium more quickly if it is initially further away from equilibrium, are being intensely explored in the microscopic world. Now three research teams provide distinct perspectives on quantum versions of Mpemba-like effects, emphasizing the impact of strong interparticle correlations, minuscule quantum fluctuations, and initial conditions on these relaxation processes [3–5]. The teams’ findings advance quantum thermodynamics

Is quantum thermodynamics modeled in the (GRMHD) magnetohydrodynamics applied?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42369294#42371946 https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-42371946 :

> Dark fluid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fluid :

>> Dark fluid goes beyond dark matter and dark energy in that it predicts a continuous range of attractive and repulsive qualities under various matter density cases. Indeed, special cases of various other gravitational theories are reproduced by dark fluid, e.g. inflation, quintessence, k-essence, f(R), Generalized Einstein-Aether f(K), MOND, TeVeS, BSTV, etc. Dark fluid theory also suggests new models, such as a certain f(K+R) model that suggests interesting corrections to MOND that depend on redshift and density

> The same technology that we use to label or watermark genai image and video content could be used to label n-body gravity and black hole images.

"IPTC publishes metadata guidance for AI-generated “synthetic media”" (2023) https://iptc.org/news/iptc-publishes-metadata-guidance-for-a...

C2PA: Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA) > Specifications > Attestation: https://c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/1.4/attestati...

And also or instead just "Computer Generated" visible in the image would avoid unhelpfully biasing science.

Maybe also "See [...] for information on how" and a DOI, shorturl, or a hashtag.

[-]

Research of RAM data remanence times

From https://blog.3mdeb.com/2024/2024-12-13-ram-data-decay-resear... :

> The main goal is to determine the time required after powering off the platform for all the data to be irrecoverably lost from RAM.

Cold boot attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_boot_attack

Data remnance: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_remanence

Ironically, quantum computers have the opposite problem; coherence times for QC qubits are still less than a second: there is not yet a way to store qubits for even one second.

(2024: 291±6µs, 2022: 20µs)

"Cryogenically frozen RAM bypasses all disk encryption methods" (2008) https://www.zdnet.com/article/cryogenically-frozen-ram-bypas...

And that's part of why secure enclaves and TPM.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37099515 :

> If quantum information is never destroyed – and classical information is quantum information without the complex term i – perhaps our [RAM] states are already preserved in the universe; like reflections in water droplets in the quantum foam

According to the "Air gap malware" Wikipedia article's description of GSMem, the x86 RAM bus can be used as a low power 3G antenna. And, HDMI is an antenna, and, Ungrounded computers leak emanations to the ungrounded microphone port on the soundcard.

Air gap malware: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-gap_malware

Stochastic forensics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_forensics

Room-temperature superconductivity in Bi-based superconductors

"Room-temperature superconductivity: Researchers uncover optical secrets of Bi-based superconductors" https://phys.org/news/2024-12-room-temperature-superconducti...

"Wavelength dependence of linear birefringence and linear dichroism of Bi2−xPbxSr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-78208-6

[+]

I mixed up the NewsArticle and ScholarlyArticle URLs and then couldn't delete it or change the URL, and the ScholarlyArticle title contains subscripts which don't work on HN.

The title doesn't mention Lead (Pb)

[-]

[deleted]

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Noninvasive imaging method can penetrate deeper into living tissue

[+]

From the OpenwaterHealth/opw_neuromod_sw README: https://github.com/OpenwaterHealth/opw_neuromod_sw :

> open-LIFU uses an array to precisely steer the ultrasound focus to the target location, while its wearable small size allows transmission through the forehead into a precise spot location in the brain even while the patient is moving.

Does it use one beam of the array to waveguide another beam? For imaging or for treatment?

From "A simple technique to overcome self-focusing, filamentation, supercontinuum generation, aberrations, depth dependence and waveguide interface roughness using fs laser processing" (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-00589-8 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&hl=en&as_sdt=5,4... :

> We show that all these effects can be significantly reduced if not eliminated using two coherent, ultrafast laser-beams through a single lens - which we call the Dual-Beam technique. Simulations and experimental measurements at the focus are used to understand how the Dual-Beam technique can mitigate these problems. The high peak laser intensity is only formed at the aberration-free tightly localised focal spot, simultaneously, suppressing unwanted nonlinear side effects for any intensity or processing depth. Therefore, we believe this simple and innovative technique makes the fs laser capable of much more at even higher intensities than previously possible, allowing applications in multi-photon processing, bio-medical imaging, laser surgery of cells, tissue and in ophthalmology, along with laser writing of waveguides.

[-]

Gah – CLI to install software from GitHub Releases

Software installers should check hashes and signatures before installing anything.

Doesn't GitHub support package repositories for signed packages?

https://slsa.dev/get-started explains about verifiable build provenance attestations:

> SLSA 2

> To achieve SLSA 2, the goals are to:

> - Run your build on a hosted platform that generates and signs provenance

> - Publish the provenance to allow downstream users to verify

> [...]

> SLSA 3

> To achieve SLSA 3, you must:

> - Run your build on a hosted platform that generates and signs provenance

> - Ensure that build runs cannot influence each other

> - Produce signed provenance that can be verified as authentic

And:

> For now, the convention is to keep the provenance attestation with your artifact. Though Sigstore is becoming more and more popular, the format of the provenance is currently tool-specific.

[+]

From https://aquaproj.github.io/ :

> aqua installs tools securely. aqua supports Checksum Verification, Policy as Code, Cosign and SLSA Provenance, GitHub Artifact Attestations, and Minisign. Please see Security.

[-]

Show HN: Quantus – LeetCode for Financial Modeling

Hi everyone,

I wanted to share Quantus, a finance learning and practice platform I’m building out of my own frustration with traditional resources.

As a dual major in engineering and finance who started my career at a hedge fund, I found it challenging to develop hands-on financial modeling skills using existing tools. Platforms like Coursera, Udemy, Corporate Finance Institute (CFI), and Wall Street Prep (WSP) primarily rely on video-based tutorials. While informative, these formats often lack the dynamic, interactive, and repetitive practice necessary to build real expertise.

For example, the learning process often involves:

- Replaying videos multiple times to grasp key concepts.

- Constantly switching between tutorials and Excel files.

- Dealing with occasional discrepancies between tutorial numbers and the provided Excel materials.

To solve these problems, I created Quantus—an interactive platform where users can learn finance by trying out formulas or building financial models directly in an Excel-like environment. Inspired by LeetCode, the content is organized into three levels—easy, medium, and hard—making it accessible for beginners while still challenging for advanced users.

Our growing library of examples includes:

- 3-statement financial models

- Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis

- Leveraged Buyouts (LBO)

- Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)

Here’s a demo video to showcase the platform in action. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDRNHgBERLQ

I’d love to hear your thoughts and feedback! Let me know what other features or examples you’d find useful.

How does your solution differ from JupyterHub + ottergrader or nbgrader? What about Kaggle Learn?

From taking the Udacity AI Programming in Python course, it looks like Udacity has a Jupyter Notebooks -based LMS LRS CMS platform.

How does your solution differ from the "Quant Platform" which hosts [Certificate in] "Python for Finance": https://home.tpq.io/pqp/

Do you award (OpenBadges) educational credentials as Blockcerts (W3C VC Verifiable Claims, W3C DIDs Decentralized Identifiers,) with blockchain-certificates/cert-issuer? https://github.com/blockchain-certificates/cert-issuer#how-b...

[+]

So, no portfolio performance backtesting, and non-certified non-licensed financial planners creating index funds?

[-]

Small Businesses vs. Corporations: What Tech Tools Are We Missing?

I was browsing Y Combinator's latest Request for Startups and one prompt caught my attention:

"Develop tools that help small businesses operate at the same level as large corporations"

This got me thinking: What critical operational capabilities are small businesses currently lacking?

What technological or strategic barriers prevent them from competing on equal footing with larger enterprises?

I'm curious to hear from entrepreneurs, small business owners, and tech enthusiasts:

What tools or systems do you wish existed?

What daily/weekly/monthly tasks feel unnecessarily complex or time-consuming?

What do large corporations do that seems out of reach for smaller organizations?

> What critical operational capabilities are small businesses currently lacking?

ERP / Accounting + Finance + Corporate Treasury integration (with ILP Interledger)

/? ERP accounting site:news.ycombinator.com site: github.com https://www.google.com/search?q=erp+accounting+site%3Anews.y...

/? ERP https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu...

/? SMB https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu...

[+]
[+]

Re: IAM cost workarounds in SMBs, SAML / Oauth2/OIDC / LDAP:

From "Show HN: Skip the SSO Tax, access your user data with OSS" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35529042 :

glim: https://github.com/doncicuto/glim

"Proxy LDAP to limit scope of access #60" https://github.com/doncicuto/glim/issues/60

glauth: https://github.com/glauth/glauth

slapd-sql: https://linux.die.net/man/5/slapd-sql

gitlab-ce-ldap-sync (PHP) https://github.com/Adambean/gitlab-ce-ldap-sync

Open Source SSO for SMB

"Launch HN: SSOReady (YC W24) – Making SAML SSO painless and open source" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41110850 :

ssoready: https://github.com/ssoready/ssoready

[-]

Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling

[+]

Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) and Thermoelectrics.

This is also a positive development in HPC sustainability:

"New HPE fanless cooling achieves a 90% reduction in cooling power consumption" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42106715

[flagged]

[+]

On YouTube, I've seen pools heated by immersion mining rigs and also pools heated by attic heat; but I've never heard of a "zero water datacenter".

Great work.

FWIU Type-III superconductors also have like no loss.

Is there a less corrosive sustainable thermal fluid or a water additive to prevent corrosion?

Is there (solid-state) thermoelectric heat energy reclamation?

[-]

Launch HN: Double (YC W24) – Index Investing with 0% Expense Ratios

Hi HN, we’re JJ and Mark, the founders of Double (https://double.finance). Double lets you invest in 50+ broad stock market indexes with 0% expense ratios. We handle all the management, including rebalancing and tax-loss harvesting—proactively selling losing stocks to potentially save on taxes—for $1/month.

Our goal is to bring the low fee trend pioneered by Robinhood to ETFs and mutual funds. We posted a Show HN about 3 months ago (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41246686) and since then have crossed $10M in AUM (Assets Under Management) [1].

Here’s a demo video: https://www.loom.com/share/10c9150ce4114f278e8c249f211e7ec8. Please note that none of this content should be treated as financial advice.

Everyone knows that fees eat into your investing returns. Financial advisors generally charge 1% of AUM per year, and ETFs have a weighted average expense ratio of about 0.17%, although some go as low as 0.03% for VOO. Over a 30-year period on a $500k portfolio with $2k invested monthly, the money lost to those fees would be $1.30M for the financial advisor and $244k for the average ETF and even $42,951 for the low fee VOO.

Double lets you index invest without paying any percentage-based fees - we charge just $1/month. It works by buying the individual stocks that make up popular indexes. By buying the individual positions, we can also customize and tax-loss harvest your account, something ETFs or Mutual Funds cannot do.

Most ETFs and mutual funds today are not that complicated - they can be expressed as a CSV file with 2 columns - a ticker and a share number. You can find these holding csv files on most ETF pages (VOO[2], QQQ[3]). Right now there are about $9.1T of assets in ETFs[4] and $20T in Mutual Funds[5] in the US, with estimated revenue of $100B per year. We think this market is ripe for disruption.

We offer 50+ strategies that track popular ETFs and are updated as stocks merge and indexes change. You can customize these by weighting sectors or stocks differently, or even build your own indexes from scratch using our stock/etf screening tools. Once you've chosen your strategy, simply set your target weights and deposit funds (we also support transferring existing stocks). Our engine then checks your portfolio daily for potential trades, optimizes for tax-loss harvesting, portfolio tracking, and redeploys any generated cash.

I (JJ) started working on this after selling my last company. After using nearly every brokerage product out there and working with a financial advisor, I noticed a huge gap between the indexing capabilities of financial advisors and what individual investors could access. We wanted to bridge that gap and provide these powerful tools to everyone in a simple, low-cost way.

There are a number of robo-advisor products out there, but none that we know of offer direct indexing without expense ratios or AUM fees. One similar product is M1 Finance, but Double is more powerful. We offer tax-loss harvesting, a wider range of indexes, and greater customization. For example, when building your own index, you can set weights down to 0.1% (compared to M1's 1%) and even weight by market cap.

We also compete with robo-advisors like Wealthfront, but offer more control over your investments. And did I mention we don't charge AUM fees? You can see our strategies and play with the research page https://double.finance/p/explore without creating an account.

Over the past year we’ve learned a lot about the guts of building portfolio software. For example, stocks don’t really have persistent identifiers that are easy to model and pass around. We trade CUSIPs with our custodian Apex*, but these change all the time for stock splits or re-org’s that you would not think would lead to a new “stock”.

We’ve also learned a lot about how tax loss harvesting (TLH) is best implemented on large direct index portfolios using a factor model as opposed to pairs based replacements which I initially thought might be the way to execute these. We do use a pairs strategy on smaller sized strategies. And how TLH and portfolio optimization generally is best expressed as a linear optimization problem with competing objectives (tracking vs. tax alpha vs. trading costs for example).

If you have any thoughts on the product or our positioning as the low fee alternative I’d love to hear it. I think Robinhood has proved that you can build a strong business by getting rid of an industry wide cost (in their case commissions, in our expense ratios). We aim to do the same.

[1] https://www.axios.com/pro/fintech-deals/2024/12/10/direct-in... [2] https://investor.vanguard.com/investment-products/etfs/profi... [3] https://www.invesco.com/qqq-etf/en/about.html [4] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGZ1LM564090005Q [5] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGZ1LM654090000Q

* Edit to add a note on risk: If Double goes out of business, your assets are safe and held in your name at Apex Clearing. They have processes in place for these scenarios to help you access and transfer those assets. See more at https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42379135 below.

[+]

I just found this while researching for my other comment in this thread; re: "Fund of Funds Investment Agreements",

Would Rule 12d1-4 (2020) apply to holding funds versus holding individual stocks and/or ETFs? What about the 75-5-10 rule for mutual funds?

From https://www.klgates.com/SEC-Adopts-New-Rule-12d1-4-Overhauli... :

> Rule 12d1-4 will prohibit an acquiring fund and its “advisory group” from controlling, individually or in the aggregate, an acquired fund, except for an acquiring fund: (1) in the same fund group as the acquired fund; or (2) with a sub-adviser that also acts as adviser to the acquired fund. [4] Rule 12d1-4 requires an acquiring fund to aggregate its investment in an acquired fund with the investment of the acquiring fund’s advisory group to assess control

How does running index funds with 0% expense ratios differ from running diversified 401(k) funds?

Gusto payroll data can be synced with Guideline, which offers various 401(k) and IRA plans.

Are there All Weather or Golden Butterfly index funds?

Which well known index funds are weighted and which aren't? (This is probably not common knowledge, and might be useful for your pitch)

Given that you can't buy fractional shares, how and when are weighted indexes rebalanced to maintain the initial weight?

Like most funds, the S&P 500 index demonstrates Survivorship bias: underperformers are removed from the index, which thus is not a good indicator of total market performance over time.

From https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/030916/buffe... :

> Buffett's ultimately successful contention was that, including fees, costs and expenses, an S&P 500 index fund would outperform a hand-picked portfolio of hedge funds over 10 years. The bet pit two basic investing philosophies against each other: passive and active investing.

It's common for (cryptoasset) backtesting to have the S&P 500 as a benchmark. Weighted by market cap, the S&P 500 may or may not have higher returns than cryptoassets (for which there were not ETFs for so long).

Do you offer index fund backtesting; or, which performance and relative cost savings metrics do you track for each index fund?

How would a hypothetical index fund have performed during stress events, corrections, drawdowns, flash crashes, stress testing scenarios, and recessions; according to backtesting?

Do you offer fundamentals data?

Do you offer [GRI] sustainability report data to support portfolio/fund design?

Do you offer funds or index fund design with an emphasis on sustainability and responsible investing?

Can I generate an index fund to focus on one or more Sustainable Development Goals?

What is the difference between creating an index fund with you as compared with holding stocks in a portfolio and periodically rebalancing and reassessing?

IIUC in terms of cryptoassets:

- A (weighted and rebalanced) index fund is a collection of tokens.

- Each constituent stock or ETF could or may already be tokenized as a cryptoasset.

- A token is a string identifier for an asset. A token is a smart contract that has the necessary methods (satisfies the smart contract functional interface) to be exchanged over a cryptoasset network with cryptographic assurances.

- A "wrapped token" is wrapped to be listed on a different network. So, for example, if someone wanted to sell NASDAQ:AAPL on a different exchange or cryptoasset network they would need to wrap it and commit to an approved, on-file ETF fund management commitment that specifies how quickly they intend to buy or sell to keep the wrapped asset price close to the original asset's before-after-hours-trading market price.

- (ETFs typically have low to no fees. When you own an ETF you do not own voting shares; with ETFs, the fund owns the voting shares and votes on behalf of the ETF holders).

There are EIP and ERC standard specifications for bundles of assets; a token composed of multiple other tokens. A wallet may contain various types of fungible and non-fungible tokens. For wallet recovery and inheritance and estate planning, there's SSS, multisig transactions, multiple signature smart contracts, and Shamir backup, and banks can now legally hold cryptoassets for clients.

[-]

ALICE finds first ever evidence of the antimatter partner of hyperhelium-4

Does this actually prove that antimatter necessarily exists?

Does this prove that antimatter is necessary for theories of gravity to concur with other observations?

Do the observed properties of antimatter particles correspond with antimatter as the or a necessary nonuniform correction factor to theories of gravity?

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What about virtual particles, too?

Virtual particles: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_particle :

> As a consequence of quantum mechanical uncertainty, any object or process that exists for a limited time or in a limited volume cannot have a precisely defined energy or momentum. For this reason, virtual particles – which exist only temporarily as they are exchanged between ordinary particles – do not typically obey the mass-shell relation; the longer a virtual particle exists, the more the energy and momentum approach the mass-shell relation.

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Thank you all for corrections and clarifications.

I had confused Antimatter in particle theory (where there is no gravity) and Dark matter, which has no explanation in particle theory and maybe probably shouldn't be necessary for a unified model that describes n-body gravity at astrophysical and particle scales.

> [dark matter] has no explanation in particle theory

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42369294#42371561 :

> One theory of dark matter is that it's strange quark antimatter.

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[+]

My mistake, my mistake.

It seems I had my Antimatter confused with mah Dark matter.

Antimatter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter

Dark matter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

Antimass:

I and the Internet have never heard of antimass.

Negative mass: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_mass

Dark energy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Dark fluid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fluid :

> Dark fluid goes beyond dark matter and dark energy in that it predicts a continuous range of attractive and repulsive qualities under various matter density cases. Indeed, special cases of various other gravitational theories are reproduced by dark fluid, e.g. inflation, quintessence, k-essence, f(R), Generalized Einstein-Aether f(K), MOND, TeVeS, BSTV, etc. Dark fluid theory also suggests new models, such as a certain f(K+R) model that suggests interesting corrections to MOND that depend on redshift and density

[+]

Not sure why I confused the terms.

FWIU this Superfluid Quantum Gravity rejects dark matter and/or negative mass in favor of supervaucuous supervacuum, but I don't think it attempts to predict other phases and interactions like Dark fluid theory?

From "Show HN: Physically accurate black hole simulation using your iPhone camera" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42191692 :

> Ctrl-F Fedi , Bernoulli, Gross-Pitaevskii:

>> "Gravity as a fluid dynamic phenomenon in a superfluid quantum space. Fluid quantum gravity and relativity." (2015) https://hal.science/hal-01248015/

There's a newer paper on it.

Alternatives to general relativity > Testing of alternatives to general relativity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relati...

The new Sagittarius* black hole image with phase might help with discarding models unsupported by evidence. Are those knots or braids or fields around a vortical superfluidic attractor system? There doesn't at all appear to be a hard boundary Schwarzschild radius.

But that's about not dark matter not antimatter.

[-]

Approximating mathematical constants using Minecraft

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Luanti (formerly minetest) is open source, written in Lua, has an API with mediawiki docs, and has a vscode extension: https://github.com/minetest/minetest

Luanti wiki > Modding intro: https://dev.minetest.net/Modding_Intro

SensorCraft is open source, written in Python, and is built on the Pyglet OpenGL library (which might compile to WASM someday) https://github.com/AFRL-RY/SensorCraft

/? Minecraft clone typescript site:github.com https://www.google.com/search?q=minecraft+clone+typescript+s...

/?hnlog minecraft:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32657066 :

> [ mcpi, pytest-minecraft, sensorcraft, ]

mcpi supports "Minecraft: Pi edition" and "RaspberryJuice" (~ Minecraft API on Bukkit server)

minecraft-pi-reborn is an open source rewrite of "Minecraft: Pi edition" that's written in C++. It looks like there's a glfw.h header in libreborn. Emscripten-glfw is a port of glfw which can be compiled to WASM. Glfw wraps OpenGL. Browsers have WebGL.

MCPI-Revival/minecraft-pi-reborn: https://github.com/MCPI-Revival/minecraft-pi-reborn docs: https://github.com/MCPI-Revival/minecraft-pi-reborn/blob/mas...

[+]

Read the docs / documentation / API docs (and contribute)

Read the source

Write tests with test assertions and run them with a test runner

Learnxinyminutes > Lua: https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/lua/

Learnxinyminutes > Python: https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/python/

FWIW 22/7 and 666/212 are Rational approximations for pi.

You can write a script to find other integer/integer approximations for pi and other transcendental numbers like e.

Searching for small primordial black holes in planets, asteroids and on Earth

ScholarlyArticle: "Searching for small primordial black holes in planets, asteroids and here on Earth" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S22126...

NewsArticle: "Ancient black holes could dig tiny tunnels in rocks and buildings" (2024) https://newatlas.com/physics/primordial-black-holes-tiny-tun...

[-]

RNA-targeting CRISPR reveals that noncoding RNAs are not 'junk'

How many possible combinations of RNA and DNA can there be?

Is it fewer then that due to what we know about variance in codon sequence alignment?

Does protein coding viability further limit the viable combinations?

[-]

Constraints Are Good: Python's Metadata Dilemma

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I decided to look into how this works these days.

These days you need toml to parse pyproject.toml, and there's not a parser in the Python standard library for TOML: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproj...

pip's docs strongly prefer project.toml: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/build-system/pyproje...

Over setup.py's setup(,setup_requires=[], install_requires=[]) https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/build-system/setup-p...

Blaze and Bazel have Skylark/Starlark to support procedural build configuration with maintainable conditionals

Bazel docs > Starlark > Differences with Python: https://bazel.build/rules/language

cibuildwheel: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel ;

> Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy;

manylinux used to specify a minimum libc version for each build tag like manylinux2 or manylinux2014; pypa/manylinux: https://github.com/pypa/manylinux#manylinux

A manylinux_x_y wheel requires glibc>=x.y. A musllinux_x_y wheel requires musl libc>=x.y; per PEP 600: https://github.com/mayeut/pep600_compliance#distro-compatibi...

> Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI;

Further software supply chain security controls: SLSA.dev provenance, Sigstore, and the new PyPI attestations storage too

> Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through `auditwheel` and `delocate`

delvewheel (Windows) is similar to auditwheel (Linux) and delocate (Mac) in that it copies DLL files into the wheel: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel

> Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library

Conda runs tests of installed packages;

Conda docs > Defining metadata (meta.yaml) https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda-build/en/latest/resourc... :

> If this section exists or if there is a `run_test.[py,pl,sh,bat,r]` file in the recipe, the package is installed into a test environment after the build is finished and the tests are run there.

Things that support conda meta.yml declarative package metadata: conda and anaconda, mamba and mambaforge, picomamba and emscripten-forge, pixi / uv, repo2docker REES, and probably repo2jupyterlite (because jupyterlite's jupyterlite-xeus docs mention mamba but not yet picomamba) https://jupyterlite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/howto/configure...

The `setup.py test` command has been removed: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/1684

`pip install -e .[tests]` expects extras_require['tests'] to include the same packages as the tests_require argument to setup.py: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/267

TODO: is there a new one command to run tests like `setup.py test`?

`make test` works with my editor. A devcontainers.json can reference a Dockerfile that runs something like this:

  python -m ensurepip && python -m pip install -U pip setuptools
But then still I want to run the tests of the software with one command.

Are you telling me there's a way to do an HTTPS Content Range request for the toml file in a wheel for the package dependency version constraints and/or package hashes (but not GPG pubkey fingerprints to match .asc manifest signature) and the build & test commands, but you still need an additional file in addition to the TOML syntax pyproject.toml like Pipfile.lock or poetry.lock to store the hashes for each ~bdist wheel on each platform, though there's now a -c / PIP_CONSTRAINT option to specify an additional requirements.txt but that doesn't solve for windows or mac only requirements in a declarative requirements.txt? https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/user_guide/#constraints-files

conda supports putting `[win]` at the end of a YAML list item if it's for windows only.

Re: optimizing builds for conda-forge (and PyPI (though PyPI doesn't build packages (when there's a new PR, and then sign each build for each platform))) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41306658

[-]

Debian opens a can of username worms

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ICU: International Components for Unicode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Components_for_U...

unicode-org/icu: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu

Microsoft/ICU: https://github.com/microsoft/icu

IDN: Internationalized domain name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name

Punycode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode

IDN homograph attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN_homograph_attack

CWE-1007: Insufficient Visual Distinction of Homoglyphs Presented to User: https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1007.html

GNU libidn/libidn2: https://gitlab.com/libidn/libidn2

Comparison of regular expression engines > Language features > Part 2; Unicode support: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_regular_expressi...

[+]

rurban/libu8ident : https://github.com/rurban/libu8ident :

> unicode security guidelines for identifiers

Terabit-scale high-fidelity diamond data storage

"Terabit-scale high-fidelity diamond data storage" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01573-1

"Record-breaking diamond storage can save data for millions of years" (2024) https://www.newscientist.com/article/2457948-record-breaking... :

> Previous techniques have also used laser pulses to encode data into diamonds, but the higher storage density afforded by the new method means a diamond optical disc with the same volume as a standard Blu-ray could store approximately 100 terabytes of data – the equivalent of about 2000 Blu-rays – while lasting far longer than a typical Blu-ray’s lifetime of just a few decades.

"Optical data storage breakthrough increases capacity of diamonds by circumventing the diffraction limit" (2023) https://phys.org/news/2023-12-optical-storage-breakthrough-c... :

> [...] This is possible by multiplexing the storage in the spectral domain.

> "It means that we can store many different images at the same place in the diamond by using a laser of a slightly different color to store different information into different atoms in the same microscopic spots," said Delord, a postdoctoral research associate at CCNY. "If this method can be applied to other materials or at room temperature, it could find its way to computing applications requiring high-capacity storage." [...]

> "What we did was control the electrical charge of these color centers very precisely using a narrow-band laser and cryogenic conditions," explained Delord. "This new approach allowed us to essentially write and read tiny bits of data at a much finer level than previously possible, down to a single atom."

"Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit" (2023) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-023-01542-9

What about storing quantum bits (or qutrits or qudits) in diamond though?

"Ask HN: Can qubits be written to crystals as diffraction patterns?" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38501668 :

> Aren't diffraction patterns due to lattice irregularities effective wave functions?

> Presumably holography would have already solved for quantum data storage if diffraction is a sufficient analog [of] a wave function?

"All-optical complex field imaging using diffractive processors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40541785 ; How to capture phase and intensity with a camera, Huygens-Steiner

Compressing Large Language Models Using Low Rank and Low Precision Decomposition

ScholarlyArticle: "Compressing Large Language Models Using Low Rank and Low Precision Decomposition" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.18886 :

> CALDERA

NewsArticle: "Large language models can be squeezed onto your phone — rather than needing 1000s of servers to run — after breakthrough" (2024) https://www.livescience.com/technology/artificial-intelligen... :

Non-Contact Biometric System for Early Detection of Hypertension and Diabetes

"Non-Contact Biometric System for Early Detection of Hypertension and Diabetes Using AI and RGB Imaging" (2024) https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.150.suppl_1.413...

From https://www.notebookcheck.net/University-of-Tokyo-researcher... :

> optical, non-contact method to detect [blood pressure, hypertension, blood glucose levels, and diabetes]. A multispectral [UV + IR] camera was used and pointed at trial participants' faces to detect variations in the blood flow, which was further analyzed by AI software.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41381977 :

> "Tongue Disease Prediction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms" (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/97 :

>> This study proposes a new imaging system to analyze and extract tongue color features at different color saturations and under different light conditions from five color space models (RGB, YcbCr, HSV, LAB, and YIQ). The proposed imaging system trained 5260 images classified with seven classes (red, yellow, green, blue, gray, white, and pink) using six machine learning algorithms, namely, the naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision trees (DTs), random forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) methods, to predict tongue color under any lighting conditions. The obtained results from the machine learning algorithms illustrated that XGBoost had the highest accuracy at 98.71%

[-]

AI helps researchers dig through old maps to find lost oil and gas wells

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Is securing old mines a good job for (remotely-operated (humanoid)) robots?

Old mines can host gravitational energy storage.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35778721 :

> FWIU we already have enough abandoned mines in the world to do all of our energy storage needs?

"Gravity batteries: Abandoned mines could store enough energy to power ‘the entire earth’" (2023) https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/03/29/gravity-batteries-...

[-]

Nearly half of teenagers globally cannot read with comprehension

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SDG reports have literacy stats,

Goal 4: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all" https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4#targets_and_indicators

Target 4.6: By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy

Indicator 4.6.1: Proportion of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex

SDG4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4

SDG4 > Target 4.6: Universal literacy and numeracy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4...

The UN Stats 2024 Statistical Annex says there's no data for 4.6.1 since 2020? https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2024/E_2024_54_Stat...

SDG e-Handbook re: Target 4.6.1: https://unstats.un.org/wiki/plugins/servlet/mobile?contentId...

World Bank data series: SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/millennium-d...

FRED Series > Literacy Rate, Adult Total for the World (SEADTLITRZSWLD https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SEADTLITRZSWLD

There is no Literacy Rate data for the United States in World Bank or in FRED according to a quick search.

Literacy in the United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States

The National Literacy Institute > Literacy Statistics 2024 - 2025 : https://www.thenationalliteracyinstitute.com/post/literacy-s...

> On average, 79% of U.S. adults nationwide are literate in 2024.

> 21% of adults in the US are illiterate in 2024.

> 54% of adults have a literacy below a 6th-grade level (20% are below 5th-grade level).

> Low levels of literacy costs the US up to 2.2 trillion per year.

But what about comprehension?

Reading comprehension: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

[-]

Intel announces Arc B-series "Battlemage" discrete graphics with Linux support

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> "Just add more RAM" doesn't work the way you wish it could.

Re: Tomasulo's algorithm the other day: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42231284

Cerebras WSE-3 has 44 GB of on-chip SRAM per chip and it's faster than HBM. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41702789#41706409

Intel has HBM2e off-chip RAM in Xeon CPU Max series and GPU Max;

What is the difference between DDR, HBM, and Cerebras' 44GB of on-chip SRAM?

How do architectural bottlenecks due to modified Von Neumann architectures' debuggable instruction pipelines limit computational performance when scaling to larger amounts of off-chip RAM?

Tomasulo's algorithm also centralizes on a common data bus (the CPU-RAM data bus) which is a bottleneck that must scale with the amount of RAM.

Can in-RAM computation solve for error correction without redundant computation and consensus algorithms?

Can on-chip SRAM be built at lower cost?

Von Neumann architecture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture#Von_N... :

> The term "von Neumann architecture" has evolved to refer to any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time (since they share a common bus). This is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck, which often limits the performance of the corresponding system. [4]

> The von Neumann architecture is simpler than the Harvard architecture (which has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading and writing to memory and another set of address and data buses to fetch instructions).

Modified Harvard architecture > Comparisons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture

C-RAM: Computational RAM > DRAM-based PIM Taxonomy, See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_RAM

SRAM: Static random-access memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory :

> Typically, SRAM is used for the cache and internal registers of a CPU while DRAM is used for a computer's main memory.

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How many TOPS/W and TFLOPS/W? (T [Float] Operations Per Second per Watt (hour *?))

/? TOPS/W and FLOPS/W: https://www.google.com/search?q=TOPS%2FW+and+FLOPS%2FW :

- "Why TOPS/W is a bad unit to benchmark next-gen AI chips" (2020) https://medium.com/@aron.kirschen/why-tops-w-is-a-bad-unit-t... :

> The simplest method therefore would be to use TOPS/W for digital approaches in future, but to use TOPS-B/W for analogue in-memory computing approaches!

> TOPS-8/W

> [ IEEE should spec this benchmark metric ]

- "A guide to AI TOPS and NPU performance metrics" (2024) https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/04/a-guide-to-ai-tops... :

> TOPS = 2 × MAC unit count × Frequency / 1 trillion

- "Looking Beyond TOPS/W: How To Really Compare NPU Performance" (2023) https://semiengineering.com/looking-beyond-tops-w-how-to-rea... :

> TOPS = MACs * Frequency * 2

> [ { Frequency, NNs employed, Precision, Sparsity and Pruning, Process node, Memory and Power Consumption, utilization} for more representative variants of TOPS/W metric ]

Is this fast enough for DDR or SRAM RAM? "Breakthrough in avalanche-based amorphization reduces data storage energy 1e-9" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42318944

Breakthrough in avalanche-based amorphization reduces data storage energy 1e-9

ScholarlyArticle: "Electrically driven long-range solid-state amorphization in ferroic In2Se3" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08156-8

NewsArticles:

"'Accidental discovery' creates candidate for universal memory — a weird semiconductor that consumes a billion times less power" (2024) https://www.livescience.com/technology/computing/accidental-...

"Advances in energy-efficient avalanche-based amorphization could revolutionize data storage" (2024) https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-advances-energy-efficien...

"Self shocks turn crystal to glass at ultralow power density" (2024) https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1063944

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[deleted]

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Neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT algorithm)

NEAT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroevolution_of_augmenting_t...

NEAT > See also links to EANT.

EANT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_acquisition_of_ne... :

> Evolutionary acquisition of neural topologies (EANT/EANT2) is an evolutionary reinforcement learning method that evolves both the topology and weights of artificial neural networks. It is closely related to the works of Angeline et al. [1] and Stanley and Miikkulainen. [2 [NEAT (2002)] Like the work of Angeline et al., the method uses a type of parametric mutation that comes from evolution strategies and evolutionary programming (now using the most advanced form of the evolution strategies CMA-ES in EANT2), in which adaptive step sizes are used for optimizing the weights of the neural networks. Similar to the work of Stanley (NEAT), the method starts with minimal structures which gain complexity along the evolution path.

(in Hilbert space)

> [EANT] introduces a genetic encoding called common genetic encoding (CGE) that handles both direct and indirect encoding of neural networks within the same theoretical framework. The encoding has important properties that makes it suitable for evolving neural networks:

> It is complete in that it is able to represent all types of valid phenotype networks.

> It is closed, i.e. every valid genotype represents a valid phenotype. (Similarly, the encoding is closed under genetic operators such as structural mutation and crossover.)

> These properties have been formally proven. [3]

Neither MOSES: Meta-Optimizing Semantic Evolutionary Search nor PLN: Probabilistic Logic Networks are formally proven FWIU.

/? Z3 ... https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41944043 :

> Does [formal verification [with Z3]] distinguish between xy+z and z+yx, in terms of floating point output?

> math.fma() would be a different function call with the same or similar output.

> (deal-solver is a tool for verifying formal implementations in Python with Z3.)

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[-]

Show HN: Shiddns a DNS learning experience in Python

Hi HN, as a learning experience, I created a small DNS resolver with blocking capabilities and resolution of local host names. There are already tons of good ad-blocking DNS implementations out there. And they do this much better than my implementation. Great examples are Blocky or pihole.

So when I set out to "play around", I looked at these projects and tried to modify them. Fortunately for them, but unfortunately for beginners, these are already quite far developed and complex projects. So impatient me set out to "quickly write something in Python". Almost two weekends later, I put in so much time that I thought I might as well share this for others to explore (and hopefully enjoy). I tried keeping things simple and without external dependencies. In the end it was a good experience but became much bigger than I intended.

So I hope you enjoy: https://github.com/vvm2/shiddns

It looks like dnspython has DNSSEC, DoH, and DoQ support: test_dnssec.py: https://github.com/rthalley/dnspython/blob/main/tests/test_d... , dnssec.py: https://github.com/rthalley/dnspython/blob/main/dns/dnssec.p...

  man delv

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Why CT Certificate Transparency logs are not possible by logging DNS record types like CERT, OPENPGPKEY, SSHFP, CAA, RRSIG, NSEC3; ACMEv2 Proof of Domain Control; and why we need a different system for signing software package build artifacts built remotely (smart contracts, JWS, SLSA, TUF, W3C Verifiable Credentials, blockcerts and transaction fees,)

[-]

Single-chip photonic deep neural network with forward-only training

"Single-chip photonic deep neural network with forward-only training" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01567-z :

> Here we realize such a system in a scalable photonic integrated circuit that monolithically integrates multiple coherent optical processor units for matrix algebra and nonlinear activation functions into a single chip. We experimentally demonstrate this fully integrated coherent optical neural network architecture for a deep neural network with six neurons and three layers that optically computes both linear and nonlinear functions [...]

> This work lends experimental evidence to theoretical proposals for in situ training, enabling orders of magnitude improvements in the throughput of training data. Moreover, the fully integrated coherent optical neural network opens the path to inference at nanosecond latency and femtojoule per operation energy efficiency.

> femtojoule per operation energy efficiency

From "Transistor for fuzzy logic hardware: promise for better edge computing" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42166303 :

> From "A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-024-01211-2 :

>> Using system-level simulations, we estimate that an 8 bit TPU made with nanotube transistors at a 180 nm technology node could reach a main frequency of 850 MHz and an energy efficiency of 1 tera-operations per second per watt.

Performance per watt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41702789#41706409 :

> 5nm process

"Ask HN: Can qubits be written to crystals as diffraction patterns?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38501668

Notes from "Single atom defect in 2D material can hold quantum information at room temp" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40478219 re Qubit data storage (quantum wave transmission through spacetime)

"Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528877 :

> multiplexing Diamond with different color beams , "Real-space nanophotonic field manipulation using non-perturbative light–matter coupling" (2023) ; below the Abbe diffraction limit optional tweezers at 1/50 the photonic wavelength

"DNA-folding nanorobots can manufacture limitless copies of themselves" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38569474

Phase from Intensity because Huygens' classical oscillatory model applies to photons;

From "Physicists use a 350-year-old theorem to reveal new properties of light waves" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37226160 :

>> [..] Qian's team interpreted the intensity of a light as the equivalent of a physical object's mass, then mapped those measurements onto a coordinate system that could be interpreted using Huygens' mechanical theorem. "Essentially, we found a way to translate an optical system so we could visualize it as a mechanical system, then describe it using well-established physical equations," explained Qian.

>> Once the team visualized a light wave as part of a mechanical system, new connections between the wave's properties immediately became apparent—including the fact that entanglement and polarization stood in a clear relationship with

"Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev... :

> Abstract: [...] Here we report links of the two through a systematic quantitative analysis of polarization and entanglement, two optical coherence properties under the wave description of light pioneered by Huygens and Fresnel. A generic complementary identity relation is obtained for arbitrary light fields. More surprisingly, through the barycentric coordinate system, optical polarization, entanglement, and their identity relation are shown to be quantitatively associated with the mechanical concepts of center of mass and moment of inertia via the Huygens-Steiner theorem for rigid body rotation. The obtained result bridges coherence wave optics and classical mechanics through the two theories of Huygens.

/?hnlog coherent , single photon

[...]

"Photonic quantum Hall effect and multiplexed light sources of large orbital angular momenta (2021) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01165-8 .. https://engineering.berkeley.edu/news/2021/02/light-unbound-... :

"Coherent interaction of a-few-electron quantum dot with a terahertz optical resonator" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10522 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39365579

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39287722 :

> "Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi3147

> "A physical [photonic] qubit with built-in error correction" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39243929

> What about phononic quantum computing though, are phononic wave functions stable/coherent?

> Phase from Intensity because Huygens' classical oscillatory model applies to photons;

Correction:

Phase from second-order Intensity due to "mechanical concepts of center of mass and moment of inertia via the Huygens-Steiner theorem for rigid body rotation"

Parallel axis theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theorem :

> The parallel axis theorem, also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem, or just as Steiner's theorem, [1] named after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner, can be used to determine the moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the object's center of gravity and the perpendicular distance between the axes.

( Huygens-Fresnel principle > Generalized Huygens' principle > and quantum field theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_princi... :

> [ Kirchoff, Path Integrals (Hamilton, Lorentz, Feynmann,), quabla operator and Minkowski space, Secondary waves and superposition; ]

> Homogeneity of space is fundamental to quantum field theory (QFT) where the wave function of any object propagates along all available unobstructed paths. When integrated along all possible paths, with a phase factor proportional to the action, the interference of the wave-functions correctly predicts observable phenomena. Every point on the wavefront acts as the source of secondary wavelets that spread out in the light cone with the same speed as the wave. The new wavefront is found by constructing the surface tangent to the secondary wavelets.

Lorentz oscillator model > See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_oscillator_model )

> Photonic fractional quantum Hall effect

From "Electrons become fractions of themselves in graphene, study finds" (2024) re: the electronic fractional quantum Hall effect without magnetic fields https://news.mit.edu/2024/electrons-become-fractions-graphen... :

> They found that when five sheets of graphene are stacked like steps on a staircase, the resulting structure inherently provides just the right conditions for electrons to pass through as fractions of their total charge, with no need for any external magnetic field.

"Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in multilayer graphene" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-07010-7

"How can electrons split into fractions of themselves?" https://news.mit.edu/2024/how-can-electrons-can-split-into-f... ... Re: why pentalayer

What was the SNL number of safety razer blades skit?

In rhombohedral trilayer graphene, there is superconductivity at one or more phases;

"Revealing the complex phases of rhombohedral trilayer graphene" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02561-6 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40919269

"Revealing the superconducting limit of twisted bilayer graphene" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42051367 :

"Low-Energy Optical Sum Rule in Moiré Graphene" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03819

"Large quantum anomalous Hall effect in spin-orbit proximitized rhombohedral graphene" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9749

"Physicists spot quantum tornadoes twirling in a ‘supersolid’" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42082690

[-]

AI poetry is indistinguishable from human poetry and is rated more favorably

lr0 | 2024-12-03 10:06:34 | 110 | # | ^
[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

Well, the art can't judge itself.

Maybe critics are art, too. Like Lipton's "Inside the Actor's Studio" (Detroit). That's art.

"It's not art it's ari. You want to make an art film? You take it to Sundance, you take it to Telluride, you take it to Cannes."

[-]

On-scalp printing of personalized electroencephalography e-tattoos

[+]

>> More work is needed to scan and print on heads

> temporary-tattoo-like sensors

> Traditional electroencephalography (EEG) systems involve time-consuming manual electrode placement, conductive liquid gels, and cumbersome cables, which are prone to signal degradation and discomfort during prolonged use. Our approach overcomes these limitations by combining material innovations with non-contact, on-body digital printing techniques to fabricate e-tattoos that are self-drying, ultrathin, and compatible with hairy scalps. These skin-conformal EEG e-tattoo sensors enable comfortable, long-term, high-quality brain activity monitoring without the discomfort associated with traditional EEG systems. Using individual 3D head scans, custom sensor layout design, and a 5-axis microjet printing robot, we have created EEG e-tattoos with precise, tailored placement over the entire scalp. The inks for electrodes and interconnects have slightly different compositions to achieve low skin contact impedance and high bulk conductivity, respectively

"On-scalp printing of personalized electroencephalography e-tattoos" (2024) https://www.cell.com/cell-biomaterials/fulltext/S3050-5623(2...

Can they be printed on a forearm like in the Disney film "Moana 2"?

[+]
[-]

Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread connectivity in brain

I tried for a few minutes to find the HN thread where somebody refuted the "handwriting is better than typing" for fact recall claim.

OTOH, IIRC,

- EEG measures brain activation. It takes more of the brain to hand write than to type, and so it is unsurprising that there is more activation during a writing by hand activity than during a typing activity.

- Do brain connectivity or neural activation correspond to favorable outcomes?

- Synaptic pruning eliminates connectivity in the brain; and that is presumably advantageous.

- Hyperconnectivity may be regarded as a disadvantage in discussions of neurodiversity. Witness recall from a network with intentional hyperconnectivity; too distracted by spurious activations?

- That's a test of dumb recall, which is a test of trivia retention.

- Is rote memorization the pinnacle of learning? To foster creative thinking and critical thinking, is trivia recall optimization ideal?

- (Isn't it necessary to forget so much of what we've been taught in order to succeed.)

- Is spaced repetition as or more effective than hand writing at increasing recall compared to passively listening?

- With persons who have injury and/or disability that prevents them from handwriting, do they have adaptations that enable them to succeed despite "having to" type instead?

- We don't hand write software; though some schools teach coding with pen and paper (and that somewhat reduces cheating, which confounds variance in success and retention).

- We write tests for software; we can't efficiently automatedly test software for quality and correctness unless the code is typed.

- Does anything ever grade, confirm, reject, or validate handwritten notes?

- Are there studies of this that measure recall after typing, and then after handwriting, too?

Edit: A, measure, B, measure; AND: B, measure, A, measure

[+]

The one I recall had citations, I think

[-]

Physics-Informed Machine Learning: A Survey

"Physics-Informed Machine Learning: A Survey on Problems, Methods and Applications" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.08064 :

> We systematically review the recent development of physics-informed machine learning from three perspectives of machine learning tasks, representation of physical prior, and methods for incorporating physical prior. We also propose several important open research problems based on the current trends in the field. We argue that encoding different forms of physical prior into model architectures, optimizers, inference algorithms, and significant domain-specific applications like inverse engineering design and robotic control is far from being fully explored in the field of physics-informed machine learning. We believe that the interdisciplinary research of physics-informed machine learning will significantly propel research progress, foster the creation of more effective machine learning models, and also offer invaluable assistance in addressing long-standing problems in related disciplines.

Re: LLM ml benchmarks; FrontierMath (only 2% of tasks in 2024), TheoremQA: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42097683

[-]

PRoot: User-space implementation of chroot, mount –bind, and binfmt_misc

[+]
[+]

From the systemd.exec man page: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exe... :

  PrivateTmp=true
  #JoinsNamespaceOf=
`unshare -m` and then bind-mounting a private /tmp at /tmp/systemd-private-/ does the same thing; `systemd-tmpfiles --help`: https://serverfault.com/questions/1010339/how-exactly-to-use...

[+]

And in a config file format so we don't have to add things like renice, respawn, chroot, and namespaces to a locally forked Sys-V unit script for just one distro.

Thankful for systemd too.

[-]

WasmCloud makes strides with WASM component model

"WASI 0.2 Launched" (2024-01) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39289533 :

> At the same time, work towards WASI 0.3, also known as WASI Preview 3, will be getting underway. The major banner of WASI 0.3 is async, and adding the future and stream types to Wit. And here again, the theme is composability. It’s one thing to do async, it’s another to do composable async, where two components that are async can be composed together without either event loop having to be nested inside the other. Designing an async system flexible enough for Rust, C#, JavaScript, Go, and many others, which all have their own perspectives on async, will take some time, so while the design work is starting now, WASI 0.3 is expected to be at least a year away.

WebAssembly/WASI > WASI Preview 2: https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/tree/main/wasip2

[-]

Secure your URLSession network requests using Certificate Pinning

[+]

Do other softwares support specifying a CA bundle per domain or cert pinning?

Should FIPS specify a more limited CA cert bundle and/or cert pinning that users manage?

When the user approves a self-signed cert in the browser, isn't that cert pinning but without PKI risks and assurances?

What about CRL and OCSP; over what channel do they retrieve the cert revocation list; and can CT Certificate Transparency on a blockchain to the browser do better at [pinned] cert revocation?

Also probably relevant to these objectives:

"Chrome switching to NIST-approved ML-KEM quantum encryption" (2024) https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/chrome-switch...

"A new path for Kyber on the web" (2024) https://security.googleblog.com/2024/09/a-new-path-for-kyber...

Does Swift yet support ML-KEM too?

Neuronal sequences in population bursts encode information in human cortex

"Neuronal sequences in population bursts encode information in human cortex" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08075-8

"Order matters: neurons in the human brain fire in sequences that encode information" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03835-y

"Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02047-8 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42084279

Layer Codes

"Layer codes" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53881-3 :

> Abstract: Quantum computers require memories that are capable of storing quantum information reliably for long periods of time. The surface code is a two-dimensional quantum memory with code parameters that scale optimally with the number of physical qubits, under the constraint of two-dimensional locality. In three spatial dimensions an analogous simple yet optimal code was not previously known. Here we present a family of three dimensional topological codes with optimal scaling code parameters and a polynomial energy barrier. Our codes are based on a construction that takes in a stabilizer code and outputs a three-dimensional topological code with related code parameters. The output codes are topological defect networks formed by layers of surface code joined along one-dimensional junctions, with a maximum stabilizer check weight of six. When the input is a family of good quantum low-density parity-check codes the output codes have optimal scaling. Our results uncover strongly-correlated states of quantum matter that are capable of storing quantum information with the strongest possible protection from errors that is achievable in three dimensions.

"Hynix launches 321-layer NAND" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42229825

See: "Rowhammer for Qubits" re: whether electron tunneling in current and future generation RAM is sufficient to simulate quantum operators; whether RAM [error correction] is a quantum computer even without the EM off the RAM bus.

Breakthrough Material Perfectly Absorbs 99% of Electromagnetic Waves

"Absorption-Dominant Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding across Multiple mmWave Bands Using Conductive Patterned Magnetic Composite and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Film" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202406197 :

> Abstract: The revolution of millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies is prompting a need for absorption-dominant EMI shielding materials. While conventional shielding materials struggle in the mmWave spectrum due to their reflective nature, this study introduces a novel EMI shielding film with ultralow reflection (<0.05 dB or 1.5%), ultrahigh absorption (>70 dB or 98.5%), and superior shielding (>70 dB or 99.99999%) across triple mmWave frequency bands with a thickness of 400 µm. By integrating a magnetic composite layer (MCL), a conductive patterned grid (CPG), and a double-walled carbon nanotube film (DWCNTF), specific resonant frequencies of electromagnetic waves are transmitted into the film with minimized reflection, and trapped and dissipated between the CPG and the DWCNTF. The design factors for resonant frequencies, such as the CPG geometry and the MCL refractive index, are systematically investigated based on electromagnetic wave propagation theories. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for effective mmWave EMI shielding materials, with implications for mobile communication, radar systems, and wireless gigabit communication.

Is this material useful for space travel and also quantum computers?

It says mmWave just, though.

How is it absorbing instead of reflecting energy?

Do things store energy when they absorb [mmWave] EM? As phonons?

Twisted Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes store energy;

From "LG Chem develops material capable of suppressing thermal runaway in batteries" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41745154 :

> "Giant nanomechanical energy storage capacity in twisted single-walled carbon nanotube ropes" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01645-x :

>> 583 Wh/kg

From "Gamma radiation is produced in large tropical thunderstorms" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41775612 :

> "Sm2O3 micron plates/B4C/HDPE composites containing high specific surface area fillers for neutron and gamma-ray complex radiation shielding" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S02663...

[-]

Show HN: TeaTime – distributed book library powered by SQLite, IPFS and GitHub

Recently there seem to be a surge in SQLite related projects. TeaTime is riding that wave...

A couple of years ago I was intrigued by phiresky's post[0] about querying SQLite over HTTP. It made me think that if anyone can publish a database using GitHub Pages, I could probably build a frontend in which users can decide which database to query. TeaTime is like that - when you first visit it, you'll need to choose your database. Everyone can create additional databases[1]. TeaTime then queries it, and fetches files using an IPFS gateway (I'm looking into using Helia so that users are also contributing nodes in the network). Files are then rendered in the website itself. Everything is done in the browser - no users, no cookies, no tracking. LocalStorage and IndexedDB are used for saving your last readings, and your position in each file.

Since TeaTime is a static site, it's super easy (and free) to deploy. GitHub repo tags are used for maintaining a list of public instances[2].

Note that a GitHub repository isn't mandatory for storing the SQLite files or the front end - it's only for the configuration file (config.json) of each database, and for listing instances. Both the instances themselves and the database files can be hosted on Netlify, Cloudflare Pages, your Raspberry Pi, or any other server that can host static files.

I'm curious to see what other kinds of databases people can create, and what other types of files TeaTime could be used for.

[0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27016630

[1] https://github.com/bjesus/teatime-json-database/

[2] https://github.com/bjesus/teatime/wiki/Creating-a-TeaTime-in...

Do static sites built with sphinx-build or jupyter-book or hugo or other jamstack static site generators work with TeaTime?

sphinx-build: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/man/sphinx-build.html

There may need to be a different Builder or an extension of sphinxcontrib.serializinghtml.JSONHTMLBuilder which serializes a doctree (basically a DOM document object model) to the output representation: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/builders/#sphinxc...

datasette and datasette-lite can load CSV, JSON, Parquet, and SQLite databases; supports Full-Text Search; and supports search Faceting. datasette-lite is a WASM build of datasette with the pyodide python distribution.

datasette-lite > Loading SQLite databases: https://github.com/simonw/datasette-lite#loading-sqlite-data...

jupyter-lite is a WASM build of jupyter which also supports sqlite in notebooks in the browser with `import sqlite3` with the python kernel and also with a sqlite kernel: https://jupyter.org/try-jupyter/lab/

jupyterlite/xeus-sqlite-kernel: https://github.com/jupyterlite/xeus-sqlite-kernel

(edit)

xeus-sqlite-kernel > "Loading SQLite databases from a remote URL" https://github.com/jupyterlite/xeus-sqlite-kernel/issues/6#i...

%FETCH <url> <filename> https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus-sqlite/blob/ce5a598bdab...

xlite.cpp > void fetch(const std::string url, const std::string filename) https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus-sqlite/blob/main/src/xl...

[+]

So the IPFS part is instead of a CDN? Does it replace asset URLs in templates with e.g. cf IPFS gateway URLs with SRI hashes?

datasette-lite > "Could this use the SQLite range header trick?" https://github.com/simonw/datasette-lite/issues/28

From xeus-sqlite-kernel > "Loading SQLite databases from a remote URL" https://github.com/jupyterlite/xeus-sqlite-kernel/issues/6#i... re: "Loading partial SQLite databases over HTTP":

> sql.js-httpvfs: https://github.com/phiresky/sql.js-httpvfs

> sqlite-wasm-http: https://github.com/mmomtchev/sqlite-wasm-http

>> This project is inspired from @phiresky/sql.js-httpvfs but uses the new official SQLite WASM distribution.

Datasette creates a JSON API from a SQLite database, has an optional SQL query editor with canned queries, multi DB query support, docs; https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/sql_queries.html#cross-d... :

> SQLite has the ability to run queries that join across multiple databases. Up to ten databases can be attached to a single SQLite connection and queried together.

[+]

Teaching quantum physics in schools: Experts encourage focus on 2 state systems

ScholarlyArticle: "Design and evaluation of a questionnaire to assess learners’ understanding of quantum measurement in different two-state contexts: The context matters" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevPhysE...

"Making quantum physics easier to digest in schools: Experts encourage focus on two-state systems" https://phys.org/news/2024-11-quantum-physics-easier-digest-...

[-]

Tunable ultrasound propagation in microscale metamaterials

[+]
[+]

Aren't there additive manufacturing 3d printers that project a hologram to cause the fluidic printing medium to cure the layer of material drawn out of the solution?

[-]

Robot Jailbreak: Researchers Trick Bots into Dangerous Tasks

[+]

Anything that's fast, heavy, sharp, abrasive, hot, high voltage, controls a battery charger, keeps people alive, auto-fires, flys above our heads and around eyes, breakable plastic, spinning fast, interacts with children, persons with disabilities, the elderly and/or the infirm.

If kids can't push it over or otherwise disable it, and there is a risk of exploitation of a new or known vulnerability [of LLMs in general], what are the risks and what should the liability structure be? Do victims have to pay an attorney to sue, or does the state request restitution for the victim in conjunction with criminal prosecution? How do persons prove that chucky bot was compromised at the time of the offense?

[-]

SQLite: Outlandish Recursive Query Examples

Firefox bookmarks have nested folders in an arbitrary depth tree, so a recursive CTE might be faster; https://www.google.com/search?q=Firefox+bookmarks+%22CTE%22

(Edit) "Bug 1452376 - Replace GetDescendantFolders with a recursive subquery" https://hg.mozilla.org/integration/autoland/rev/827cc04dacce

"Recursive Queries Using Common Table Expressions" https://gist.github.com/jbrown123/b65004fd4e8327748b650c7738...

[+]

There are at least five ways to store a tree in PostgreSQL, for example: adjacency list, nested sets like MPTT Modified Preorder Tree Traversal, nested intervals, Materialized Paths, ltree, JSON

E.g. django-mptt : https://github.com/django-mptt/django-mptt/blob/main/mptt/mo... :

  indexed_attrs = (mptt_meta.tree_id_attr,)
  field_names = (
    mptt_meta.left_attr,
    mptt_meta.right_attr,
    mptt_meta.tree_id_attr,
    mptt_meta.level_attr, )
Nested set model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_set_model :

> The nested interval model stores the position of the nodes as rational numbers expressed as quotients (n/d).

[-]

Scientists discover laser light can cast a shadow

[+]
[+]

Additional evidence of photons interacting despite common belief, though:

"Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5315

Photons affect mass by causing phonons, which affects scattering and re-emission; so thereby photons interact with photons through light-matter photon-phonon interactions.

From the article:

> Absorption of the green laser heats the cube, which changes the phonon population and lattice spacing and, in turn, the opacity.

/? are photons really massless: https://www.google.com/search?q=are+photons+really+massless

Y: because otherwise E=mc^2 is wrong

N: because it's never been proven that photons are massless

N: because photons are affected by black holes' massful gravitational attraction, and/or magnetic fields

N: because "solar wind" and "radiation pressure" cause displacement

If photons are slightly massful, then coherent light photons would draw together over long distances; thus they interact.

"Light and gravitational waves don't arrive simultaneously" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38061551

"Physicists discover that gravity can create light" https://phys.org/news/2023-04-physicists-gravity.html https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35633291

[-]

Async Django in Production

[+]
[+]

From "Asyncio, twisted, tornado, gevent walk into a bar" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37227567 :

> IIRC the history of the async things in TLA in order: Twisted (callbacks), Eventlet (for Second Life by Linden Labs), tornado, gevent; gunicorn, Python 3.5+ asyncio, [uvicorn,]

Async/await > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Async/await

[-]

Ubitium is developing 'universal' processor combining CPU, GPU, DSP, and FPGA

[+]

From "Universal AI RISC-V processor does it all — CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA" (2024) https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/universal-ai-risc-v-processo... :

> For over half a century, general-purpose processors have been built on the Tomasulo algorithm, developed by IBM engineer Robert Tomasulo in 1967. It’s a $500B industry built on specialised CPU, GPU and other chips for different computing tasks. Hardware startup Ubitium has shattered this paradigm with a breakthrough universal RISC-V processor that handles all computing workloads on a single, efficient chip — unlocking simpler, smarter, and more cost-effective devices across industries — while revolutionizing a 57-year-old industry standard.

Tomasulo's algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm

Intel, AMD, ARM, X-Silicon’s C-GPU RISC architecture, and Cerebras' on-chip SRAM architecture and are all Tomasulo algorithm OOO Out-of-Order execution processor architectures FWIU

[-]

The case for open source solutions in HIPAA

From the article: https://allthingsopen.org/articles/the-case-for-open-source-... :

> currently keeping client journal entries with Apple Pages

Those are "unstructured notes" in medical informatics or health informatics.

Health informatics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics

For the medical dictation to transcription to unstructured notes workflow,

OpenAI Whisper is free but not open source, and it hallucinates; https://www.wired.com/story/hospitals-ai-transcription-tools...

Perhaps dictation to unstructured text to chart form fields is the clinical workflow that needs optimization.

Which chart form fields work with other physicians' tools too?

FHIR is an open spec: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Healthcare_Interoperabili... :

> FHIR builds on previous data format standards from HL7, like HL7 version 2.x and HL7 version 3.x. But it is easier to implement because it uses a modern web-based suite of API technology, including a HTTP-based RESTful protocol, and a choice of JSON [JSON-LD], XML or RDF for data representation.[1] One of its goals is to facilitate interoperability between legacy health care systems, to make it easy to provide health care information to health care providers and individuals on a wide variety of devices from computers to tablets to cell phones, and to allow third-party application developers to provide medical applications which can be easily integrated into existing systems. [2]

> FHIR provides an alternative to document-centric approaches by directly exposing discrete data elements as services. For example, basic elements of healthcare like patients, admissions, diagnostic reports and medications can each be retrieved and manipulated via their own resource URLs.

FHIR spec: https://build.fhir.org/

Which EHRs / EMRs support FHIR?

FHIR / Open Source Implementations: https://confluence.hl7.org/display/FHIR/Open+Source+Implemen...

FHIR / Public Test Servers: https://confluence.hl7.org/display/FHIR/Public+Test+Servers

/? awesome clinical open source: https://www.google.com/search?q=awesome+clinical+open+source

> Perhaps dictation to unstructured text to chart form fields is the clinical workflow that needs optimization.

Medical annotation, Terminology Server, NER: Named Entity Recognition, WSD: Word-sense Disambiguation, AI Summarization, look up and pre-fill the correct forms and form fields in the chart (according to the unstructured notes), Medical Coding

Clinical coding or Medical coding: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_coder

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38739890#38744177 re: Linked Data in heath informatics:

> Yeah, so it's at that workflow where they're not getting linked data edges out of their own unstructured data input.

[-]

Show HN: I made an ls alternative for my personal use

[+]
[+]

  $ man ls | grep '\--hyperlink' -A 1
  --hyperlink[=WHEN]
         hyperlink file names WHEN

[-]

NASA: Mystery of Life's Handedness Deepens

From "Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41873531 :

> ScholarlyArticle: "Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49689-w

>> Could this be used as an engine of some kind?

> What about helical polarization?

If there is locomotion due to a dynamic between handed molecules and, say, helically polarized fields; is such handedness a survival selector for life in deep space?

Are chiral molecules more likely to land on earth?

> "Chiral Colloidal Molecules And Observation of The Propeller Effect" https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856768/

> Sugar molecules are asymmetrical / handed, per 3blue1brown and Steve Mould. /? https://www.google.com/search?q=Sugar+molecules+are+asymmetr... https://www.google.com/search?q=Sugar+molecules+are+asymmetr...

> Is there a way to get to get the molecular propeller effect and thereby molecular locomotion, with molecules that contain sugar and a rotating field or a rotating molecule within a field?

Though, a new and plausible terrestrial origin of life hypothesis:

Methane + Gamma radiation => Guanine && Earth thunderstorms => Gamma Radiation https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42131762#42157208 :

> A terrestrial life origin hypothesis: gamma radiation mutated methane (CH4) into Glycine (the G in ACGT) and then DNA and RNA.

Hybrid VQE photonic qudits for accurate QC without error-correction techniques

From OT TA NewsArticle: "Photon qubits challenge AI, enabling more accurate quantum computing without error-correction techniques" https://phys.org/news/2024-11-photon-qubits-ai-enabling-accu... :

> VQE is a hybrid algorithm designed to use a Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) and a Classical Processing Unit (CPU) together to perform faster computations.

> Global research teams, including IBM and Google, are investigating it in a variety of quantum systems, including superconducting and trapped-ion systems. However, qubit-based VQE is currently only implemented up to 2 qubits in photonic systems and 12 qubits in superconducting systems, and is challenged by error issues that make it difficult to scale when more qubits and complex computations are required. [...]

> In this study, a qudit was implemented by the orbital angular momentum state of a single-photon, and dimensional expansion was possible by adjusting the phase of a photon through holographic images. This allowed for high-dimensional calculations without complex quantum gates, reducing errors.

ScholarlyArticle: "Qudit-based variational quantum eigensolver using photonic orbital angular momentum states" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado3472

> In this study, a qudit was implemented by the orbital angular momentum state of a single-photon, and dimensional expansion was possible by adjusting the phase of a photon through holographic images

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40281756 .. from "Physicists use a 350-year-old theorem to reveal new properties of light waves" (2023) https://phys.org/news/2023-08-physicists-year-old-theorem-re... :

> This means that hard-to-measure optical properties such as amplitudes, phases and correlations—perhaps even these of quantum wave systems—can be deduced from something a lot easier to measure: light intensity.

> [..] Qian's team interpreted the intensity of a light as the equivalent of a physical object's mass, then mapped those measurements onto a coordinate system that could be interpreted using Huygens' mechanical theorem. "Essentially, we found a way to translate an optical system so we could visualize it as a mechanical system, then describe it using well-established physical equations," explained Qian.

> Once the team visualized a light wave as part of a mechanical system, new connections between the wave's properties immediately became apparent—including the fact that entanglement and polarization stood in a clear relationship with one another.

Shouldn't that make holography and photonic phase sensors and light field cameras possible with existing photographic intensity sensors?

"Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev...

VQE: Variational Quantum Eigensolver: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_quantum_eigensolve... :

> Given a guess or ansatz, the quantum processor calculates the expectation value of the system with respect to an observable, often the Hamiltonian, and a classical optimizer is used to improve the guess. The algorithm is based on the variational method of quantum mechanics. [...] It is an example of a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithm

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42030319 :

> "Learning quantum Hamiltonians at any temperature in polynomial time" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02243 re: the "relaxation technique" .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396171

>> We fully resolve this problem, giving a polynomial time algorithm for learning H to precision ϵ from polynomially many copies of the Gibbs state at any constant β>0.

>> Our main technical contribution is a new flat polynomial approximation to the exponential function, and a translation between multi-variate scalar polynomials and nested commutators. This enables us to formulate Hamiltonian learning as a polynomial system. We then show that solving a low-degree sum-of-squares relaxation of this polynomial system suffices to accurately learn the Hamiltonian.

Relaxation (iterative method) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_(iterative_method)

[-]

Linux 6.13 will report the number of hung tasks since boot

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torvalds/linux//kernel/hung_task.c :

static void check_hung_task(struct task_struct *t, unsigned long timeout) https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/9f16d5e6f220661f73b36...

static void check_hung_uninterruptible_tasks(unsigned long timeout) https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/9f16d5e6f220661f73b36...

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Your and the Llama's explanations would make good comments for the source and/or the docs if true.

[-]

Show HN: Llama 3.2 Interpretability with Sparse Autoencoders

I spent a lot of time and money on this rather big side project of mine that attempts to replicate the mechanistic interpretability research on proprietary LLMs that was quite popular this year and produced great research papers by Anthropic [1], OpenAI [2] and Deepmind [3].

I am quite proud of this project and since I consider myself the target audience for HackerNews did I think that maybe some of you would appreciate this open research replication as well. Happy to answer any questions or face any feedback.

Cheers

[1] https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/scaling-monosemanticit...

[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.04093

[3] https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05147

The relative performance in err/watts/time compared to deep learning for feature selection instead of principal component analysis and standard xgboost or tabular xt TODO for optimization given the indicating features.

XAI: Explainable AI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelli...

/? XAI , #XAI , Explain, EXPLAIN PLAN , error/energy/time

From "Interpretable graph neural networks for tabular data" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37269881 :

> TabPFN: https://github.com/automl/TabPFN .. https://x.com/FrankRHutter/status/1583410845307977733 [2022]

"TabPFN: A Transformer That Solves Small Tabular Classification Problems in a Second" (2022) https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08945

> FWIU TabPFN is Bayesian-calibrated/trained with better performance than xgboost for non-categorical data

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34619013 :

> /? awesome "explainable ai" https://www.google.com/search?q=awesome+%22explainable+ai%22

- (Many other great resources)

- https://github.com/neomatrix369/awesome-ai-ml-dl/blob/master... :

> Post model-creation analysis, ML interpretation/explainability

> /? awesome "explainable ai" "XAI"

"A Survey of Privacy-Preserving Model Explanations: Awesome Privacy-Preserving Explainable AI" https://awesome-privex.github.io/

[-]

Show HN: We open-sourced our compost monitoring tech

I'm from a compost tech startup (Monty Compost Co.) focused on making composting more efficient for households and industrial facilities. But our tech isn’t just for composting— it’s a versatile system that can be repurposed for a wide range of applications. So, we’ve made it open source for anyone to experiment with!

One of the exciting things about our open-source compost monitoring tech is its flexibility. You can connect it to platforms like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, or other single-board computers to expand its capabilities or integrate it into your own projects.

Our system includes sensors for: * Gas composition * Temperature * Moisture levels * Air pressure

All data can be exported as CSV files for analysis. While it’s originally built for monitoring compost, the hardware and data capabilities are versatile and could be repurposed for other applications (IoT, environmental monitoring, etc.)

Hacker’s Guide to Monty Tech: https://github.com/gtls64/MontyHome-Hackers-Guide

If you’re into data, sensors, or creative tech hacks, we’d love for you to check it out and let us know what you build!

collectd is an open source monitoring system which can record to e.g. RRD flat files or SQLite and can forward collected metrics to SIEM-like monitoring and charting and anomaly detection apps like Grafana or InfluxDB.

Nagios has "state flaping detection" to prevent spurious notifications.

collectd-python-plugins includes Python scripts for monitoring humidity and temp with i2c sensors and Python: https://github.com/dbrgn/collectd-python-plugins

There are LoraWAN soil moisture sensors, but they require batteries or an in-field charging method

"Satellite images of plants' fluorescence can predict crop yields" (2024)

"Sensor-Free Soil Moisture Sensing Using LoRa Signals (2022)" https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3534608 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/context?id=40234912

/? open source soil moisture sensor: https://www.google.com/search?q=open+source+soil+moisture+se...

[+]

Can your sensor product feed data to open source software for hobbyist and professional agriculture?

I set up FarmOS in a container once; the PWA approach to the offline mobile app was cool but I guess I wasn't that committed to manual data collection or hobbyist gardening.

Are there open standards to support architectural sensor data?

Where is the identifier on the sensor? How does the user scan the visually-confirmable sensor barcode or QR code or similar and associate that with a garden bed or a container?

How does it notify of low battery status; is there a voltage reading to predict the out of battery condition?

Is there a configurable polling interval?

How do I find a sensor unit with a dead battery; is there a low-power chirp, or do I need a metal detector or very directional wireless sensors and triangulation or trilateration?

Are there nooks and crannies in the casing?

How to replace the battery?

Can they be made out of compostable materials? E.g. carbon with existing nanofabrication capabilities

After Single Walled Twisted Carbon Nanotube batteries which are unfortunately still only in the lab, and more practically Sodium Ion, which batteries can safely be discarded or recycled in the agricultural field?

LoRaWAN may be more economical than multiple directional long range WiFi antenna like can be found on YouTube. https://youtu.be/GWq6L94ImX8

Notes on LoRa and OpenWRT, which also supports rtl-sdr, BATMAN wifi mesh networking, and (dual) Mini PCIe 4G radios: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22735933

[+]
[-]

Show HN: Retry a command with exponential backoff and jitter (+ Starlark exprs)

[+]
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There's not yet a Python implementation of Starlark (which, like Bazel, is a fork of Skylark FWIU)?

All that have tried to sandbox Python with Python have failed. E.g. RestrictedPython and RPython

[+]

Bazel is an open source rewrite of Blaze (which introduced Skylark)

[+]

Systemd does exponential retry but IDK about jitter?

A systemd unit file with RestartMaxDelaySec= for exponential back off:

  [Unit]
  Description="test exponential retry"
  
  [Service]
  ExecStart=-/bin/sh -c "date -Is"
  Type=simple
  Restart=on-failure
  RestartSec=60ms
  RestartMaxDelaySec=¶
  RestartSteps=
  
  # StartLimitBurst=2
  # StartLimitIntervalSec=30
  
  # OnFailure=
   
  # TimeoutStartSec=
  # TimeoutStartFailureMode=
   
  # WatchdogSec=
   
  # RestartPreventExitStatus=
  # RestartForceExitStatus=
  
  # OOMPolicy=
   
  [Install]
  WantedBy=default.target
  
man systemd.service https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/syst...

man systemd.unit https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/syst...

man systemd.resource-control https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/syst...

man systemd.service > "Table 1. Exit causes and the effect of the Restart= settings" https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/syst...

"RFE: Exponentially increasing RestartSec=" https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/6129#issuecomment-...

"core: add RestartSteps= and RestartSecMax= to dynamically increase interval between auto restarts" https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/26902

> RestartSteps= accepts a positive integer as the number of steps to take to increase the interval between auto-restarts from RestartSec= to RestartMaxDelaySec=

/? RestartMaxDelaySec https://www.google.com/search?q=RestartMaxDelaySec

Is this where to add jitter?

"core/service: make restart delay increase more smoothly" https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/28266/files

[-]

Show HN: Physically accurate black hole simulation using your iPhone camera

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"static" is "Shwarzchild without rotation"?

Do black holes have hair?

Where is the Hawking radiation in these models? Does it diffuse through the boundary and the outer system?

What about black hole jets?

What about vortices? With Gross-Pitaevskii and SQR Superfluid Quantum Relativity

https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/ Ctrl-F Fedi , Bernoulli, Gross-Pitaevskii:

> "Gravity as a fluid dynamic phenomenon in a superfluid quantum space. Fluid quantum gravity and relativity." (2015) https://hal.science/hal-01248015/ :

> FWIU: also rejects a hard singularity boundary, describes curl and vorticity in fluids (with Gross-Pitaevskii,), and rejects antimatter.

Actual observations of black holes;

"This image shows the observed image of M87's black hole (left) the simulation obtained with a General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics model, blurred to the resolution of the Event Horizon Telescope [...]" https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/bd59mp/this_image_sh...

"Stars orbiting the black hole at the heart of the Milky Way" ESO. https://youtube.com/watch?v=TF8THY5spmo&

"Motion of stars around Sagittarius A*" Keck/UCLA. https://youtube.com/shorts/A2jcVusR54E

/? M87a time lapse

/? Sagittarius A time lapse

/? black hole vortex dynamics

"Cosmic Simulation Reveals How Black Holes Grow and Evolve" (2024) https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/cosmic-simulation-reveals...

"FORGE’d in FIRE: Resolving the End of Star Formation and Structure of AGN Accretion Disks from Cosmological Initial Conditions" (2024) https://astro.theoj.org/article/94757-forge-d-in-fire-resolv...

STARFORGE

GIZMO: http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~phopkins/Site/GIZMO.html .. MPI+OpenMP .. Src: https://github.com/pfhopkins/gizmo-public :

> This is GIZMO: a flexible, multi-method multi-physics code. The code solves the fluid using Lagrangian mesh-free finite-volume Godunov methods (or SPH, or fixed-grid Eulerian methods), and self-gravity with fast hybrid PM-Tree methods and fully-adaptive resolution. Other physics include: magnetic fields (ideal and non-ideal), radiation-hydrodynamics, anisotropic conduction and viscosity, sub-grid turbulent diffusion, radiative cooling, cosmological integration, sink particles, dust-gas mixtures, cosmic rays, degenerate equations of state, galaxy/star/black hole formation and feedback, self-interacting and scalar-field dark matter, on-the-fly structure finding, and more.

[-]

Webvm: Virtual Machine for the Web

/? "webvm" jupyter: https://www.google.com/search?q=%22webvm%22+jupyter

- "Is WebVM a potential solution to "JupyterLite doesn't have a bash/zsh shell"?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30167403#30168491 :

- [ ] "ENH: Terminal and Shell: BusyBox, bash/zsh, git; WebVM," https://github.com/jupyterlite/jupyterlite/issues/949

And then now WASM containers in the browser FWIU

[-]

Convolutional Differentiable Logic Gate Networks

The Solvay-Kitaev algorithm for quantum logical circuit construction in context to "Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing" (2024): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42155909#42157508

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37379123 :

Quantum logic gate > Universal quantum gates: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate#Universal_q... :

> Some universal quantum gate sets include:

> - The rotation operators Rx(θ), Ry(θ), Rz(θ), the phase shift gate P(φ)[c] and CNOT are commonly used to form a universal quantum gate set.

> - The Clifford set {CNOT, H, S} + T gate. The Clifford set alone is not a universal quantum gate set, as it can be efficiently simulated classically according to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.

> - The Toffoli gate + Hadamard gate. ; [[CCNOT,CCX,TOFF], H]

> - [The Deutsch Gate]

"Convolutional Differentiable Logic Gate Networks" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04732 :

> With the increasing inference cost of machine learning models, there is a growing interest in models with fast and efficient inference. Recently, an approach for learning logic gate networks directly via a differentiable relaxation was proposed. Logic gate networks are faster than conventional neural network approaches because their inference only requires logic gate operators such as NAND, OR, and XOR, which are the underlying building blocks of current hardware and can be efficiently executed. We build on this idea, extending it by deep logic gate tree convolutions, logical OR pooling, and residual initializations. This allows scaling logic gate networks up by over one order of magnitude and utilizing the paradigm of convolution. On CIFAR-10, we achieve an accuracy of 86.29% using only 61 million logic gates, which improves over the SOTA while being 29x smaller.

[-]

Matching patients to clinical trials with large language models

"Matching Patients to Clinical Trials with Large Language Models" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15051

Src: https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/TrialGPT

NewsArticle: "NIH-developed AI algorithm matches potential volunteers to clinical trials" (2024) https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-developed-... :

> Such an algorithm may save clinicians time and accelerate clinical enrollment and research [...]

> A study published in Nature Communications found that the AI algorithm, called TrialGPT, could successfully identify relevant clinical trials for which a person is eligible and provide a summary that clearly explains how that person meets the criteria for study enrollment. The researchers concluded that this tool could help clinicians navigate the vast and ever-changing range of clinical trials available to their patients, which may lead to improved clinical trial enrollment and faster progress in medical research.

[-]

Voyager 1 breaks its silence with NASA via radio transmitter not used since 1981

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Could Voyager have reduced velocity, glanced off Neptune, waited for the return path on a narrow elliptical orbit, and then boosted to effectively make the 90° turn to Pluto at that time? Was that impossible given its Neptune approach trajectory, or would glancing off and waiting have been more fuel?

And, why didn't this vortical model that includes the forward velocity of the sun make a difference for Voyager's orbital trajectory and current position relative to earth? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42159195 :

> "The helical model - our solar system is a vortex" https://youtube.com/watch?v=0jHsq36_NTU

[+]

Is it possible to focus on a reflection on the Voyager spacecraft; or how aren't communications ever affected by lack of line of sight?

So there was no way to flip around and counter-thrust due to the velocity by that point in Voyager's trajectory (without a gravitationally-assisted slowdown or waiting for planetary orbits to align the same or in a feasible way)

FWICS; /? spirograph ... "Hypotrochoid" ... Hypotrochoid orbit

Aren't there hypotrochoid orbits to accelerate and decelerate using planetary gravity; gravity assist

Gravity assist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist

- https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/10021/how-are-grav... :

> How can I intuitively understand gravity assists?:

> Aim closer to the planet for a lower pass for a greater change in direction (and velocity from an external frame of reference), farther from the planet for a smaller change; aim ahead of the planet for a slower resulting external velocity, behind for a higher velocity: gravity assist guide (image from this KSP tutorial)

- Vindication! KSP is what I probably would have used to answer questions like this; though KSP2 doesn't work in Proton-GE on Steam on Linux and they've since disbanded / adjourned the KSP2 team fwiu.

- JPL SPICE toolkit: https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/toolkit.html

- SpiceyPy; src: https://github.com/AndrewAnnex/SpiceyPy docs: https://spiceypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

- SpiceyPy docs > Lessons: https://spiceypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/lessonindex.html :

- > various SPICE lessons provided by the NAIF translated to use python code examples

TY for the explanation.

Hopefully cost effective solar sails are feasible.

FWIU SQR Superfluid Quantum Relativity doesn't matter for satellites at Earth-Sun Lagrangian points either; but, at Lagrangian points, don't they have to use thrust to rotate to account for the gravitational 'wind' due to additional local masses in the (probably vortical) n-body attractor system?

[-]

Bpftune uses BPF to auto-tune Linux systems

[+]
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In the existing issue, we can link to the code and docs that would need to be understood and changed:

usage, main() https://github.com/oracle/bpftune/blob/6a50f5ff619caeea6f04d...

- [ ] CLI opts: --pretend-allow <tuner> or --log-only-allow <tuner> or [...]

Probably relevant function headers in libbpftune.c:

bpftune_sysctl_write(

bpftuner_tunable_sysctl_write(

bpftune_module_load(

static void bpftuner_scenario_log(struct bpftuner *tuner, unsigned int tunable, ; https://github.com/oracle/bpftune/blob/6a50f5ff619caeea6f04d... https://github.com/oracle/bpftune/blob/6a50f5ff619caeea6f04d...

Here's that, though this is dnvted to -1? https://github.com/oracle/bpftune/issues/99#issuecomment-248...

Ideally this tool could passively monitor and recommend instead of changing settings in production which could lead to loss of availability by feedback failure; -R / --rollback actively changes settings, which could be queued or logged as idk json or json-ld messages.

[-]

Transistor for fuzzy logic hardware: promise for better edge computing

I've heard it said that, we could do quantum computational operations with analog electronic components except for the variance in component quality.

How do these fuzzy logic electronic components overcome the same challenges as analog electronic quantum computing?

The article describes performance on a visual CNN Convolutional Neural Network ML task.

Is quantum logic the only sufficient logic to describe systems with phase?

What is most production cost and operating cost efficient at this or similar ML tasks?

For reference, from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41322088 re: "A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-024-01211-2 :

> The TPU is constructed with a systolic array architecture that allows parallel 2 bit integer multiply–accumulate operations. A five-layer convolutional neural network based on the TPU can perform MNIST image recognition with an accuracy of up to 88% for a power consumption of 295 µW. We use an optimized nanotube fabrication process [...] 1 TOPS/W/s

ScholarlyArticle: "A van der Waals interfacial junction transistor for reconfigurable fuzzy logic hardware" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-024-01256-3

[-]

Two galaxies aligned in a way where their gravity acts as a compound lens

wglb | 2024-11-16 11:48:33 | 271 | # | ^
[+]
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To zoom into a reflection on a lens or a water droplet?

From "Hear the sounds of Earth's magnetic field from 41,000 years ago" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42010159 :

> [ Redshift, Doppler effect, ]

> to recall Earth's magnetic field from 41,000 years ago with such a method would presumably require a reflection (41,000/2 = 20,500) light years away

To see Earth in a reflection, though

Age of the Earth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Earth :

> 4.54 × 10^9 years ± 1%

"J1721+8842: The first Einstein zig-zag lens" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04177v1

What is the distance to the centroid of the (possibly vortical ?) lens effect from Earth in light years?

/? J1721+8842 distance from Earth in light years

- https://www.iflscience.com/first-known-double-gravitational-... :

> The first lens is relatively close to the source, with a distance estimated at 10.2 billion light-years. What happens is that the quasar’s light is magnified and multiplied by this massive galaxy. Two of the images are deflected in the opposite direction as they reach the second lens, another massive galaxy. The path of the light is a zig-zag between the quasar, the first lens, and then the second one, which is just 2.3 billion light-years away

So, given a simplistic model with no relative motion between earth and the presumed constant location lens:

  Earth formation: 4.54b years ago
  2.3b * 2 = 4.6b years ago 
  10.2b * 2 = 20.4b years ago
Does it matter that our models of the solar systems typically omit that the sun is traveling through the universe (with the planets swirling now coplanarly and trailing behind), and would the relative motion of a black hole at the edge of our solar system change the paths between here and a distant reflector over time?

"The helical model - our solar system is a vortex" https://youtube.com/watch?v=0jHsq36_NTU

[-]

YC is wrong about LLMs for chip design

IDK about LLMs there either.

A non-LLM monte carlo AI approach: "Pushing the Limits of Machine Design: Automated CPU Design with AI" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.12456 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36565671

A useful target for whichever approach is most efficient at IP-feasible design:

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41322134 :

> "Ask HN: How much would it cost to build a RISC CPU out of carbon?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41153490

[-]

Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing

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Solvay-Kiteav theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovay%E2%80%93Kitaev_theorem

/? Solvay-Kiteav theorem Cirq QISkit: https://www.google.com/search?q=Solvay-Kiteav+theorem+cirq+q...

qiskit/transpiler/passes/synthesis/solovay_kitaev_synthesis.py: https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit/blob/main/qiskit/transpiler...

qiskit/synthesis/discrete_basis/solovay_kitaev.py: https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit/blob/stable/1.2/qiskit/synt...

SolovayKitaevDecomposition: https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.synthesis.Sol...

What are more current alternatives to the Solvay-Kiteav theorem for gate-based quantum computing?

[+]

Gamma rays convert CH4 to complex organic molecules, may explain origin of life

ScholarlyArticle: "γ-Ray Driven Aqueous-Phase Methane Conversions into Complex Molecules up to Glycine" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202413296 :

> Abstract: γ-Ray is capable of driving an aqueous-phase CH4+H2O+O2 conversion selectively into CH3COOH via ⋅CH3 and ⋅OH radical intermediates, and driving an aqueous-phase CH3COOH+NH3 conversion into NH2CH2COOH via ⋅CH2COOH and ⋅NH2 radical intermediates. Such γ-ray driven aqueous-phase methane conversions probably play an important role in the formation network of complex organic molecules in the universe, and provides a strategy to convert abundant CH4 into value-added products at mild conditions.

Glycine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine :

> Glycine (symbol Gly or G;) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable). Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). [8]

"Gamma radiation is produced in large tropical thunderstorms" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41726698 :

"Flickering gamma-ray flashes, the missing link between gamma glows and TGFs" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07893-0

A terrestrial life origin hypothesis: gamma radiation mutated methane (CH4) into Glycine (the G in ACGT) and then DNA and RNA.

Virtual black hole: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_black_hole ; "planck relics in the quantum foam"

Gamma ray: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray

How are gamma rays causally linked to virtual black holes or planck relics in the quantum foam?

And, is there Hawking radiation from virtual black holes, at what points in their lifecycle?

Window coating reflects heat to cool buildings by 40 degrees

"Neutral-Colored Transparent Radiative Cooler by Tailoring Solar Absorption with Punctured Bragg Reflectors" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202410613

Does this allow UV-C light through to sanitize indoors?

What is PMDS?

Can a transparent window coating that blocks infrared but not UV-C be made from starlite with similar methods, and what would be the production costs and relative sustainability?

[-]

Memories are not only in the brain, human cell study finds

[+]
[+]

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_i...

Methods of intergenerational transfer: DNA, RNA, bacteria, fungi, verbal latencies, explicit training

From https://x.com/westurner/status/1213675095513878528 :

> Does the fundamental limit of the amount of classical information encodable in the human genome (even with epigenetics & simultaneous encoding) imply a vast capacity for learning survival-beneficial patterns in very little time, with very few biasing priors?

> [Fundamental 'gbit' requirement 1: “No Simultaneous Encoding”:] if a gbit is used to perfectly encode one classical bit, it cannot simultaneously encode any further information. Two close variants of this are Zeilinger’s Principle (10) and Information Causality (11).

> Is there a proved presumption that genes only code in sequential combinations? Still overestimating the size of the powerset of all [totally-ordered] nonlocal combinations? Still trying to understand counterfactuals in re: constructor theory

Constructor theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_theory

(quantum) Counterfactuals reasoning: https://www.google.com/search?q=(quantum)+*Counterfactual*+r... :

> Counterfactual reasoning is the process of considering events that could have happened but didn't.

Counterfactual definiteness: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness

Quantum discord; there are multiple types of quantum entropy; entanglement and non-entanglement entropy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_discord

N-ary entanglement,

Collective unconscious > See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscious

FWIU memories are stored in the cortex and also in the hippocampus; "Brain found to store three copies of every memory" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41352124

... How do dogs know what not to eat in the wild?

[+]

Then how have any survived?

Observe the human response to dandelions; are they weeds or are they edible?

Do they have lobed leaves? What [neurons,] do mammals have to heuristically generalize according to visual and gustatory-olfactory features, and counterfactually which don't they have?

Or it's entirely learned, and then the coding for the substrate is still relevant

[+]

> developmental bioelectricity

Probably already aware of methods like:

- Tissue Nanotransfection : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_nanotransfection

- "Direct neuronal reprogramming by temporal identity factors" (2023) https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2122168120#abstract

... https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36912925

[-]

FrontierMath: A benchmark for evaluating advanced mathematical reasoning in AI

ScholarlyArticle: "FrontierMath: A Benchmark for Evaluating Advanced Mathematical Reasoning in AI" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04872 .. https://epochai.org/frontiermath/the-benchmark :

> [Not even 2%]

> Abstract: We introduce FrontierMath, a benchmark of hundreds of original, exceptionally challenging mathematics problems crafted and vetted by expert mathematicians. The questions cover most major branches of modern mathematics -- from computationally intensive problems in number theory and real analysis to abstract questions in algebraic geometry and category theory. Solving a typical problem requires multiple hours of effort from a researcher in the relevant branch of mathematics, and for the upper end questions, multiple days. FrontierMath uses new, unpublished problems and automated verification to reliably evaluate models while minimizing risk of data contamination. Current state-of-the-art AI models solve under 2% of problems, revealing a vast gap between AI capabilities and the prowess of the mathematical community. As AI systems advance toward expert-level mathematical abilities, FrontierMath offers a rigorous testbed that quantifies their progress.

Additional AI math benchmarks:

- "TheoremQA: A Theorem-driven [STEM] Question Answering dataset" (2023) https://github.com/TIGER-AI-Lab/TheoremQA

[-]

Rethinking Code Refinement: Learning to Judge Code Efficiency

Re: costed opcodes in BPF, eWASM (like EVM) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40475509 :

> Costed opcodes incentivize energy efficiency.

Aren't these all fitness scoring methods for what GA calls mutation, crossover, and selection?

And do the functions under test stably coverage on the same output even if not exactly functionally isomorphic? When are less costly approximate solutions sufficient?

Big O, Dynamic tracing and instrumentation, costed opcodes, OPS/kWHr/$

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41333249 :

> codefuse-ai/Awesome-Code-LLM > Analysis of AI-Generated Code, Benchmarks: https://github.com/codefuse-ai/Awesome-Code-LLM#6-analysis-o...

Superconductors at Room Temperature? UIC's Hydrides Could Make It Possible

NewsArticle: "Superconductors at Room Temperature? UIC’s Groundbreaking Materials Could Make It Possible" (2024) https://scitechdaily.com/superconductors-at-room-temperature...

ScholarlyArticle: "Designing multicomponent hydrides with potential high T_c superconductivity" (2024) https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2413096121 :

> Abstract: [...] First-principles searches are impeded by the computational complexity of solving the Eliashberg equations for large, complex crystal structures. Here, we adopt a simplified approach using electronic indicators previously established to be correlated with superconductivity in hydrides. This is used to study complex hydride structures, which are predicted to exhibit promisingly high critical temperatures for superconductivity. In particular, we propose three classes of hydrides inspired by the Fm3m RH_3 structures that exhibit strong hydrogen network connectivity, as defined through the electron localization function. [...] These design principles and associated model structures provide flexibility to optimize both Tc and the structural stability of complex hydrides.

Confinement in the Transverse Field Ising Model on the Heavy Hex Lattice

"Confinement in the Transverse Field Ising model on the Heavy Hex lattice" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... :

> Abstract: Inspired by a recent quantum computing experiment [Y. Kim et al., Nature (London), 618, 500–5 (2023)], we study the emergence of confinement in the transverse field Ising model on a decorated hexagonal lattice. Using an infinite tensor network state optimized with belief propagation we show how a quench from a broken symmetry state leads to striking nonthermal behavior underpinned by persistent oscillations and saturation of the entanglement entropy. We explain this phenomenon by constructing a minimal model based on the confinement of elementary excitations. Our model is in excellent agreement with our numerical results. For quenches to larger values of the transverse field and/or from nonsymmetry broken states, our numerical results display the expected signatures of thermalization: a linear growth of entanglement entropy in time, propagation of correlations, and the saturation of observables to their thermal averages. These results provide a physical explanation for the unexpected classical simulability of the quantum dynamics.

"Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance" (2023) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06096-3 :

> Abstract: [...] In the regime of strong entanglement, the quantum computer provides correct results for which leading classical approximations such as pure-state-based 1D (matrix product states, MPS) and 2D (isometric tensor network states, isoTNS) tensor network methods [2,3] break down. These experiments demonstrate a foundational tool for the realization of near-term quantum applications [4,5]

NewsArticle: "Computers Find Impossible Solution, Beating Quantum Tech at Own Game" (2024) https://www.sciencealert.com/computers-find-impossible-solut... :

> As successful as that test was, follow-up experiments have shown classical computers can do it too.

> According to the Flatiron Institute's Joseph Tindall and Dries Sels, this is possible because of a behavior called confinement, in which extremely stable states appear in the interconnected chaos of undecided particle properties, giving a classical computer something it can model.

Ask HN: Similar to the FoxDot live coding Pattern object?

FoxDot is an open source music live coding environment written in Python on SuperCollider.

FoxDot has a Pattern object for musical composition that has neat broadcasting rules for [musical] sequences. Are there similar or similarly-concise pattern objects in other languages or projects?

FoxDot pattern object docs: https://foxdot.org/docs/pattern-basics/

> FoxDot has a Pattern object for musical composition that has neat broadcasting rules for [musical] sequences. Are there similar or similarly-concise pattern objects in other languages or projects?

> FoxDot pattern object docs: https://foxdot.org/docs/pattern-basics/

FWIU the PitchGlitch fork of FoxDot is the most updated: https://gitlab.com/iShapeNoise/foxdot

[-]

Show HN: Draw.Audio – A musical sketchpad using the Web Audio API

[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36927473 :

> Neat. Can it zoom out instead of wrapping around

Is it a 2d convolution?

> scipy.ndimage.convolve / scipy.fftpack.dct

This would be a cool instrument in BespokeSynth

Quantum Picturalism: Learning Quantum Theory in High School

"Quantum Picturalism: Learning Quantum Theory in High School - Lia Yeh" ZX-calculus https://youtube.com/watch?v=Je2I-Z74p7k&

"Quantum Picturalism: Learning Quantum Theory in High School" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03653 :

> Abstract: Quantum theory is often regarded as challenging to learn and teach, with advanced mathematical prerequisites ranging from complex numbers and probability theory to matrix multiplication, vector space algebra and symbolic manipulation within the Hilbert space formalism. It is traditionally considered an advanced undergraduate or graduate-level subject. In this work, we challenge the conventional view by proposing "Quantum Picturalism" as a new approach to teaching the fundamental concepts of quantum theory and computation. We establish the foundations and methodology for an ongoing educational experiment to investigate the question "From what age can students learn quantum theory if taught using a diagrammatic approach?". We anticipate that the primary benefit of leveraging such a diagrammatic approach, which is conceptually intuitive yet mathematically rigorous, will be eliminating some of the most daunting barriers to teaching and learning this subject while enabling young learners to reason proficiently about high-level problems. We posit that transitioning from symbolic presentations to pictorial ones will increase the appeal of STEM education, attracting more diverse audience.

Q12, QIS

ZX-calculus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX-calculus :

> Generators: The building blocks or generators of the ZX-calculus are graphical representations of specific states, unitary operators, linear isometries, and projections in the computational basis |0⟩, |1⟩ and the Hadamard-transformed basis

[+]

It could be an elective if it teaches its own prereqs, right?

Why not code instead?

OTOH a QIS learning sequence:

QuantumQ open source circuit puzzle game with no intro at all because amoebas, Cirq (SymPy) and QISkit tutorials with Python syntax, tequila abstractions and expectation values, and The Qubit Game to respect it the QC platform (though that's getting better all the times)

QuantumQ: https://github.com/ray-pH/quantumQ

Quantum logic gate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate

Exercise: Implement a QuantumQ circuit puzzle level with Cirq or QISkit in a Jupyter notebook

[-]

DB48X: High Performance Scientific Calculator, Reinvented

Could this run on a TI or a NumWorks calculator?

RPN: Reverse Polish Notation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation

RPL: Reverse Polish LISP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)

[+]

JupyterLite includes SymPy CAS, Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy in WASM (Pyodide) in a browser tab; but it's not yet easy to save notebooks to git or gdrive out of the JupyterLite build. awesome-jupyter > Hosted notebooks; Cocalc, BinderHub, G Colab, ml-tooling/best-of-jupyter

It's also possible to install JupyterLab etc on Android with termux: `pkg install proot gitea python; pip install jupyterlab pandas` iirc

But that doesn't limit the user to a non-QWERTY A-Z keyboard for the College Board.

jupyter notebooks can be (partially auto-) graded in containers with Otter-Grader or nbgrader; and there's nbgitpuller or jupyterlab-git for revision control or source control in (applied) mathematics

[-]

The BPF instruction set architecture is now RFC 9669

[+]

And there's wasm-bpf: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/wasm-bpf#how-it-works

But should (browser) WASM processes cross the kernel boundary for BPF performance?

FWIW EVM/eWASM opcodes have a cost in gas/particles.

Do you think that BPF opcodes should be costed, too? Why or why not?

[+]

Costing instructions leads to efficiency metrics, which makes it possible to incentivize efficiency.

BPF instructions could also each have an abstract relative cost with or without real value.

BPF in WASM (unfortunately without the kernel performance advantages or possible side channels) or the fwiu now-defunct eWASM might be an easier place to test the value of costed opcodes.

The [e]BPF verifier does not yet rewrite according to opcode costs of candidate programs.

"A look inside the BPF verifier [lwn]" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41135478

[-]

Physicists spot quantum tornadoes twirling in a ‘supersolid’

[+]

"Observation of vortices in a dipolar supersolid" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.18510

- "Topological gauge theory of vortices in type-III superconductors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41803662

- "Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj2167 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40360691 ( https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41442489 )

- Aren't there electron vortices in rhombohedral trilayer graphene? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40919385

- And isn't edge current chirality vortical, too? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41765192

> isn't edge current chirality vortical, too?

- /? valley vortex edge modes chiral: https://www.google.com/search?q=Valley+vortex+edge+modes+chi...

- "Active particle manipulation with valley vortex phononic crystal" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03759... :

> The valley vortex state presents an emerging domain in condensed matter physics. As a new information carrier with orbital angular momentum, it demonstrates remarkable ability for reliable, non-contact particle manipulation. In this paper, an acoustic system is constructed to exhibit the acoustic valley state, and traps particles using acoustic radiation force generated by the acoustic valley. Considering temperature effect on the acoustic system, the band structures for temperature fluctuations are discussed. An active controlled method for manipulating particle movement is proposed. Numerical simulations confirm that the particles can be captured by acoustic valley state, and can be repositioned through alterations in temperature, while maintaining a constant excitation frequency.

2D neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of seq in working memory

ScholarlyArticle: "Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02047-8

What about representational drift; are the observed structures of the learned sequences stable over space and time?

From "Discovery of Memory "Glue" Explains Lifelong Recall: KIBRA Protein, PKMzeta" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41921715 :

> "Representational drift: Emerging theories for continual learning and experimental future directions" (2022) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095943882... :

>> Recent work has revealed that the neural activity patterns correlated with sensation, cognition, and action often are not stable and instead undergo large scale changes over days and weeks—a phenomenon called representational drift

[-]

Genetic repair via CRISPR can inadvertently introduce other defects

ScholarlyArticle: "Gene editing of NCF1 loci is associated with homologous recombination and chromosomal rearrangements" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06959-z

Does it matter which CRISPR or CRISPR-like method is applied; or is there in general a dynamic response to gene editing in DNA/RNA?

[+]

> Here we evaluated diverse corrective CRISPR-based editing approaches that target the ΔGT mutation in NCF1, with the goal of evaluating post-editing genomic outcomes. These approaches include Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) repair templates [11,12], dead Cas9 (dCas9) shielding of NCF113, multiplex single-strand nicks using Cas9 nickase (nCas9) [14,15], or staggered double-strand breaks (DSBs) using Cas12a16.

- "A NICER approach to genome editing with less mutations than CRISPR" (2023) [cas13d] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37698196 :

"Prediction of on-target and off-target activity of CRISPR–Cas13d guide RNAs using deep learning" (2023) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-023-01830-8

[-]

Defibrillation devices save lives using 1k times less electricity

wglb | 2024-11-05 21:54:44 | 114 | # | ^
[+]

"New defib placement increases chance of surviving heart attack by 264%" (2024) https://newatlas.com/medical/defibrillator-pads-anterior-pos... :

> Placing [AED,] defibrillator pads on the chest and back, rather than the usual method of putting two on the chest, increases the odds of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by more than two-and-a-half times, according to a new study.

"Initial Defibrillator Pad Position and Outcomes for Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest" (2024) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle...

[+]

The AED should measure the rhythms before applying defibrillation.

An emergency AED operator doesn't need to make that distinction (doesn't need to differentially diagnose a HA as a CA) , do they?

You just put the AED pads on the patient and push the button if they're having a heart attack.

(and stand clear such that you are not a conductor to the ground or between the pads)

[+]

One can certainly shock onesself with a battery-powered car starter jump pack, particularly if one is a conductor to the ground or the circuit connects through the heart (which it sounds like anterior-posterior helps with).

Potential Energy charge in a battery wants to return to the ground just the same.

[+]

I don't think that electron identity is relevant to whether there's e.g. arc discharge between + and - charges of sufficient strength?

Connecting just 1.5V AA battery contacts with steel wool causes fire. But doesn't just connecting the positive terminal of a battery to the ground result in current, regardless of the negative terminal of the battery?

(FWIU that's basically why we're advised to wear a grounding strap when operating on electronics with or without discharged capacitors)

[+]
[-]

Evaluating the world model implicit in a generative model

[+]
[+]

Embodied cognition implies that we understand our world in terms of embodied metaphor "categories".

LLMs don't reason, they emulate. RLHF could cause an LLM to discard text that doesn't look like reasoning according to the words in the response, but that's still not reasoning or inference.

"LLMs cannot find reasoning errors, but can correct them" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38353285

Conceptual metaphor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor

Embodied cognition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition

Clean language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_language

Given human embodied cognition as the basis for LLM training data, there are bound to be weird outputs about bodies from robot LLMs.

[-]

[wrong link] Parental leave at early stage startups

[+]

/? list of companies by paternity policy; parental leave https://www.google.com/search?q=list+of+companies+by+paterni...

/? paternity leave: https://hn.algolia.com/?q=paternity+leave

Parental leave in the United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave_in_the_United_S... :

> The United States is the only industrialized nation that does not offer paid parental leave. [109] Of countries in the United Nations only the United States, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, and a few Pacific island countries do not provide paid time off for new parents either through the employer's benefits or government paid maternity and parental benefits.[110] A study of 168 countries found that 163 guarantee paid leave to women, and 45 guarantee paid paternity leave. [111]

- "How my Universal Child Care and Early Learning plan works" https://elizabethwarren.com/plans/universal-child-care

[-]

Using Ghidra and Python to reverse engineer Ecco the Dolphin

[+]
[+]
[+]

Robustly learning Hamiltonian dynamics of a superconducting quantum processor

"Robustly learning the Hamiltonian dynamics of a superconducting quantum processor" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52629-3 :

> Abstract: Precise means of characterizing analog quantum simulators are key to developing quantum simulators capable of beyond-classical computations. Here, we precisely estimate the free Hamiltonian parameters of a superconducting-qubit analog quantum simulator from measured time-series data on up to 14 qubits. To achieve this, we develop a scalable Hamiltonian learning algorithm that is robust against state-preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors and yields tomographic information about those SPAM errors. The key subroutines are a novel super-resolution technique for frequency extraction from matrix time-series, tensorESPRIT, and constrained manifold optimization. Our learning results verify the Hamiltonian dynamics on a Sycamore processor up to sub-MHz accuracy, and allow us to construct a spatial implementation error map for a grid of 27 qubits. Our results constitute an accurate implementation of a dynamical quantum simulation that is precisely characterized using a new diagnostic toolkit for understanding, calibrating, and improving analog quantum processors.

[-]

Functional ultrasound through the skull

[+]

OpenWater wiki > Neuromodulation: https://wiki.openwater.health/index.php/Neuromodulation

OpenwaterHealth/opw_neuromod_sw: https://github.com/OpenwaterHealth/opw_neuromod_sw :

> OpenWater's Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Platform. open-LIFU is an ultrasound platform designed to help researchers transmit focused ultrasound beams into subject’s brains, so that those researchers can learn more about how different types of ultrasound beams interact with the neurons in the brain. Unlike other focused ultrasound systems which are aimed only by their placement on the head, open-LIFU uses an array to precisely steer the ultrasound focus to the target location, while its wearable small size allows transmission through the forehead into a precise spot location in the brain even while the patient is moving.

FWIU NIRS is sufficient for most nontherepeautic diagnostics though. (Non-optogenetically, infrared light stimulates neuronal growth, and blue and green lights inhibit neuronal growth)

Instabilities in Black Holes Could Rewrite Spacetime Theories

NewsArticle: "Defying Einstein: Hidden Instabilities in Black Holes Could Rewrite Spacetime Theories" (2024) https://scitechdaily.com/defying-einstein-hidden-instabiliti...

ScholarlyArticle: "Mass Inflation without Cauchy Horizons" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13...

OTOH, there's a gravity to photon conversion which should likely affect mass conditions in black holes.

And also, again, Fedi's SQR Superfluid Quantum Relativity (.it), FWIU: also rejects a hard singularity boundary, describes curl and vorticity in fluids (with Gross-Pitaevskii,), and rejects antimatter.

Intel Releases x86-SIMD-sort 6.0 for 10x faster AVX2/AVX-512 Sorting

intel/x86-simd-sort v6.0: https://github.com/intel/x86-simd-sort/releases/tag/v6.0 :

> Release 6.0 introduces several key enhancements to our software. The update brings new APIs for partial sorting of key-value pairs, along with comprehensive AVX2 support across all routines. Additionally, PyTorch now leverages AVX-512 and AVX2 key-value sort routines to boost the performance of `torch.sort` and `torch.argsort` functions by up-to 10x (see pytorch/pytorch#127936).

"Adds support for accelerated sorting with x86-simd-sort" https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/127936

[-]

Traceroute Isn't Real

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

DNSSEC:

  delv @8.8.8.8 +dnssec news.ycombinator.com
  delv @8.8.8.8 +dnssec AAAA news.ycombinator.com

If you run traceroute multiple times - for example throughout the day - and overlay the results, you will have a better idea of the routes that [ICMP or TCP or UDP] packets are taking between src and dest.

It is trivial to add or hide hops to traceroute by just changing the ttl on certain or all packets.

mtr does traceroute.

There's a 3d traceroute in scapy.

Scapy docs > TCP traceroute: https://scapy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#tcp-tracer... :

> If you have VPython installed, you also can have a 3D representation of the traceroute.

[-]

The first wooden satellite launched into space

/? What are the temperature extremes on the sun side of a satellite https://www.google.com/search?q=What+are+the+temperature+ext... ... 250° F

"Low Temperature Ignition of Wood" https://www.warrenforensics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/P... :

> ignition of wood will occur under exposure temperatures of as little as 256ºF for periods of 12 to 16 hours per day in as little as 623 days or approximately 21 months.

It's also possible to encounter focused solar radiation due to various lensing effects.

Starlite: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlite :

> Starlite was also claimed to have been able to withstand a laser beam that could produce a temperature of 10,000 °C

And, hemp is far more tensile than wood; which probably matters given the hazard of space debris.

[+]

There's some air in the wood and in the satellite.

Hypothesis: the wood in a wood satellite will quickly dry out as the heat on the sun side boils the residual water out of the wood; and once dry, the wood will easily break due to space debris

Ask HN: What happened to the No Paid Prioritization net neutrality rule?

How does "No Paid Prioritization" compare to "Equal Time", and which groups have opposed and supported which?

Small Businesses, early stage ventures, and entrepreneurs want a level playing field so that they can afford to compete with incumbent large corporations which can afford to pay for prioritization if that's what everyone else does.

But isn't that (radio) Payola all over again?

[+]

FWIU the Equal-time rule is distinct from the cancelled "Fairness doctrine", and the Equal Time rule applies only to broadcast radio and tv.

The "No Paid Prioritization" rule applies to all Title II Common Carrier Internet Service Providers but not to Information Service Providers.

The 2015 FCC net neutrality rules for ISPs were cancelled by a Verizon lobbyist until April 2024, when the FCC reinstituted the net neutrality rules; "No blocking", "No throttling", "No Paid Prioritization".

ISPs are again considered Title II Common Carriers.

But now the court has stayed the rules due to corporate lobbyists.

So, the "No Paid Prioritization" rule does not apply to the Internet ATM because corporate lobbyists.

Equal-time rule: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-time_rule

(Comcast in Philadelphia acquired NBC from GE in 2010; and a bunch of shows died, but not SNL. Comcast is an ISP and also owns NBC and this SNL. Tom Wheeler - who got the 2015 Open Internet Rules passed - was an attorney for Comcast prior to the FCC post.

Pai was a Verizon lobbyist prior to the FCC post. Pai worked to cancel the "No blocking", "No throttling", and "No Paid Prioritization" rules that protected the Internet.)

There is no equal time if there is paid prioritization; to do paid prioritization the ISP prioritizes packets according to payola (which is already illegal in the music industry, for example).

From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payola :

> Payola, in the music industry, is the name given to the illegal practice of paying a commercial radio station to play a song without the station disclosing the payment

Are there disclosure rules for Paid Prioritization by ISPs? Are my school videos slower because adult sites just pay the man?

[+]

Do you know what a priority queue is compared to FIFO or LIFO? (Edit: Network scheduler: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_scheduler )

How would you implement each with code?

I think if you support the values of Equal Time, you should also support No Paid Prioritization.

If there is paid prioritization, there is not equal time.

[+]

How are those different?

If packets of media_property_A are prioritized over media_property_B, which is slower and then is there equal time division on the line?

[-]

SharpNEAT – evolving NN topologies and weights with a genetic algorithm

/? parameter-free network: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Parameter-free%20networ...

"Ask HN: Parameter-free neural network models: Limits, Challenges, Opportunities?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41794249 :

> Why should experts bias NN architectural parameters if there are "Parameter-free" neural network graphical models?

Do these GAs for (hyper)parameter estimation converge given different random seeds?

[-]

Eighty Years of the Finite Element Method (2022)

From "Chaos researchers can now predict perilous points of no return" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32862414 :

> FEM: Finite Element Method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method

>> FEM: Finite Element Method (for ~solving coupled PDEs (Partial Differential Equations))

>> FEA: Finite Element Analysis (applied FEM)

> awesome-mecheng > Finite Element Analysis: https://github.com/m2n037/awesome-mecheng#fea

And also, "Learning quantum Hamiltonians at any temperature in polynomial time" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02243 re: the "relaxation technique" .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396171

[-]

Direct Sockets API in Chrome 131

From "Chrome 130: Direct Sockets API" (2024-09) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41418718 :

> I can understand FF's position on Direct Sockets [...] Without support for Direct Sockets in Firefox, developers have JSONP, HTTP, WebSockets, and WebRTC.

> Typically today, a user must agree to install a package that uses L3 sockets before they're using sockets other than DNS, HTTP, and mDNS. HTTP Signed Exchanges is one way to sign webapps.

But HTTP Signed Exchanges is cancelled, so arbitrary code with sockets if one ad network?

...

> Mozilla's position is that Direct Sockets would be unsafe and inconsiderate given existing cross-origin expectations FWIU: https://github.com/mozilla/standards-positions/issues/431

> Direct Sockets API > Permissions Policy: https://wicg.github.io/direct-sockets/#permissions-policy

> docs/explainer.md >> Security Considerations : https://github.com/WICG/direct-sockets/blob/main/docs/explai...

[-]

Half of Young Voters Say They've Lied about Which Candidates They Support

[+]
[+]

Heels, yucky lipstick

Conformity > Specific predictors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity#Specific_predictors

[-]

Using SQLite as storage for web server static content

[+]

Is there a way to sendfile from a SQLite database like xsendfile?

requests-cache caches requests in SQLite by (date,URI) IIRC. https://github.com/requests-cache/requests-cache/blob/main/r...

/? pyfilesystem SQLite: https://www.google.com/search?q=pyfilesystem+sqlite

/? sendfile mmap SQLite: https://www.google.com/search?q=sendfile+mmap+sqlite

https://github.com/adamobeng/wddbfs :

> webdavfs provider which can read the contents of sqlite databases

There's probably a good way to implement a filesystem with Unix file permissions and xattrs extended file attribute permissions atop SQLite?

Would SQLite be faster or more convenient than e.g. ngx_http_memcached_module.c ? Does SQLite have per-cell ACLs either?

[+]

FUSE does local filesystems, and there are also HTTP remote VFS for sqlite.

sqlite-wasm-http is based on phiresky/sql.js-httpvfs, "a read-only HTTP-Range-request based virtual file system for SQLite. It allows hosting an SQLite database on a static file hoster and querying that database from the browser without fully downloading it." "but uses the new official SQLite WASM distribution." [1][2]

[2] sql.js-httpvfs: https://github.com/phiresky/sql.js-httpvfs

[1] sqlite-wasm-http: https://www.npmjs.com/package/sqlite-wasm-http

[3] sqlite3vfshttp: https://github.com/psanford/sqlite3vfshttp

HTTP Range requests: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Range_requ...

[-]

Hear the sounds of Earth's magnetic field from 41,000 years ago

If we look into a reflection in space 0.5 light years away from Earth, we should see 1 year ago (given zero motion relative to earth, and 0.5+0.5=1 year.)

Where there is relative motion with photons at least isn't there a Redshift and the Doppler effect (edit: and a different parametric or chaotic convolution over large distances without e.g. helical polarization to shield the signal)

Magnetic fields reportedly have a maximum propagation speed that is also the speed of light c in a vacuum.

So, to recall Earth's magnetic field from 41,000 years ago with such a method would presumably require a reflection (41,000/2 = 20,500) light years away

[-]

Python PGP proposal poses packaging puzzles

[+]
[+]

W3C DIDs are verifiable e.g with blockchain-certificates/cert-verifier-js and blockchain-certificates/cert-verifier (Python).

If PyPI is not a keyserver, if it only hosts the attestations and checks checksums, can it fully solve for [Python] software supply chain security?

A table comparing the various known solutions might be good; including md5, sha3, GPG .ASC signatures, TUF, Uptane, Sigstore (Cosign + Rekor), PyPI w/w/o attestations, VC Verifiable Credentials, and Blockcerts (Verifiable Credentials (DIDs))

[-]

Where Did the Term '86' Come From?

86 (term) since the 1930s: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86_(term)

Intel 8086 (1978) ... X86 (and AMD64/X86-64)

Motorola 680x0 / m68k (6800: 1974, 68000: 1979) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000 .. "Motorola's pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and architecture" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38616591

X86: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86

FWIW, "Smoky and the Bandit" was released in 1977 and it is about Prohibition in the US shortly after the ending of the Bretton-Woods gold-reserve system (1971) and then the CSA (1971) (Which failed, and caused violent organized crime, and was withdrawn by Constitutional amendment in part due to Al Smith).

[-]

How the human brain contends with the strangeness of zero

[+]
[+]

0 (number) > Classical antiquity; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0#Classical_antiquity :

> By AD 150, Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero ( — ° ) [25][26] in his work on mathematical astronomy called the Syntaxis Mathematica, also known as the Almagest. [27] This Hellenistic zero was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the Old World. [28]

[-]

Astronomers discover complex carbon molecules in interstellar space

[+]

Does propylene oxide demonstrate a "propeller effect" like some other handed chiral molecules?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41873531 :

> "Chiral Colloidal Molecules And Observation of The Propeller Effect" https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856768/

[-]

Electro-agriculture: Revolutionizing farming for a sustainable future

[+]

"Electro-ag"

"Electronic soil boosts crop growth" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38767561#38768499 :

> Electroculture

> "Electrical currents associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions" (1995) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3517382204909176031...

Electrotropism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotropism

[+]

Is that more efficient than [solar-powered] industrial production processes that synthesize directly from CO2? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40914350#40959068

What about topsoil depletion and compost production?

[+]

What are the downsides?

I read that it was [Vitamin E] acetate in carts that was causing EVALI lung conditions?

What nutrients does it require synthetic or natural production of, and how sustainable are those processes?

Have the given organisms co-evolved with earth ecology for millions of billions of years?

Acetate > Biology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate

[+]
[+]

Perhaps electro-agriculture is an all-encompassing term, or a new usage in this context

[-]

Pygfx

pygfx/pygfx: https://github.com/pygfx/pygfx :

> Pygfx (pronounced “py-graphics”) is built on wgpu, enabling superior performance and reliability compared to OpenGL-based solutions.

pygfx/wgpu-py: https://github.com/pygfx/wgpu-py/ :

> A Python implementation of WebGPU

gfx-rs/wgpu: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu :

> wgpu is a cross-platform, safe, pure-rust graphics API. It runs natively on Vulkan, Metal, D3D12, and OpenGL; and on top of WebGL2 and WebGPU on wasm.

> The API is based on the WebGPU standard. It serves as the core of the WebGPU integration in Firefox and Deno

[+]

Same, I had assumed they weren't independent.

/?PyPI wgpu: https://pypi.org/search/?q=wgpu

Looks like xgpu is where it's actually at.

xgpu: https://github.com/pyrym/xgpu :

> xgpu is an aggressively typed, red-squiggle-free Python binding of wgpu-native, autogenerated from the upstream C headers

wgpu-py has a conda-forge package: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/wgpu-py

[-]

Plastic chemical phthalate causes DNA breakage, chromosome defects, study finds

[+]
[+]
[+]
[+]

Linen; linen is made from the Flax plant.

Natural fibers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_fiber

Green textiles: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_textile

There are newer more sustainable production processes for various natural fibers.

TIL that there are special laundry detergents for synthetic fabrics like most activewear like jerseys; and that fabric softener attracts mosquitos and adheres to synthetic fibers causing stank.

[-]

Universal optimality of Dijkstra via beyond-worst-case heaps

"Universal Optimality of Dijkstra via Beyond-Worst-Case Heaps" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.11793 :

> Abstract: This paper proves that Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm is universally optimal in both its running time and number of comparisons when combined with a sufficiently efficient heap data structure.

Dijkstra's algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm

NetworkX docs > Reference > Algorithms > Shortest Paths: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorith...

networkX.algorithms.shortest_path.dijkstra_path: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorith... https://github.com/networkx/networkx/blob/main/networkx/algo...

/? Dijkstra manim: https://www.google.com/search?q=dijkstra%20manim

[-]

LibLISA – Instruction Discovery and Analysis on x86-64

Luc | 2024-10-24 03:35:56 | 85 | # | ^
[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33563857 :

> Memory Debugger

Valgrind > Memcheck, None: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgrind ; TIL Memcheck's `none` provides a traceback where the shell would normally just print "Segmentation fault"

DynamoRio > Dr Memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynamoRIO#Dr._Memory

Intel Pin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(computer_program)

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22095435, : SoftICE, EPT, Hypervisor, HyperDbg, PulseDbg, BugChecker, pyvmidbg (libVMI + GDB), libVMI Python, volatilityfoundation/volatility, Google/rekall -> yara, winpmem, Microsoft/linpmem, AVML,

rr, Ghidra Trace Format: https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/discussions... https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/discussions... : appliepie, orange_slice, cannoli

GDB can help with register introspection: https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/cs/cs107/cs107.1202/l... :

> Auto-display and Printing Registers: The `info reg` command [and `info all-registers` (`i r a`)]

emu86 implements X86 instructions in Python, optionally in Jupyter notebooks; still w/o X86S, SIMD, AVX-512, x86-84-v4

> Valgrind `none` provides a traceback where the shell would normally just print "Segmentation fault"

What would it take to get `bash` to print a --traceback after "Segmentation fault\n", and then possibly also --gdb like pytest --pdb?

- [ ] ENH: bash: add valgrind `none`-style ~ --traceback after "Segmentation fault" given an env var or by default?

[-]

A DSL for peephole transformation rules of integer operations in the PyPy JIT

math.fma fused multiply add is in Python 3.13. Are there already rules to transform expressions to math.fma?

And does Z3 verification indicate differences in output due to minimizing float-rounding error?

https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.fma :

> math.fma(x, y, z)

> Fused multiply-add operation. Return (x * y) + z, computed as though with infinite precision and range followed by a single round to the float format. This operation often provides better accuracy than the direct expression (x * y) + z.

> This function follows the specification of the fusedMultiplyAdd operation described in the IEEE 754 standard.

[+]

Does Z3 distinguish between x*y+z and z+y*x, in terms of floating point output?

math.fma() would be a different function call with the same or similar output.

(deal-solver is a tool for verifying formal implementations in Python with Z3.)

[-]

Smarter Than 'Ctrl+F': Linking Directly to Web Page Content

Is there a specified / supported way to include other parameters in the URI fragment if the fragment part of the URI starts with :~:text=?

  https://example.com/page.html#:~:text=[prefix-,]textStart[,textEnd][,-suffix]
  https://example.com/page.html#:~:text=...
  https://example.com/page.html#:~:text=...&param2=two&:~:param3=three
w3c/web-annotation#442: "Selector JSON to IRI/URI Mapping: supporting compound fragments so that SPAs work" (2019): https://github.com/w3c/web-annotation/issues/442

WICG/scroll-to-text-fragment#4: "Integration with W3C Web Annotations" (2019): https://github.com/WICG/scroll-to-text-fragment/issues/4#iss...

Room temp chirality switching and detection in a helimagnetic MnAu2 thin film

"Room temperature chirality switching and detection in a helimagnetic MnAu2 thin film" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46326-4 :

> Helimagnetic structures, in which the magnetic moments are spirally ordered, host an internal degree of freedom called chirality corresponding to the handedness of the helix. The chirality seems quite robust against disturbances and is therefore promising for next-generation magnetic memory. While the chirality control was recently achieved by the magnetic field sweep with the application of an electric current at low temperature in a conducting helimagnet, problems such as low working temperature and cumbersome control and detection methods have to be solved in practical applications. Here we show chirality switching by electric current pulses at room temperature in a thin-film MnAu2 helimagnetic conductor. Moreover, we have succeeded in detecting the chirality at zero magnetic fields by means of simple transverse resistance measurement utilizing the spin Berry phase in a bilayer device composed of MnAu2 and a spin Hall material Pt. These results may pave the way to helimagnet-based spintronics.

[-]

Computer Organization, free online textbook

emu86 emulates x86, ARM, RISC-V, and WASM instruction sets in Python and in Jupyter Notebooks (which can be graded with ottergrader, nbgrader,)

assembler/virtual_machine.py: https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/virtu... :

- class RISCVMachine(VirtualMachine): https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/virtu...

- class WASMMachine(VirtualMachine): https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/virtu...

assembler/RISCV/key_words.py: https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/RISCV...

assembler/RISCV/arithmetic.py: https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/RISCV...

simd, avx, X86S, x86-64-v4,

x86-64 > Microarchitecture levels: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64#Microarchitecture_level...

The new x86 Alliance, Intel-AMD x86 ISA overhaul org.

"Show HN: RISC-V Linux Terminal emulated via WASM" (2023) and ARM Tetris: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37286019 https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#story-37286019

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37086102 :

> [ Bindiff, Diaphora, Ghidra + GDB, ]

> Category:Instruction_set_listings has x86 but no aarch64 [or RISC-V] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Instruction_set_listi...

> /? jupyter asm [kernel]:

> - "Introduction to Assembly Language Tutorial.ipynb" w/ the emu86 jupyter kernel which shows register state after ops: https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/kernels/Introdu...

> - it looks like emu86 already also supports RISC, MIPS, and WASM but not yet ARM:

> - DeepHorizons/iarm: https://github.com/DeepHorizons/iarm/blob/master/iarm_kernel...

JupyterLite docs > adding other kernels: https://jupyterlite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/howto/configure...

A bit lower level, but possibly now with graphene FET transistors:

From "A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41322070#41322134 :

> "Ask HN: How much would it cost to build a RISC CPU out of carbon?"

"Show HN: RISC-V assembly tabletop board game (hack your opponent)" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37704760

[-]

Migration of the build system to autosetup

[+]

Conda-forge/sqlite-feedstock; recipe/meta.yml,

recipe/build.sh: https://github.com/conda-forge/sqlite-feedstock/blob/main/re...

recipe/build.bat: https://github.com/conda-forge/sqlite-feedstock/blob/main/re...

Is there a [multi-stage] Dockerfile to build, install and test SQLite with the new build system?

Is there SLSA signing for the SQLite build artifacts? There should be a way to sign OBS Open Build Service packages with sigstore.dev's Cosign to Rekor, too IIUC.

slsa-framework/slsa-github-generator: https://github.com/slsa-framework/slsa-github-generator

[+]

You can sign built artifacts with cosign without actions or podman[-desktop]/docker.

It's probably possible to trigger gh actions or gl pipelines builds (container, command) with git repo mirroring.

datasette-lite depends on a WASM build of SQLite; what about WASM and e.g. emscripten-forge and micromamba?

Edit

emscripten-forge/recipes/recipes_emscripten/SQLite/build.sh: https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/blob/main/recipe... ... recipe.yml says 2022: https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/blob/main/recipe...

[+]

Same. Thanks

What about extensions; does the new build port affect extensions?

/? hnlog sqlite (190+ mentions)

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40837610#40842365 :

- > There are many extensions of SQLite; rqlite (Raft in Go,), cr-sqlite (CRDT in C), postlite (Postgres wire protocol for SQLite), electricsql (Postgres), sqledge (Postgres), and also WASM: sqlite-wasm, sqlite-wasm-http, dqlite (Raft in Rust),

awesome-sqlite

[+]

Discovery of Memory "Glue" Explains Lifelong Recall: KIBRA Protein, PKMzeta

ScholarlyArticle: "KIBRA anchoring the action of PKMζ maintains the persistence of memory" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl0030 :

> How can short-lived molecules selectively maintain the potentiation of activated synapses to sustain long-term memory? Here, we find kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA), a postsynaptic scaffolding protein genetically linked to human memory performance, complexes with protein kinase Mzeta (PKMζ), anchoring the kinase’s potentiating action to maintain late-phase long-term potentiation (late-LTP) at activated synapses. Two structurally distinct antagonists of KIBRA-PKMζ dimerization disrupt established late-LTP and long-term spatial memory, yet neither measurably affects basal synaptic transmission. Neither antagonist affects PKMζ-independent LTP or memory that are maintained by compensating PKCs in ζ-knockout mice; thus, both agents require PKMζ for their effect. KIBRA-PKMζ complexes maintain 1-month-old memory despite PKMζ turnover. Therefore, it is not PKMζ alone, nor KIBRA alone, but the continual interaction between the two that maintains late-LTP and long-term memory

Are these the primary pathways of long-term forgetting rate, and what about NSCs, hippocampal neurogeneration, memory reconsolidation, and representation drift (connectome temporal instability)?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35886145 :

> "Representational drift: Emerging theories for continual learning and experimental future directions" (2022) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095943882... :

>> Recent work has revealed that the neural activity patterns correlated with sensation, cognition, and action often are not stable and instead undergo large scale changes over days and weeks—a phenomenon called representational drift

Perhaps also useful for treating memory disorders:

From "Neuroscientists discover mechanism that can reactivate dormant neural stem cells" NSCs (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41875693 :

> "SUMOylation of Warts kinase promotes neural stem cell reactivation" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52569-y

[-]

Why Verifiable Credentials Aren't Widely Adopted and Why Trinsic Pivoted

FWIW Blockcerts.org is an open standard for certs verifiable with just cert-verifier-js, and grantable with blockchain-certificates/cert-issuer: https://GitHub.com/blockchain-certificates

Is there a way to store Blockcerts (W3C Verifiable Credentials) in popular wallets yet?

Superconducting flux qubit with ferromagnetic π-junction with 0 magnetic field

"Superconducting flux qubit with ferromagnetic Josephson π-junction operating at zero magnetic field" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-024-00659-1 :

> Abstract: Conventional superconducting flux qubits require the application of a precisely tuned magnetic field to set the operation point at half a flux quantum through the qubit loop, which complicates the on-chip integration of this type of device. It has been proposed that by inducing a π-phase shift in the superconducting order parameter using a precisely controlled nanoscale-thickness superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor Josephson junction, commonly referred to as π-junction, it is possible to realize a flux qubit operating at zero magnetic flux. Here, we report the realization of a zero-flux-biased flux qubit based on three NbN/AlN/NbN Josephson junctions and a NbN/PdNi/NbN ferromagnetic π-junction. The qubit lifetime is in the microsecond range, which we argue is limited by quasiparticle excitations in the metallic ferromagnet layer. Our results pave the way for developing quantum coherent devices, including qubits and sensors, that utilize the interplay between ferromagnetism and superconductivity.

How do the new Type III superconductors affect this approach?

"Topological gauge theory of vortices in type-III superconductors" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.110.0... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41803654#41803662

[-]

Understanding Linux Message Queues

What about ebpf and mq? How do network packet io buffers differe from MQ patterns and implementations? Isn't ebpf faster than e.g. kpoll?

/? ebpf "message queue"

laminarmq: https://github.com/arindas/laminarmq :

> - [ ] Single node, multi threaded, eBPF based request to thread routed message queue

[-]

A step toward fully 3D-printed active electronics

[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40759133 :

> In addition to nanolithography and nanoassembly, there is 3d printing with graphene.

And conductive aerogels, and carbon nanotube production at scale

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41210021 :

> There's already conductive graphene 3d printing filament (and far less conductive graphene). Looks like 0.8ohm*cm may be the least resistive graphene filament available: https://www.google.com/search?q=graphene+3d+printer+filament...

> Are there yet CNT or Twisted SWCNT Twisted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube substitutes for copper wiring?

Aren't there carbon nanotube superconducting cables?

Instead of copper, there are plastic waveguides

[-]

Language is not essential for the cognitive processes that underlie thought

[+]

"Language models can explain neurons in language models" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35877402#35886145 :

> Recent work has revealed that the neural activity patterns correlated with sensation, cognition, and action often are not stable and instead undergo large scale changes over days and weeks—a phenomenon called representational drift.

[...]

So, I'm not sure how conclusive this fmri activation study is either.

Though, is there a proto language that's not even necessary for the given measured aspects of condition?

Which artificial network architecture best approximates which functionally specialized biological neutral networks?

OpenCogPrime:KnowledgeRepresentation > Four Types of Knowledge: https://wiki.opencog.org/w/OpenCogPrime:KnowledgeRepresentat... :

> Sensory, Procedural, Episodic, Declarative

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40105068#40107537 re: cognitive hierarchy and specialization :

> But FWIU none of these models of cognitive hierarchy or instruction are informed by newer developments in topological study of neural connectivity;

[-]

Common mistakes to avoid when managing a cap table

I’m currently working on the cap table for my early-stage startup and want to make sure we get it right from the start. What are some common mistakes or pitfalls to avoid when structuring and maintaining a cap table? Any tools or best practices that have worked well for others?

- "Ask HN: Why don’t startups share their cap table and/or shares outstanding?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29141668#29141796

Capitalization table: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization_table

[-]

Removing PGP from PyPI (2023)

[+]

It's good that PyPI signs whatever is uploaded to PyPI using PyPI's key now.

GPG ASC support on PyPI was nearly as useful as uploading signatures to sigstore.

1. Is it yet possible to - with pypa/twine - sign a package uploaded to PyPI, using a key that users somehow know to trust as a release key for that package?

2. Does pip check software publisher keys at package install time? Which keys does pip trust to sign which package?

3. Is there any way to specify which keys to trust for a given package in a requirements.txt file?

4. Is there any way to specify which keys to trust for a version of a given package with different bdist releases, with Pipfile.lock, or pixi or uv?

People probably didn't GPG sign packages on PyPI because it wasn't easy or required to sign a package using a registered key/DID in order to upload.

Anyone can upload a signature for any artifact to sigstore. Sigstore is a centralized cryptographic signature database for any file.

Why should package installers trust that a software artifact publisher key [on sigstore or the GPG keyserver] is a release key?

gpg --recv-key downloads a public key for a given key fingerprint over HKP (HTTPS with the same CA cert bundle as everything else).

GPG keys can be wrapped as W3C DIDs FWIU.

W3C DIDs can optionally be centrally generated (like LetsEncrypt with ACME protocol).

W3C DIDs can optionally be centrally registered.

GPG or not, each software artifact publisher key must be retrieved over a different channel than the packages.

If PYPI acts as the (package,release_signing_key) directory and/or the keyserver, is that any better than hosting .asc signatures next to the downloads?

GPG signatures and wheel signatures were and are still better than just checksums.

Why should we trust that a given key is a release signing key for that package?

Why should we trust that a release signing key used at the end of a [SLSA] CI build hasn't been compromised?

How do clients grant and revoke their trust of a package release signing key with this system?

... With GPG or [GPG] W3C DIDs or whichever key algo and signed directory service.

[+]

So PyPI acts as keyserver, and basically a CSR signer for sub-CA wildcard package signing certs, and the package+key mapping trusted authority; and Sigstore acts as signature server; and both are centralized?

And something has to call cosign (?) to determine what value to pass to `twine --attestations`?

Blockcerts with DID identities is the W3C way to do Software Supply Chain Security like what SLSA.dev describes FWIU.

And then now it's possible to upload packages and native containers to OCI container repositories, which support artifact signatures with TUF since docker notary; but also not yet JSON-LD/YAML-LD that simply joins with OSV OpenSSF and SBOM Linked Data on registered (GitHub, PyPI, conda-forge, deb-src,) namespace URIs.

GitHub supports requiring GPG signatures on commits.

Git commits are precedent to what gets merged and later released.

A rough chronology of specs around these problems: {SSH, GPG, TLS w/ CA cert bundles, WebID, OpenID, HOTP/TOTP, Bitcoin, WebID-TLS, TOTP, OIDC OpenID Connect (TLS, HTTP, JSON, OAuth2.0, JWT), TUF, Uptane, CT Logs, WebAuthn, W3C DID, Blockcerts, SOLID-OIDC, Shamir Backup, transferable passkeys, }

For PyPI: PyPI.org, TLS, OIDC OpenID Connect, twine, pip, cosign, and Sigstore.dev.

Sigstore Rekor has centralized Merkle hashes like google/trillian which centralizedly hosts Certificate Transparency logs of x509 certs grants and revocations by Certificate Authorities.

W3C DID Decentralized Identifiers [did-core] > 9.8 Verification Method Revocation : https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#verification-method-revocati... :

> If a verification method is no longer exclusively accessible to the controller or parties trusted to act on behalf of the controller, it is expected to be revoked immediately to reduce the risk of compromises such as masquerading, theft, and fraud

[+]

PyPI signs uploaded packages with its signing key per PEP 458: https://peps.python.org/pep-0458/ :

> This [PEP 458 security] model supports verification of PyPI distributions that are signed with keys stored on PyPI

So that's deprecated by PEP 740 now?

PEP 740: https://peps.python.org/pep-0740/ :

> In addition to the current top-level `content` and `gpg_signature` fields, the index SHALL accept `attestations` as an additional multipart form field.

> The new `attestations` field SHALL be a JSON array.

> The `attestations` array SHALL have one or more items, each a JSON object representing an individual attestation.

> Each attestation object MUST be verifiable by the index. If the index fails to verify any attestation in attestations, it MUST reject the upload. The format of attestation objects is defined under Attestation objects and the process for verifying attestations is defined under Attestation verification.

What is the worst case resource cost of an attestation validation required of PyPI?

blockchain-certificates/cert-verifier-js; https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/ Ctrl-F verifier-js

`attestations` and/or `gpg_signature`;

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39204722 :

> An example of GPG signatures on linked data documents: https://gpg.jsld.org/contexts/#GpgSignature2020

W3C DID self-generated keys also work with VC linked data; could a new field like the `attestations` field solve for DID signatures on the JSON metadata; or is that still centralized and not zero trust?

(My mistake: PyPI is not a keyserver, and Sigstore is not a keyserver)

[-]

Today is Ubuntu's 20th Anniversary

Ubuntu!

SchoolTool also started 20 years ago. Then Open edX, and it looks like e.g. Canvas for LMS these days.

To run an Ubuntu container with podman:

  apt-get install -y podman distrobox

  podman run --rm --it docker.io/ubuntu:24.04 bash --login
  podman run --rm --it docker.io/ubuntu:24.10 bash --login
GitHub Codespaces are Ubuntu devcontainers (codespaces-linux)

Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) installs Ubuntu (otherwise there's GitBash and podman-desktop for over there)

The jupyter/docker-stacks containers build FROM Ubuntu:24.04 LTS: https://github.com/jupyter/docker-stacks/blob/main/images/do... :

  docker run -p 10000:8888 quay.io/jupyter/scipy-notebook:2024-10-07

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All-optical switch device paves way for faster fiber-optic communication

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Can [such] optical signals be used for photonic quantum computing; is it only unitary transformations on the photonic signal?

[-]

What is theoretical computer science?

[+]
[+]

We have lower error predictions but don't know why.

Methods for explaining why include Counterfactual inference and/or now quantum Causal interference.

All or some of quantum statistical mechanics, fluid dynamics, and quantum chaos intend to predict with lower error too

On the Cave and the Light,

List of popular misconceptions and science > Science, technology, and mathematics : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions :

> See also: Scientific misconceptions, Superseded theories in science, and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Allegory of the cave > See also,: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave

The only true statement:

All models are wrong: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_models_are_wrong

Map–territory relation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation :

> A frequent coda to "all models are wrong" is that "all models are wrong (but some are useful)," which emphasizes the proper framing of recognizing map–territory differences—that is, how and why they are important, what to do about them, and how to live with them properly. The point is not that all maps are useless; rather, the point is simply to maintain critical thinking about the discrepancies: whether or not they are either negligible or significant in each context, how to reduce them (thus iterating a map, or any other model, to become a better version of itself), and so on.

[-]

Counterintuitive Properties of High Dimensional Space (2018)

[+]

Does distance in feature space require orthogonality?

With real space (x,y,z) we omit the redundant units from each feature when describing the distance in feature space.

But distance is just a metric, and often the space or paths through it are curvilinear.

By Taxicab distance, it's 3 cats, 4 dogs, and 5 glasses of water away.

Python now has math.dist() for Euclidean distance, for example.

[+]

Skew coordinates aren't orthogonal.

Skew coordinates: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_coordinates

Are the feature described with high-dimensional spaces really all 90° geometrically orthogonal?

How does the distance metric vary with feature order?

Do algorithmic outputs diverge or converge given variance in sequence order of all orthogonal axes? Does it matter which order the dimensions are stated in; is the output sensitive to feature order, but does it converge regardless?

Re: superposition in this context, too

Are there multiple particles in the same space, or is it measuring a point-in-time sampling of the possible states of one particle?

(Can photons actually occupy the same point in spacetime? Can electrons? But the plenoptic function describes all light passing through a point or all of the space)

Expectation values are or are not good estimators of wave function outputs from discrete quantum circuits and real quantum systems.

To describe the products of the histogram PDFs

> Are the [features] described with high-dimensional spaces really all 90° geometrically orthogonal?

If the features are not statistically independent, I don't think it's likely that they're truly orthogonal; which might not affect the utility of a distance metric that assumes that they are all orthogonal.

Neuroscientists discover mechanism that can reactivate dormant neural stem cells

"SUMOylation of Warts kinase promotes neural stem cell reactivation" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52569-y :

> Intro: Drosophila NSCs in the central brain (CB) and thoracic ventral nerve cord (VNC) enter into quiescence at the end of embryogenesis, and subsequently exit quiescence (reactivate) in response to dietary amino acids, typically within 24 h after larval hatching (h ALH) (Fig. 1a) [14,15,16]. The nutritional signals originate from the Drosophila fat body—functional equivalent of mammalian liver and adipose tissue [17]—and lead to activation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway [18,19] and inactivation of the Hippo signaling pathway in NSCs for their reactivation [18,19,20,21].

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Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body

[+]

ScholarlyArticle: "Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49689-w

> Could this be used as an engine of some kind?

What about helical polarization?

"Chiral Colloidal Molecules And Observation of The Propeller Effect" https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856768/

Sugar molecules are asymmetrical / handed, per 3blue1brown and Steve Mould. /? https://www.google.com/search?q=Sugar+molecules+are+asymmetr....

Is there a way to get to get the molecular propeller effect and thereby molecular locomotion, with molecules that contain sugar and a rotating field or a rotating molecule within a field?

[-]

Fallacies of Distributed Computing

Fallacies of distributed computing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_compu... :

> The originally listed fallacies are:

> The network is reliable; Latency is zero; Bandwidth is infinite; The network is secure; Topology doesn't change; There is one administrator; Transport cost is zero; The network is homogeneous;

[-]

All asteroids in Solar System, visualized

[+]

TIL about Kirkwood gaps too: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_gap :

> A Kirkwood gap is a gap or dip in the distribution of the semi-major axes (or equivalently of the orbital periods) of the orbits of main-belt asteroids. They correspond to the locations of orbital resonances with Jupiter.

(Similarly, shouldn't it be possible to infer photon phase without causing wave state collapse?)

/? Jupiter’s effect on Earth’s climate https://www.google.com/search?q=Jupiter%E2%80%99s+effect+on+...

[-]

Time Duration in JavaScript

Looks like Safari Technical Preview TP only? https://caniuse.com/?search=temporal

https://caniuse.com/mdn-javascript_builtins_temporal_duratio...

Temporal.Duration: https://tc39.es/proposal-temporal/docs/#Temporal-Duration

IIRC Python datetime objects initially lacked timezone support and a timezone database.

datetime.MINYEAR and the "can't represent datetimes before the Unix epoch, or before 0001-01-01" problem.

E.g. Astropy supports astronomical year numbering and year zero.

Year Zero: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_zero

Python datetime module: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html

"When was the Osireon built?"

If the answer is greater than 2025 years ago (is a BCE date by the Gregorian calendar) or Year Zero, the answer cannot be represented unless the datetime or temporal.Duration object supports negative years or different year zeroes.

[-]

The deconstructed Standard Model equation

[+]

Are there (SymPy,) CAS versions of the Standard Model Lagrangians and corollaries? Maybe latex2sympy2 (antlr)?

Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_th...

[-]

WebPKI – Introduce Schedule of Reducing Validity (Of TLS Server Certificates)

Letsencrypt wildcard certs are valid for 30 days, and regular certs are valid for 90 days but they recommend renewing them after 60 days.

Cert validity intervals directly affect the storage and bandwidth requirements for CT logs, which should be replicated.

Does anyone serve the CT Certificate Transparency logs for checking by browsers?

Topological gauge theory of vortices in type-III superconductors

"Topological gauge theory of vortices in type-III superconductors" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.110.0... :

> Abstract: Usual superconductors fall into two categories, type I, expelling magnetic fields, and type II, into which magnetic fields exceeding a lower critical field H_c⁢1 penetrate in a form of vortices characterized by two scales, the size of the normal core, \Xi, and the London penetration depth \Lambda. Here we demonstrate that a type-III superconductivity, realized in granular media in any dimension, hosts vortex physics in which vortices have no cores, are logarithmically confined, and carry only a gauge scale \Lambda. Accordingly, in type-III superconductors H_c⁢1=0 at zero temperature and the Ginzburg-Landau theory must be replaced by a topological gauge theory. Type-III superconductivity is destroyed not by Cooper pair breaking but by vortex proliferation generalizing the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless mechanism to any dimension.

Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless (BKT) transition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezinskii%E2%80%93Kosterlitz...

Ask HN: Parameter-free neural network models: Limits, Challenges, Opportunities?

Why should experts bias NN architectural parameters if there are "Parameter-free" neural network graphical models?

> Why should experts bias NN architectural parameters if there are "Parameter-free" neural network graphical models?

The Asimov Institute > The Neural Network Zoo: https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo

"A mostly complete chart of neural networks" (2019) includes Hopfield nets! https://www.asimovinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/N...

Category:Neural network architectures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Neural_network_archit...

Types of artificial neural networks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_artificial_neural_net...

[-]

Systems Modeling to Refine Strategy

From "Architectural Retrospectives: The Key to Getting Better at Architecting" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41234471 :

> Is there already a good way to link an ADR Architectural Decision Record with Threat Modeling primitives and considerations?

Awesome-threat-modeling > Tools: https://github.com/hysnsec/awesome-threat-modelling#free-too...

- pytm: https://github.com/izar/pytm

- threatspec has a docstring spec for adding threat modeling annotations to source code: https://threatspec.org/

- OWASP Threat Dragon : https://owasp.org/www-project-threat-dragon/ :

> Threat Dragon supports STRIDE / LINDDUN / CIA / DIE / PLOT4ai, provides modeling diagrams and implements a rule engine to auto-generate threats and their mitigations.

- OWASP Threat Modeling Cheat Sheet > Systems Modeling: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Threat_Modeli...

- https://github.com/dehydr8/elevation-of-privilege:

> An online multiplayer version of the Elevation of Privilege (EoP) threat modeling card game

Re: "Thinking in Systems" by Donella Meadows:

- "Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update" (2012) by Donella H. Meadows. https://a.co/7MgO0bv

- "Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System" (2018) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17781927 & wikipedia links to systems theory

[-]

Google must open Android for third-party stores, rules Epic judge

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Apple XCode is required to compile code for Apple iOS. Android Studio is not required to compile code for Android.

Android Studio doesn't run on Android. XCode IDE doesn't run on iOS.

XCode IDE requires an MacOS device. Android Studio works on Win/Mac/Linux/Chromebook_with_containers.

Android Studio runs in a Linux container. XCode only runs on MacOS.

Apple does not allow, and per a recent ruling, and DOES NOT HAVE TO allow 3rd party app stores.

(There are already 3rd party app "stores" for Android like FDroid.)

Android already allows, and per a recent ruling, MUST allow 3rd party app stores.

In terms of Application stores, (after trying to trademark the phrase "app store" to anticompete Amazon) Apple gets protectionism for their walled garden, and Android may not have a walled garden.

Apple went with Objective-C; C with standard macros; IIRC before C++?

Apple built a new language called Swift.

The Java pitch was "write once, run anywhere" because you port the JVM, and J2ME.

Google rewrote many parts of the Java stack.

Google ported to Apache Harmony/ OpenJDK to port away from Sun then Oracle Java.

Google built a language called Kotlin.

Swift runs on MacOS, iOS, and Android.

Kotlin runs on Android/iOS/Win/Mac/Linux/JS. Dart lang also runs on any platform. Flutter also runs on any platform.

[-]

Gamma radiation is produced in large tropical thunderstorms

wglb | 2024-10-02 22:17:02 | 166 | # | ^
[+]

What about guitar pedal velcro tape?

[0] "Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape" (2008) https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07378

> Triboluminescence is a phenomenon in which light is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed (see tribology). [...] Triboluminescence is often a synonym for fractoluminescence (a term mainly used when referring only to light emitted from fractured crystals). Triboluminescence differs from piezoluminescence in that a piezoluminescent material emits light when deformed, as opposed to broken. These are examples of mechanoluminescence, which is luminescence resulting from any mechanical action on a solid. [...] See also:

> - Earthquake light: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_light

- re: gold from earthquake-induced piezoelectricity in quartz: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41442489

- re: sustainable alternatives to quartz countertops: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36857929 :

> [...] make recycled paper outdoor waterproof vert ramps, countertops, siding, and flooring; but not yet roofing FWIU?

> - Sonoluminesence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence

If you dropped a thing through a storm to the water, would it charge the thing, from gamma radiation?

TIL carbon nano yarn absorbs electricity, probably from storm clouds too.

What are the volt and charge observations for lightning from large tropical thunderstorms?

(And why is it dangerous to attract arc discharge toward a local attractor? And what sort of supercapacitors and anodes can handle charge from a lightning bolt? Lightning!)

Tardigrades can handle Gamma radiation.

"Researchers create new type of composite material for shielding against neutron and gamma radiation" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-05-composite-material-shielding-n... :

"Sm2O3 micron plates/B4C/HDPE composites containing high specific surface area fillers for neutron and gamma-ray complex radiation shielding" https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S02663...

On lightning and safety and electrostatics: "Answer to Is there a device that attracts lightning when storms are near? How can I make a lightning rod to do experiments with lightning?" (202_ yrs ago) https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-device-that-attracts-lightn... :

Electrostatics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics

The Photoelectric effect that supports the Particle-Wave duality > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect :

> Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency of light multiplied by a constant, later called the Planck constant. A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This was a step in the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Robert A. Millikan's highly accurate measurements of the Planck constant from the photoelectric effect supported Einstein's model, even though a corpuscular theory of light was for Millikan, at the time, "quite unthinkable". [47] Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", [48] and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for "his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".[49]

Does this help to explain the genetic diversity of the tropical latitudes; is the genetic mutation rate higher in the presence of gamma radiation?

So many of our plants and flowers (here in North America) originate from rainforests and tropical latitudes, but survive at current temps for northern latitudes.

[+]

/? is the genetic mutation rate higher in the presence of gamma radiation: https://www.google.com/search?q=is%20the%20genetic%20mutatio... :

- "Frequency and Spectrum of Mutations Induced by Gamma Rays Revealed by Phenotype Screening and Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing in Arabidopsis thaliana" (2022) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8775868/ :

> Gamma rays have been widely used as a physical agent for mutation creation in plants, and their mutagenic effect has attracted extensive attention. However, few studies are available on the comprehensive mutation profile at both the large-scale phenotype mutation screening and whole-genome mutation scanning.

- "Bedrock radioactivity influences the rate and spectrum of mutation" (2020) https://elifesciences.org/articles/56830

- "Comparison of mutation spectra induced by gamma-rays and carbon ion beams" (2024) https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/65/4/491/7701037 :

> These results suggest that carbon ion beams produce complex DNA damage, and gamma-rays are prone to single oxidative base damage, such as 8-oxoguanine. Carbon ion beams can also introduce oxidative base damage, and the damage species is 5-hydroxycytosine. This was consistent with our previous results of DNA damage caused by heavy ion beams. We confirmed the causal DNA damage by mass spectrometry for these mutations.

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Homemade AI drone software finds people when search and rescue teams can't

{Code-and-Response, Call-for-Code}/DroneAid : "DroneAid: A Symbol Language and ML model for indicating needs to drones, planes" (2010) https://github.com/Code-and-Response/DroneAid .. https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#story-22707347 :

CORRECTION: All but one of the DroneAid Symbol Language Symbols are drawn within upward pointing triangles.

Is there a simpler set of QR codes for the ground that could be made with sticks or rocks or things the wind won't bend?

[-]

Show HN: Compiling C in the browser using WebAssembly

Cling (the interactive C++ interpreter) should also compile to WASM.

There's a xeus-cling Jupyter kernel, which supports interactive C++ in notebooks: https://github.com/jupyter-xeus/xeus-cling

There's not yet a JupyterLite (WASM) kernel for C or C++.

Forget Superconductors: Electrons Living on the Edge Could Unlock Perfect Power

ScholarlyArticle: "Observation of chiral edge transport in a rapidly rotating quantum gas" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02617-7

- "Electrical switching of the edge current chirality in quantum Hall insulators" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38139569

Does this affect the standing issue of whether more current flows mostly through a wire or mostly down the edges, and whether stranded wire is better for a given application?

Copper conductor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_conductor

Skin effect: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect :

> In electromagnetism, skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor and decreases exponentially with greater depths in the conductor. It is caused by opposing eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating current. The electric current flows mainly at the skin of the conductor, between the outer surface and a level called the skin depth.

[-]

No evidence social media time is correlated with teen mental health problems

[+]

It takes a professional to determine whether harassing them about their electronics is the actual cause of the behaviors in question.

From "New Mexico: Psychologists to dress up as wizards when providing expert testimony" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40085678 :

> Clean Language

LG Chem develops material capable of suppressing thermal runaway in batteries

Does this prevent lithium - water reaction? Is that fire, or?

When current gen EV batteries catch fire in fresh and saltwater flood waters, is that due to thermal runaway?

(Twisted SWCNT carbon nanotubes don't have these risks at all FWIU)

[+]

Business idea: form dense shipping containers of addressed arrays of [twisted SWCNT, rhombohedral trilayer graphene, or double-gated graphene,]? They would need: anodes, industry standard commercial and residential solar connectors, water-safe EV charge connectors, and/or "Mega pack" connectors to jump charge semi-trucks from a container on a flatbed or a sprinter van.

Branded, stackable Intermodal shipping containers with charge controllers

It's probably already possible to thermoform and ground biocomposite shipping containers, with ocean recovery loops?

Bast fiber anodes for super capacitors are inexpensive, and there may be something to learn from their naturally branching shape. https://www.google.com/search?q=bast%20fiber%20supercapacito...

"Scientists grow carbon nanotube forest much longer than any other" (2020) https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news2/newsid=56546.p...

"Growing ultra-long carbon nanotubes" https://youtube.com/watch?v=VyULskYuGvg

"Ultra-long carbon nanotube forest via in situ supplements of iron and aluminum vapor sources" (2020) https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.066 .. https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=1zqRM3UAAAAJ...

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41159447 :

"Giant nanomechanical energy storage capacity in twisted single-walled carbon nanotube ropes" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01645-x :

> 583 Wh/kg

[+]

> In its announcement, LG Chem has reported that in both battery impact and penetration tests, the batteries equipped with the thermal runaway suppression material either did not catch fire at all or extinguished the flames shortly after they appeared, preventing a full-blown thermal runaway event.

[+]

ScholarlyArticle: "Thermal runaway prevention through scalable fabrication of safety reinforced layer in practical Li-ion batteries" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52766-9

[-]

Dance training superior to physical exercise in inducing brain plasticity (2018)

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Cardiovascular exercise correlates with subsequent synthesis of endocannabinoids, which affect hippocampal neurogeneration and probably thereby neuroplasticity.

From "Environment shapes emotional cognitive abilities more than genes" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40105068#40107602 :

> hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis also appear to be affected by dancing and omega-3,6 (which are transformed into endocannabinoids by the body): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15109698

Also, isn't there selection bias to observational dance studies? If not in good general health, is a person likely to pursue regular dancing? Though, dance lifts mood and gets the cardiovascular system going.

Dance involves spatial sense and proprioception and probably all of the senses.

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[deleted]

[-]

John Wheeler saw the tear in reality

/? "Wheeler's bags of gold" https://www.google.com/search?q=wheelers+bags+of+gold

Holographic principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle :

> The existence of such solutions conflicts with the holographic interpretation, and their effects in a quantum theory of gravity including the holographic principle are not yet fully understood.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler

[-]

Evidence of 'Negative Time' Found in Quantum Physics Experiment

"Experimental evidence that a photon can spend a negative amount of time in an atom cloud" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03680

Additional indications of retrocausality:

- "Robust continuous time crystal in an electron–nuclear spin system" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-023-02351-6 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39291044

"3D waves flowing over Sierpinski carpets" gives intuition about (convolutional) wave products or outcomes but doesn't show any retrocausality from here: https://youtube.com/watch?v=8yddkbwrqss&

[-]

An adult fruit fly brain has been mapped

[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35877402#35886145 :

> So, to run the same [fMRI, NIRS,] stimulus response activation observation/burn-in again weeks or months later with the same subjects is likely necessary given Representational drift

And isn't there n-ary entanglement?

[-]

Is the world really running out of sand?

[+]
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So, energy storage should be lucrative and incentivized for us to solve the Duck Curve, and Alligator Curve, and overcharging the grid forces the price to zero or unlucratively below problems.

For firms with depreciating datacenter assets that are underutilized, a Research Coin like Grid Coin or an @home distributed computation project can offset costs

Datacenters scrap old compute - that there's hardly electronics recycling for - rather than keep it online due to relative cost in FLOPS/kWhr and the cost of conditioned space.

Doesn't electronics recycling recover the silica?

Can we make CPUs out of graphene made out of recycled plastic?

Can we make superconductive carbon computers that waste less electricity as heat?

Hopefully, Proof of Work miners that aren't operating on grants have an incentive to maximize energy efficiency with graphene ASICs and FPGAs and now TPUs

[-]

Make Pottery at Home Without a Kiln (Or Anything Else) [video]

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Some pottery kiln places will only fire their own clay, which must be to spec.

And safety glasses to handle warm clay that's been heated at all in a kiln or a fire.

Looked at making unglazed terracotta ollas for irrigation and couldn't decide whether a 1/4" silicone microsprinkler tubing port should go through the lid or the side.

Terracotta filters water, so presumably ollas would need to be recycled eventually due to the brawndo in the tap water and rainwater.

/? how to filter water with a terracotta pot

It looks like only the Nat Geo pottery wheel has a spot to attach a wooden guide to turn against; the commercial pottery wheels don't have a place to attach attachments that are needed for pottery.

Also neat primitive pottery skills: Primitive Skills, Primitive Technology

"Primitive Skills: Piston Bellows (Fuigo)" https://youtube.com/watch?v=CHdmlnAA010&

"Primitive Technology: Water Bellows smelt" https://youtube.com/watch?v=UdjVnGoNvU4&

Megalithic Geopolymers require water glass FWIU

/? how to make concrete planters

But rectangularly-formed concrete doesn't filter water like unglazed terracotta

[-]

The first proposal for a solar system domain name system

[+]

W3C DID Decentralized Identifiers sk/pk can be generated offline and then the pk can optionally be registered online. If there is no connection to the broader internet - as is sometimes the case during solar storms in space - offline key generation without a central authority would ensure ongoing operations.

Blockcerts can be verified offline.

EDNS Ethereum DNS avoids various pitfalls of DNS, DNScrypt, DNSSEC, and DoH and DoT (which depend upon NTP which depends upon DoH which depends upon the X.509 cert validity interval and the system time being set correctly).

Dapps don't need DNS and are stored in the synchronized (*) chain.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32753994 :

> W3C DID pubkeys can be stored in a W3C SOLID LDPC: https://solid.github.io/did-method-solid/

> Re: W3C DIDs and PKI systems; CT Certificate Transparency w/ Merkle hashes in google/trillian and edns,

And then actually handle money with keys in space because how do people pay for limited time leases on domain names in space?

In addition to Peering, Clearing, and Settlement, ILP Interledger Protocol Specifies Addresses: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36503888

> ILP is not tied to a single company, payment network, or currency

ILP Addresses - v2.0.0 > Allocation Schemes: https://github.com/interledger/rfcs/blob/main/0015-ilp-addre...

[-]

Essential node in global semiconductor supply chain hit by Hurricane Helene

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Can nanoassembly produce quartz more efficiently?

/? nanoassembly of quartz https://www.google.com/search?q=nanoassembly%20of%20quartz mentions hydrothermal synthesis,

Which other natural processes affect the formation of quartz and gold?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41437036#41442489 :

> "Gold nugget formation from earthquake-induced piezoelectricity in quartz" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01514-1 [...]

> Are there phononic excitations from earthquake-induced piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects?

> Do (surface) plasmon polaritons SPhP affect the interactions between quartz and gold, given heat and vibration as from an earthquake?

> "Extreme light confinement and control in low-symmetry phonon-polaritonic crystals" like quartz https://arxiv.org/html/2312.06805v2

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The best browser bookmarking system is files

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Firefox can store bookmark tags, but they don't save with the bookmark export without reading the SQLite database with a different tool: "Allow reading and writing bookmark tags" (9 years ago) https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1225916

With bookmarks as JSONLD Linked Data, it's simple to JOIN with additional data about a given URI.

The WebExtensions Bookmark API does not yet support tags.

[+]

Ah my mistake

[-]

Show HN: Iceoryx2 – Fast IPC Library for Rust, C++, and C

Hello everyone,

Today we released iceoryx2 v0.4!

iceoryx2 is a service-based inter-process communication (IPC) library designed to make communication between processes as fast as possible - like Unix domain sockets or message queues, but orders of magnitude faster and easier to use. It also comes with advanced features such as circular buffers, history, event notifications, publish-subscribe messaging, and a decentralized architecture with no need for a broker.

For example, if you're working in robotics and need to process frames from a camera across multiple processes, iceoryx2 makes it simple to set that up. Need to retain only the latest three camera images? No problem - circular buffers prevent your memory from overflowing, even if a process is lagging. The history feature ensures you get the last three images immediately after connecting to the camera service, as long as they’re still available.

Another great use case is for GUI applications, such as window managers or editors. If you want to support plugins in multiple languages, iceoryx2 allows you to connect processes - perhaps to remotely control your editor or window manager. Best of all, thanks to zero-copy communication, you can transfer gigabytes of data with incredibly low latency.

Speaking of latency, on some systems, we've achieved latency below 100ns when sending data between processes - and we haven't even begun serious performance optimizations yet. So, there’s still room for improvement! If you’re in high-frequency trading or any other use case where ultra-low latency matters, iceoryx2 might be just what you need.

If you’re curious to learn more about the new features and what’s coming next, check out the full iceoryx2 v0.4 release announcement.

Elfenpiff

Links:

* GitHub: https://github.com/eclipse-iceoryx/iceoryx2 * iceoryx2 v0.4 release announcement: https://ekxide.io/blog/iceoryx2-0-4-release/ * crates.io: https://crates.io/crates/iceoryx2 * docs.rs: https://docs.rs/iceoryx2/0.4.0/iceoryx2/

How does this compare to and/or integrate with OTOH Apache Arrow which had "arrow plasma IPC" and is supported by pandas with dtype_backend="pyarrow", lancedb/lancedb, and Serde.rs? https://serde.rs/#data-formats

Another IPC bus: "Varlink – IPC to replace D-Bus gradually in systemd" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41687413

Serde does serialization and serialization with many formats in Rust

[-]

CBD shows promise as pesticide for mosquitoes

CBD is a differentiated byproduct of CBGA FWIU.

For: Epilepsy, Seizures, Schizophrenia, Mosquito control

Bats, Dragonflies, and Mosquito Fish all eat mosquitos.

Watercress roots filter water and harbor algae which fish eat too.

Algae produces fat soluble DHA and EPA Omega-3 PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids, which the mammalian (and almost drosophila) ECS Endocannabinoid system appears to synthesize endocannabinoids from. Endogenous cannabinoids are sensitive to consumption levels of Omega 6s and Omega 3; and endogenous cannabinoids are synthesized from Omegas.

Minnows, goldfish, guppies, bass, bluegill, and catfish all eat mosquito larvae.

CBD kills mosquitoes?

Early mammals - the water rat - probably ate small fish like minnows and sardines, which are high in Omega 3s.

Was this knowledge known by belligerents in a historical conflict?

FWIW this year I learned that dish soap kills wasps, ants, and other insects.

Does dish soap kill mosquitoes like other insects?

Also FWIU, it is possible to synthesize cannabinoids from yeast or bacteria, and thereby avoid unnecessary soil depletion if they don't rotate and cover crop and residue mulch. But IDK about terpenes.

FWIW neither CBD nor terpenes are scheduled.

[-]

Scientific publishing has been gamed to advance scientists’ careers

Grants, Impact Factor, can't publish or apply for a grant because I don't have university affiliation, Exclusivity agreement, you can only upload the preprint to ArXiV because you paid a journal an application fee and they're going to take all of the returns from distributing your work with threaded comments.

What other industry must pay an application fee to give an exclusive to a government-granted Open Access research study?

You should tell them that they must pay you.

(And that they must host [linked] data, and reproducible containers, and code.)

[-]

Text2CAD: Generating sequential cad designs from text prompts

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40131766 re: LLM minifigs and parametric CAD parts libraries:

> Is there a blenderGPT-like tool trained on build123d Python models?

> ai-game-development tools lists a few CAD LLM apps like blenderGPT and blender-GPT: https://github.com/Yuan-ManX/ai-game-development-tools#3d-mo...

[-]

REPL for Dart

tosh | 2024-09-28 12:33:38 | 116 | # | ^
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[-]

Ocean waves grow way beyond known limits

wglb | 2024-09-23 18:18:07 | 143 | # | ^

> The findings could have implications for how offshore structures are designed, weather forecasting and climate modeling, while also affecting our fundamental understanding of several ocean processes.

Does this translate to terrestrial and deep space signals? FWIU there's research in rogue waves applied to EM waves and DSN, too

What is the lowest power [parallel] transmission that results in such rogue wave effects, with consideration for local RF regulations?

> Professor Ton van den Bremer, a researcher from TU Delft, says the phenomenon is unprecedented, "Once a conventional wave breaks, it forms a white cap, and there is no way back. But when a wave with a high directional spreading breaks, it can keep growing."

> Three-dimensional waves occur due to waves propagating in different directions. The extreme form of this is when wave systems are "crossing," which occurs in situations where wave system meet or where winds suddenly change direction, such as during a hurricane. The more spread out the directions of these waves, the larger the resulting wave can become.

ScholarlyArticle: "Three-dimensional wave breaking" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07886-z

Rogue wave > 21st century, Other uses of the term "rogue wave": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave

' > See also links to Branched flow and Resonance

Branched flow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_flow :

> Branched flow refers to a phenomenon in wave dynamics, that produces a tree-like pattern involving successive mostly forward scattering events by smooth obstacles deflecting traveling rays or waves. Sudden and significant momentum or wavevector changes are absent, but accumulated small changes can lead to large momentum changes. The path of a single ray is less important than the environs around a ray, which rotate, compress, and stretch around in an area preserving way.

Are vortices in Compressible and Incompressible fluids area preserving?

(Which brings us to fluid dynamics and superhydrodynamics or better i.e. superfluid quantum gravity with Bernoulli and navier-stokes, and vortices of curl, and gravity (maybe with gravitons) if the particles are massful, otherwise we call it "radiation pressure" and "solar wind" and it also causes relative displacement)

Resonance: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance :

> For an oscillatory dynamical system driven by a time-varying external force, resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force coincides with the natural frequency of the system.

[+]

Photon waves are EM waves and particles, by the Particle-Wave Duality.

Photons behave like fluids in superfluids; "liquid light".

Also, the paths of photons are affected by the media of transmission: gravity, gravitational waves, and water fluid waves bend light.

Photonic transmission and retransmission occurs at least in part by phononic excitation of solids and fluids; but in the vacuum of space if there is no mass, how do quanta propagate?

Optical rogue waves > Principles: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rogue_waves :

> Supercontinuum generation with long pulses: Supercontinuum generation is a nonlinear process in which intense input light, usually pulsed, is broadened into a wideband spectrum. The broadening process can involve different pathways depending on the experimental conditions, yielding varying output properties. Especially large broadening factors can be realized by launching narrowband pump radiation (long pulses or continuous-wave radiation) into a nonlinear fiber at or near its zero-dispersion wavelength or in the anomalous dispersion regime. Such dispersive characteristics support modulation instability, which amplifies input noise and forms Stokes and anti-Stokes sidebands around the pump wavelength. This amplification process, manifested in the time domain as a growing modulation on the envelope of the input pulse, then leads to the generation of high-order solitons, which break apart into fundamental solitons and coupled dispersive radiation

FWIU photonic superradiance is also due to critical condition(s).

Re: Huygens and photons; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40492160 :

>> This means that hard-to-measure optical properties such as amplitudes, phases and correlations—perhaps even these of quantum wave systems—can be deduced from something a lot easier to measure: light intensity [given Huygens' applied]

TODO: remember the name of the photonic effect of self-convolution and nonlinearity and how the wave function interferes with itself in the interval [0,1.0] whereas EM waves are [-1,1] or log10 [-inf, inf].

Coherence, Wave diffraction vs. wave interference > Superposition principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle#Wave_d...

> superfluid quantum gravity with Bernoulli's and Navier-Stokes, and vortices of curl

And Gross-Pitaevskii

[-]

Refactoring Python with Tree-sitter and Jedi

[+]

> I do wish tree-sitter had a mechanism to directly manipulate the AST. I was unable to simply rename/delete nodes and then write the AST back to disk. Instead I had to use Jedi or manually edit the source (and then deal with nasty off-set re-parsing logic).

Or libCST: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST docs: https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ :

> LibCST parses Python 3.0 -> 3.12 source code as a CST tree that keeps all formatting details (comments, whitespaces, parentheses, etc). It’s useful for building automated refactoring (codemod) applications and linters.

libcst_transformer.py: https://gist.github.com/sangwoo-joh/26e9007ebc2de256b0b3deed... :

> example code for renaming variables using libcst [w/ Visitors and Transformers]

Refactoring because it doesn't pass formal verification: https://deal.readthedocs.io/basic/verification.html#backgrou... :

> 2021. deal-solver. We released a tool that converts Python code (including deal contracts) into Z3 theorems that can be formally verified

Vim python-mode: https://github.com/python-mode/python-mode/blob/e01c27e8c17b... :

> Pymode can rename everything: classes, functions, modules, packages, methods, variables and keyword arguments.

> Keymap for rename method/function/class/variables under cursor

  let g:pymode_rope_rename_bind = '<C-c>rr
python-rope/ropevim also has mappings for refactorings like renaming a variable: https://github.com/python-rope/ropevim#keybinding :

  C-c r r   :RopeRename
  C-c f     find occurrences 
https://github.com/python-rope/ropevim#finding-occurrences

Their README now recommends pylsp-rope:

> If you are using ropevim, consider using pylsp-rope in Vim

python-rope/pylsp-rope: https://github.com/python-rope/pylsp-rope :

> Finding Occurrences: The find occurrences command (C-c f by default) can be used to find the occurrences of a python name. If unsure option is yes, it will also show unsure occurrences; unsure occurrences are indicated with a ? mark in the end. Note that ropevim uses the quickfix feature of vim for marking occurrence locations. [...]

> Rename: When Rename is triggered, rename the symbol under the cursor. If the symbol under the cursor points to a module/package, it will move that module/package files

SpaceVim > Available Layers > lang#python > LSP key Bindings: https://spacevim.org/layers/lang/python/#lsp-key-bindings :

  SPC l e  rename symbol
Vscode Python variable renaming:

Vscode tips and tricks > Multi cursor selection: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/getstarted/tips-and-trick... :

> You can add additional cursors to all occurrences of the current selection with Ctrl+Shift+L. [And then rename the occurrences in the local file]

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/refactoring#_renam... :

> Rename symbol: Renaming is a common operation related to refactoring source code, and VS Code has a separate Rename Symbol command (F2). Some languages support renaming a symbol across files. Press F2, type the new desired name, and press Enter. All instances of the symbol across all files will be renamed

[+]

Yeah, there `sed` and `git diff` with one or more filenames in a variable might do.

Because pytest requires a preprocessing step, renaming fixtures is tough, and also for jupyter notebooks %%ipytest is necessary to call functions that start with test_ and upgrade assert keywords to expressions; e.g `assert a == b, error_expr` is preprocessed into `assertEqual(a,b, error_expr)` with an AssertionError message even for comparisons of large lists and strings.

[-]

The perils of transition to 64-bit time_t

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cibuildwheel builds manylinux packages for glibc>= and musl because of this ABI.

manylinux: https://github.com/pypa/manylinux :

> Python wheels that work on any linux (almost)

Static Go binaries that make direct syscalls and do not depend upon libc or musl run within very minimal containers.

Fuschia's syscall docs are nice too; Linux plus additional syscalls.

[-]

FFT-based ocean-wave rendering, implemented in Godot

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Neat that FFT yields great waves.

But ultimately, does that model model vortexes or other fluid dynamics?

Can this model a fluid vortex between 2-liter bottles with a 3d-printable plastic connector?

Curl, nonlinearity, Bernoulli, Navier-Stokes, and Gross-Pitaevskii are known tools for CFD computational fluid dynamics with Compressible and Incompressible fluids.

"Ocean waves grow way beyond known limits" (2024-09) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41631177#41631975

"Gigantic Wave in Pacific Ocean Was the Most Extreme 'Rogue Wave' on Record" (2024-09) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41548417#41550654

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[-]

Show HN: Test your website on 180+ device viewports (with multi-device mode)

Hey HN! We do a lot of frontend testing, and one thing we find frustrating is the limited tooling available to observe how a URL renders on different viewports/devices simultaneously.

For example, we can use Chrome Inspector's "Device" previews, but we run into the following:

- Chrome doesn't keep those devices/viewports up to date, and adding new ones is pretty annoying (we've open sourced our collection of 180+ viewports/dimensions under MIT).

- You can’t see multiple viewports at once (and it’s cumbersome switching back and forth)

- When you notice a problem, there's no simple way to deep-link someone on your team to take a look at that viewport (likely have to open a Jira/Linear with the specifics)

- You can’t favourite viewports (for tracking the viewports specific to your project/client)

We’ve built a product with the goal of addressing these limitations (among others), and would love to hear your feedback.

Finally, feel free to use the open sourced data for your own projects :)

[+]

shot-scraper is a CLI tool for HTML render snapshots with --height --width and --scale-factor (--retina ~= --scale-factor=2.0) args, and a -j/--javascript option to run JS before taking the screenshot.

There's not yet a way to resize the viewport and take another screenshot without loading the page again.

There's not yet a way to store (h,w,scale,showbrowserchrome) configurations in a YAML file; but shot-scraper does work in GitHub Actions.

Some web testing tools can record a video of a test session and save it if there's a test failure.

E.g. Playwright defaults to an 800x600 viewport for test videos to retain-on-failure or record only if on-first-retry: https://playwright.dev/docs/videos

Something like Cloudflare Browser Isolation - which splits the browser at an interface such that a Chrome browser server runs on a remote server and a Chrome client runs locally - might make it easier to compress recordings of n x test invocations (in isolated browsers or workers)

[+]

DevTools has a list of default viewport sizes, but they change from browser release to release. Is there a better way or an existing [YAML] file schema to generate a list of viewport configurations to import into DevTools?

[+]

Hey thanks! https://github.com/bitcomplete/labs-delta-viewport-tester-vi...

Use case: add which few of these to DevTools. IDK if there's a YAML parser in DevTools already, otherwise JSON + jq should work somehow

awesome-chrome-devtools: https://github.com/paulirish/awesome-chrome-devtools

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Wasm2Mpy: Compiling WASM to MicroPython so it can run on Raspberrys

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tools/mpy_ld.py: https://github.com/micropython/micropython/blob/master/tools...

tools/mpy-tool.py lists opcodes: https://github.com/micropython/micropython/blob/master/tools...

Can the same be done with .pyc files; what are the advantages of MicroPython native modules?

Why does it need wasm2c?

[+]

If they're both Turing-complete opcodes instruction sets, Church-Turing says it is possible with just .pyc, too.

But that doesn't solve for WASM on a MicroPython device.

And that is why smart contracts without costed opcodes could not be built on Python.

Linux 6.12 NFS Adds Localio Protocol for "Extreme" Performance Boost

> The LOCALIO protocol support allows the NFS client and server to reliably determine if they are on the same host. If they happen to be on the same host, the network RPC protocol for read/write/commit operations are bypassed. Due to bypassing the XDR and RPC for reads/writes/commits, there can be big performance gains to using the LOCALIO protocol.

> One of the intended scenarios where it can be common for having the NFS client and server on the same host is when running containerized workloads

What are the advantages to NFS [with localio] over OverlayFS/overlay2 and bind mounts across context boundaries for container filesystems?

Do the new faster direct read() and write() IO calls have different risks compared to disk io with network IO?

Are the file permissions the same with localio? How does that compare to subuids and subuids for rootless containers?

[+]
[-]

Show HN: Httpdbg – A tool to trace the HTTP requests sent by your Python code

Hi,

I created httpdbg, a tool for Python developers to easily debug HTTP(S) client requests in Python programs.

I developed it because I needed a tool that could help me trace the HTTP requests sent by my tests back to the corresponding methods in our API client.

The goal of this tool is to simplify the debugging process, so I designed it to be as simple as possible. It requires no external dependencies, no setup, no superuser privileges, and no code modifications.

I'm sharing it with you today because I use it regularly, and it seems like others have found it useful too—so it might be helpful for you as well.

Hope you will like it.

cle

Source: https://github.com/cle-b/httpdbg

Documentation: https://httpdbg.readthedocs.io/

A blog post on a use case: https://medium.com/@cle-b/trace-all-your-http-requests-in-py...

[+]

It is important to check checksums (and signatures, if there are any) of downloaded packages prior to installing them; especially when resuming interrupted downloads.

Pip has a hash-checking mode, but it only works if the hashes are listed in the requirements.txt file, and they're the hashes for the target platform. Pipfile.lock supports storeing hashes for multiple platforms, but requirements.txt does not.

If the package hashes are retrieved over the same channel as the package, they can be MITM'd too.

You can store PyPi package hashes in sigstore.

There should be a way for package uploaders to sign their package before uploading. (This is what .asc signatures on PyPi were for. But if they are retrieved over the same channel, cryptographic signatures can also be MITM'd).

IMHO (1) twine should prompt to sign the package (with a DID) before uploading the package to PyPi, and (2) after uploading packages, twine should download the package(s) it has uploaded to verify the signature.

; TCP RESET and Content-Range doesn't hash resources.

[+]
[-]

The Social Web Did Not Begin in 2008

[+]

BBS Bulletin Board System > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system

GNU/talk is a text chat system for users all on the same multiuser nix system. But it doesn't separate code and data; because of terminal control characters:

Talk (software) > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_(software)

Finger (protocol) was named finger. To update your finger "status message" you edit that file in your homedir: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_(protocol)

Finger was written in C and had overflow vulnerabilities, and I don't know whether it ever scaled beyond one multiuser system?

NNTP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol

"Social Media" is distinct from "Media" in being a two-way* dialogue. Like only some newspaper sites, Social Media has comments (and UCC User Contributed Content).

If a newspaper site hosts comments on each article, will it need to be labeled as a potentially harmful social media outlet per proposed US media regulations? Does that make it social media?

User Contributed Content is seemingly inexpensive, but is it high-liability? Section 230 makes it possible to moderate without assuming liability for how people use the service to maim, defame, and harass others. Neither are arms dealers liable for crimes committed using the products that they sell. Media and Social Media operate without catastrophic liability for holding the mirror and abusive user-contributed content; instead of corporate doublespeak selling us into counterproductive wars that benefit only special interests (without a comment section) in a 24 hour news ticker that nobody checks.

But corporate content has displaced grassroots media by real people in so many of the now traditional social media outlets, and now everyone has to go to a different bar.

People grassroots campaigning for peace and equal rights; now replaced by the same old fear, greed, war, pestilence, and violence that TV and radio ad planners and newspaper editors use to sell ads.

Where "mass media" was an opiate for the masses, social media is a panacea for vanity and dysfunction.

Where "War of the Worlds" on the radio might've caused pandemonium back then, today people would likely debunk such claims of alien invasion via online trusted media outlets and bs rags.

FOAF: Friend of a Friend and/or schema.org/Person records describe a social graph of persons with attributes and CreativeWorks, but open record schema don't solve for the costs of indexing, search, video hosting, or federated moderation signals.

[-]

Scientists Propose Groundbreaking Method to Detect Single Gravitons

[+]

Wasn't there a new way to measure gravitational waves; Ctrl-F hnlog for LIGO and LISA:

"Mass-Independent Scheme to Test the Quantumness of a Massive Object" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39048910 :

> This yields a striking result: a mass-independent violation of MR is possible for harmonic oscillator systems. In fact, our adaptation enables probing quantum violations for literally any mass, momentum, and frequency. Moreover, coarse-grained position measurements at an accuracy much worse than the standard quantum limit, as well as knowing the relevant parameters only to this precision, without requiring them to be tuned, suffice for our proposal. These should drastically simplify the experimental effort in testing the nonclassicality of massive objects ranging from atomic ions to macroscopic mirrors in LIGO.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30847777 .. From "Massive Black Holes Shown to Act Like Quantum Particles" https://www.quantamagazine.org/massive-black-holes-shown-to-... :

> Physicists are using quantum math to understand what happens when black holes collide. In a surprise, they’ve shown that a single particle can describe a collision’s entire gravitational wave.

> "Scale invariance in quantum field theory" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_invariance#Scale_invaria...

"New ways to catch gravitational waves" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40825994 :

- "Kerr-Enhanced Optical Spring" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... .. "Kerr-enhanced optical spring for next-generation gravitational wave detectors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39957123

- "Physicists Have Figured Out a Way to Measure Gravity on a Quantum Scale" with a superconducting magnetic trap made out of Tantalum (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39495482

- "Measuring gravity with milligram levitated masses" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk2949

"Physicists Have Figured Out a Way to Measure Gravity on a Quantum Scale" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39495482#39495570 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30847777 :

> Does a fishing lure bobber on the water produce gravitational waves as part of the n-body gravitational wave fluid field, and how separable are the source wave components with e.g. Quantum Fourier Transform/or and other methods?

"Distorted crystals use 'pseudogravity' to bend light like black holes do" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38008449 :

"Deflection of electromagnetic waves by pseudogravity in distorted photonic crystals" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.0... :

> We demonstrate electromagnetic waves following a gravitational field using a photonic crystal. We introduce spatially distorted photonic crystals (DPCs) capable of deflecting light waves owing to their pseudogravity caused by lattice distortion

Hybrid device does power generation and molecular solar thermal energy storage

"Hybrid solar energy device for simultaneous electric power generation and molecular solar thermal energy storage" (2024) https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(24)00288-5 :

> Context & scale: [...] This paper proposes a hybrid device combining a molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage system with PV cell. The MOST system, made of elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and nitrogen, avoids the need for rare materials. It serves as an optical filter and cooling agent for the PV cell, improving solar energy utilization and addressing the limitations of conventional PV and storage technologies.

- "Solar energy can now be stored for up to 18 years, say scientists" (2022) [ with MOST: Molecular Solar Thermal energy storage method ] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34027606 :

- "Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation" (2022) https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/fulltext/...

[-]

QED: A Powerful Query Equivalence Decider for SQL [pdf]

How do or should SQL [or SPARQL-star] applications use partially-undecideable query equivalence to cache queries, or is it better to cache unpermissioned application-level views according to a sorted list of path, query argument, and HTTP header parameters and a salt?

[-]

Compiling to Assembly from Scratch

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An Emu86.assembler.virtual_machine.Z8Machine (like MIPSMachine, RISCVMachine, and IntelMachine) could be stepped through in a notebook: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41576922

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Execsnoop: Monitors and logs all exec calls on system in real-time

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From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37442312 re why not ptrace for tracing all exec() syscalls:

> The Falco docs list 3 syscall event drivers: Kernel module, Classic eBPF probe, and Modern eBPF probe: https://falco.org/docs/event-sources/kernel/

[+]

It looks like the falco rules mention proc.ppid.duration, but there's not yet a rule that matches on ppid: rules/falco_rules.yaml https://github.com/falcosecurity/rules/blob/main/rules/falco... :

> Tuning suggestions include looking at the duration of the parent process (proc.ppid.duration) to define your long-running app processes. Checking for newer fields such as proc.vpgid.name and proc.vpgid.exe instead of the direct parent process being a non-shell application could make the rule more robust.

[-]

Glass Antenna Turns windows into 5G Base Stations

Would this work with peptide glass?

"A self-healing multispectral transparent adhesive peptide glass" https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07408-x :

> Moreover, the supramolecular glass is an extremely strong adhesive yet it is transparent in a wide spectral range from visible to mid-infrared. This exceptional set of characteristics is observed in a simple bioorganic peptide glass composed of natural amino acids, presenting a multi-functional material that could be highly advantageous for various applications in science and engineering.

Is there a phononic reason for why antenna + window?

Bass kickers, vibration speakers like SoundBug, and bone conductance microphones like Jawbone headsets are all transducers, too

Transducer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41442489 :

> FWIU rotating the lingams causes vibrations which scare birds away.

Patch Proposed for Adding x86_64 Feature Levels to the Kernel

> The proposed patch adds the x86_64 micro-architecture feature levels v2 / v3 / v4 as new Kconfig options if wanting to cater to them when building the kernel with modern GCC and LLVM Clang compilers. It's just some Kconfig logic to then set the "-march=x86-64-v4" or similar compiler options for the kernel build.

How much would these compiler flags save a standard datacenter and then an HPV center?

[-]

A Friendly Introduction to Assembly for High-Level Programmers

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Emu86/assembler/MIPS/key_words.py: https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/assembler/MIPS/...

Emu86.assembler.virtual_machine > MIPSMachine(VirtualMachine) , RISCVMachine(VirtualMachine) , IntelMachine(VirtualMachine) https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/b48725898f37dede3ab254...

Learn x in y minutes > "Where X=MIPS Assembly" https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/mips/

- "Ask HN: Best blog tutorial explaining Assembly code?" (2023) re ASM, HLA, WASM, WASI and POSIX, and docker/containerd/nerdctl support for various WASM runtimes: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38772493

- "Show HN: Tetris, but the blocks are ARM instructions that execute in the browser" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37086102 ; the emu86 jupyter kernel supports X86, RISC, MIPS, and WASM; and the iarm jupyter kernel supports ARMv6

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Rga: Ripgrep, but also search in PDFs, E-Books, Office documents, zip, etc.

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Couldn't or shouldn't each parser be run in a container with systemd-nspawn or LXC or another container runtime? (Even if all it's doing is reading a file format into process space as NX data not code as the current user)

NX bit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit

Executable-space protection > Limitations mentions JITs and ROP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable-space_protection

mprotect(), VirtualAlloc[Ex] and VirtualProtect[Ex],

"NX bit: does it protect the stack?" https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/47807/nx-bit-do...

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A word about systemd (2016)

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systemd unit files require minimal modification by distro repackagers.

With SysV-init, it was/is necessary to modify /etc/init.d/servicenamed shell scripts to get consistent logging and respawning behavior. With SysV init it's not possible to add edges between things to say that networkd must be started before apached; there are 6 numeric runlevels and filenames like S86apache, which you then can't diff or debsums against because the package default is S80apache and Apache starts with A which alphabetically sorts before the N in networkd.

And then add cgroups and namespaces to everything in /etc/init.d please

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It's possible to pipe stdout to syslog through logger by modifying the exec args. But I'd rather take journald's word for it.

Supervisord (and supervisorctl) are like s6. I don't think any of these support a config file syntax for namespaces, cgroups, seccomp, or SyscallFilter. Though it's possible to use process isolation with any init system by modifying the init script or config file to call the process with systemd-nspawn (which is like chroot, which most SysV-init scripts also fail to do at all, though a process can drop privs and chroot at init regardless of init system).

systemd works in containers now without weird setup. Though is it better to run a 'sidecar' container (for e.g. certbot) than to run multiple processes in a container?

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The HTTP Query Method

There is currently no way to determine whether there's, for example, an application/json representation of a URL that returns text/html by default.

OPTIONS and PROPFIND don't get it.

There should be an HTTP method (or a .well-known url path prefix) to query and list every Content-Type available for a given URL.

From https://x.com/westurner/status/1111000098174050304 :

> So, given the current web standards, it's still not possible to determine what's lurking behind a URL given the correct headers? Seems like that could've been the first task for structured data on the internet

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> https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#field.accept (yes Accept can be used in responses)

I think that would solve.

HTTP servers SHOULD send one or more Accept: {content_type} HTTP headers in the HTTP Response to an HTTP OPTIONS Request in order to indicate which content types can be requested from that path.

IDK where that should be added though? Maybe REST and W3C LDP and similar

The OpenAPI docs could suggest same

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https://schema.org/WebAPI

https://github.com/schemaorg/schemaorg/issues/1423#issuecomm... :

> Examples of how to represent GraphQL, SPARQL, LDP, and SOLID APIs [as properties of one or more rdfs:subClassOf schema:WebAPI (as RDFa in HTML or JSON-LD)]

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GraalPy – A high-performance embeddable Python 3 runtime for Java

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"PEP 703 – Making the Global Interpreter Lock Optional in CPython" (2023) https://peps.python.org/pep-0703/

CPython built with --disable-gil does not have a GIL (as long as PYTHONGIL=0 and all loaded C extensions are built for --disable-gil mode) https://peps.python.org/pep-0703/#py-mod-gil-slot

"Intent to approve PEP 703: making the GIL optional" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36913328#36917709 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36913328#36921625

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CPython does not have a GIL Global Interpreter Lock GC Garbage Collection phase with --gil-disabled. GraalVM does have a GIL, like CPython without --gil-disabled.

How CPython accomplished nogil in their - the original and reference - fork is described in the topical linked PEP 703.

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Oh okay. Yeah I would say that the Java GC and the ported CPython GIL are probably limits to the performance of any Python in Java implementation.

But are there even nogil builds of CPython C extensions on PyPi yet anyway.

Re: Ghidraal and various methods of Python in Java: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36454485

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Chain of Thought empowers transformers to solve inherently serial problems

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Labeling of observations better than a list of column label strings at the top would make it possible to mine for insights in or produce a universal theory that covers what has been observed instead of the presumed limits of theory.

CSVW is CSV on the Web as Linked Data.

With 7 metadata header rows at the top, a CSV could be converted to CSVW; with URIs for units like metre or meter or feet.

If a ScholarlyArticle publisher does not indicate that a given CSV or better :Dataset that is :partOf an article is a :premiseTo the presented argument, a human grad student or an LLM needs to identify the links or textual citations to the dataset CSV(s).

Easy: Identify all of the pandas.read_csv() calls in a notebook,

Expensive: Find the citation in a PDF, search for the text in "quotation marks" and try and guess which search result contains the dataset premise to an article;

Or, identify each premise in the article, pull the primary datasets, and run an unbiased automl report to identify linear and nonlinear variance relations and test the data dredged causal chart before or after manually reading an abstract.

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STORM: Get a Wikipedia-like report on your topic

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PROMPT`: Then, after conducting background research, Generate testable and untestable hypotheses and also suggestions for further study given market challenges and relevant marginally advantageous new and proven technologies.

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Nyxpsi – A Next-Gen Network Protocol for Extreme Packet Loss

Re: information sharing by entanglement, CHSH, and the Bell test: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41480957#41515663 :

> And all it takes to win the game is to transmit classical bits with digital error correction using hidden variables?

Chrome switching to NIST-approved ML-KEM quantum encryption

> A proposed solution (IETF draft) for the long term is for servers to announce what cryptographic algorithms they support via DNS, so the client uses the appropriate key from the start, avoiding extra round trips during the handshake.

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Gigantic Wave in Pacific Ocean Was the Most Extreme 'Rogue Wave' on Record

> Scientists define a rogue wave as any wave more than twice the height of the waves surrounding it. The Draupner wave, for instance, was 25.6 meters tall, while its neighbors were only 12 meters tall.

> In comparison, the Ucluelet wave was nearly three times the size of its peers.

> The buoy that picked up the Ucluelet wave was placed offshore along with dozens of others by a research institute called MarineLabs in an attempt to learn more about hazards out in the deep.

> [...] For centuries, rogue waves were considered nothing but nautical folklore. It wasn't until 1995 that myth became fact.

ScholarlyArticle: "Generation mechanism and prediction of an observed extreme rogue wave" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05671-4

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Microsoft plan to end kernel-level anti-cheat could be massive for Linux Gaming

Personally, for Linux support, an offline-only mode with no anti-cheat would be fine.

We don't even need to compete online as others can.

Unfortunately [EA,] games like FIFA are unplayable even offline in Linux (with Proton WINE) due to anti-cheat FWIU.

EU has a new "preserving PC games" directive. Will any of these games work without versions of Operating Systems that there are no security patches for anymore?

The "Stop Destroying Videogames" petition is open through 2025-07-03: https://citizens-initiative.europa.eu/initiatives/details/20... :

> This initiative calls to require publishers that sell or license videogames to consumers in the European Union (or related features and assets sold for videogames they operate) to leave said videogames in a functional (playable) state.

OS-kernel-integrated anti-cheat makes a game unplayable offline today.

Those probably won't archive well.

VirtualBox supports a "virtual TPM" device so that Windows 11 will run in a VM.

Internet Archive has so many games preserved with DOSbox, in HTML5 and WASM years later.

We shouldn't need a 120 FPS 4K (4k120) sunshine server remote desktop for gaming with old games.

> Specifically, the initiative seeks to prevent the remote disabling of videogames by the publishers, before providing reasonable means to continue functioning of said videogames without the involvement from the side of the publisher.

The initiative does not seek to acquire ownership of said videogames, associated intellectual rights or monetization rights, neither does it expect the publisher to provide resources for the said videogame once they discontinue it while leaving it in a reasonably functional (playable) state.

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Grounding AI in reality with a little help from Data Commons

> Retrieval Interleaved Generation (RIG): This approach fine-tunes Gemma 2 to identify statistics within its responses and annotate them with a call to Data Commons, including a relevant query and the model's initial answer for comparison. Think of it as the model double-checking its work against a trusted source.

> [...] Trade-offs of the RAG approach: [...] In addition, the effectiveness of grounding depends on the quality of the generated queries to Data Commons.

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This is similar to the difference between data dredging and scientific hypothesis testing.

'But what bias did we infer with [LLM knowledgebase] background research prior to formulating a hypothesis, and who measured?'

There are various methods of Inference: Inductive, Deductive, and Abductive

What are the limits of Null Hypothesis methods of scientific inquiry?

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Better-performing “25519” elliptic-curve cryptography

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Actually, e.g. rustls added X25519Kyber768Draft00 support this year: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41534500

/?q X25519Kyber768Draft00: https://www.google.com/search?q=X25519Kyber768Draft00

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From "OpenSSL 3.4 Alpha 1 Released with New Features" (8 days ago) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41456447#41456774 :

> Someday there will probably be a TLS1.4/2.0 with PQ, and also FIPS-140 -4?

> Are there additional ways to implement NIST PQ finalist algos with openssl?

- open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider [implements mlkem512 through mlkem1024 and x25519_mlkem768]

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In this case, hybrid means "not entirely PQ".

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Defend against vampires with 10 gbps network encryption

A notebook with pandas would have had a df.plot().

9.71 Gbps with wg on a 10GBps link with sysctl tunings, custom MTUs,.

I had heard of token ring, but not 10BASE5: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE5

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Microsoft's quantum-resistant cryptography is here

> With NIST releasing an initial group of finalized post-quantum encryption standards, we are excited to bring these into SymCrypt, starting with ML-KEM (FIPS 203, formerly Kyber), a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). In the coming months, we will incorporate ML-DSA (FIPS 204, formerly Dilithium), a lattice-based digital signature scheme and SLH-DSA (FIPS 205, formerly SPHINCS+), a stateless hash-based signature scheme.

> In addition to the above PQC FIPS standards, in 2020 NIST published the SP 800-208 recommendation for stateful hash-based signature schemes which are also resistant to quantum computers. As NIST themselves called out, these algorithms are not suitable for general use because their security depends on careful state management, however, they can be useful in specific contexts like firmware signing. In accordance with the above NIST recommendation we have added eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS) to SymCrypt, and the Leighton-Micali Signature Scheme (LMS) will be added soon along with the other algorithms mentioned above.

microsoft/SymCrypt /CHANGELOG.md: https://github.com/microsoft/SymCrypt/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md

TIL that SymCrypt builds on Ubuntu: https://github.com/microsoft/SymCrypt/releases :

> Generic Linux AMD64 (x86-64) and ARM64 - built and validated on Ubuntu, but because SymCrypt has very few standard library dependencies, it should work on most Linux distributions

The Rustls TLS Library Adds Post-Quantum Key Exchange Support

- cf article about PQ (2024) https://blog.cloudflare.com/pq-2024/

- rustls-post-quantum: https://crates.io/crates/rustls-post-quantum

- rustls-post-quantum docs: https://docs.rs/rustls-post-quantum/latest/rustls_post_quant... :

> This crate provides a rustls::crypto::CryptoProvider that includes a hybrid [1], post-quantum-secure [2] key exchange algorithm – specifically X25519Kyber768Draft00.

> X25519Kyber768Draft00 is pre-standardization, so you should treat this as experimental. You may see unexpected interop failures, and the algorithm implemented here may not be the one that eventually becomes widely deployed.

> However, the two components of this key exchange are well regarded: X25519 alone is already used by default by rustls, and tends to have higher quality implementations than other elliptic curves. Kyber768 was recently standardized by NIST as ML-KEM-768.

"Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard" KEM: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/203/final :

> The security of ML-KEM is related to the computational difficulty of the Module Learning with Errors problem. [...] This standard specifies three parameter sets for ML-KEM. In order of increasing security strength and decreasing performance, these are ML-KEM-512, ML-KEM-768, and ML-KEM-1024.

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Breaking Bell's Inequality with Monte Carlo Simulations in Python

Maro | 2024-09-08 11:28:35 | 122 | # | ^

Hidden variable theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory

Bell test: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test :

> To do away with this assumption it is necessary to detect a sufficiently large fraction of the photons. This is usually characterized in terms of the detection efficiency η [\eta], defined as the probability that a photodetector detects a photon that arrives at it. Anupam Garg and N. David Mermin showed that when using a maximally entangled state and the CHSH inequality an efficiency of η > 2*sqrt(2)/2~= 0.83 is required for a loophole-free violation.[51] Later Philippe H. Eberhard showed that when using a partially entangled state a loophole-free violation is possible for η>2/3~=0.67 which is the optimal bound for the CHSH inequality.[53] Other Bell inequalities allow for even lower bounds. For example, there exists a four-setting inequality which is violated for η>(sqrt(5)-1)/2~=0.62 [54]

CHSH inequality: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHSH_inequality

/sbin/chsh

Isn't it possible to measure the wake of a photon instead of measuring the photon itself; to measure the wake without affecting the boat that has already passed? And shouldn't a simple beam splitter be enough to demonstrate entanglement if there is an instrument with sufficient sensitivity to infer the phase of a passed photon?

This says that intensity is sufficient to read phase: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40492160 :

> "Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev... :

>> This means that hard-to-measure optical properties such as amplitudes, phases and correlations—perhaps even these of quantum wave systems—can be deduced from something a lot easier to measure: light intensity

And all it takes to win the game is to transmit classical bits with digital error correction using hidden variables?

From "Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40917761 ... From "Scientists show that there is indeed an 'entropy' of quantum entanglement" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396001#40396211 :

> IIRC I read on Wikipedia one day that Bell's actually says there's like a 60% error rate?(!)

That was probably the "Bell test" article, which - IIUC - does indeed indicate that if you can read 62% of the photons you are likely to find a loophole-free violation.

What is the photon detection rate in this and other simulators?

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Show HN: Pyrtls, rustls-based modern TLS for Python

"PEP 543 – A Unified TLS API for Python" specified interfaces that would make it easier to use different TLS implementations: https://peps.python.org/pep-0543/#interfaces

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alphaXiv: Open research discussion on top of arXiv

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W3D Decentralized Identifiers are designed for this use case.

Decentralized identifier: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_identifier

W3C TR did-core: "DID Decentralized Identifiers 1.0": https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/

W3C TR did-use-cases: "Use Cases and Requirements for Decentralized Identifiers" https://www.w3.org/TR/did-use-cases/

"Email addresses are not good 'permanent' identifiers for accounts" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38823817#38831952

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In comparison to DIDs, ORCIDs aren't sk/pk pairs that can be used to cryptographically sign.

A person can generate (and optionally register) additional DIDs if they please.

A person can request additional ORCIDs if they please

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Charging lithium-ion batteries at high currents first increases lifespan by 50%

But are there risks and thus costs?

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Isn't there how much fire risk from charging a _ battery at higher than spec currents?

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So for SAFETY then there also shouldn't there be battery fire containment [vessels] for the production manufacturing process?

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Same origin: Quantum and GR from Riemannian geometry and Planck scale formalism

ScholarlyArticle: "On the same origin of quantum physics and general relativity from Riemannian geometry and Planck scale formalism" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092765052...

- NewsArticle: "Magical equation unites quantum physics, Einstein’s general relativity in a first" https://interestingengineering.com/science/general-relativit... :

> “We proved that the Einstein field equation from general relativity is actually a relativistic quantum mechanical equation,” the researchers note in their study.

> [...] To link them, the researchers developed a mathematical framework that “Redefined the mass and charge of leptons (fundamental particles) in terms of the interactions between the energy of the field and the curvature of the spacetime.”

> “The obtained equation is covariant in space-time and invariant with respect to any Planck scale. Therefore, the constants of the universe can be reduced to only two quantities: Planck length and Planck time,” the researchers note.

- NewsArticle: "Magical equation unites quantum physics, Einstein’s general relativity in a first" https://interestingengineering.com/science/general-relativit... :

> “We proved that the Einstein field equation from general relativity is actually a relativistic quantum mechanical equation,” the researchers note in their study.

[+]

Someone could also or instead read:

"Gravity as a fluid dynamic phenomenon in a superfluid quantum space. Fluid quantum gravity and relativity." (2015) https://hal.science/hal-01248015/

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38871054 .. "Light and gravitational waves don't arrive simultaneously" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38056295 :

>> In SQS (Superfluid Quantum Space), Quantum gravity has fluid vortices with Gross-Pitaevskii, Bernoulli's, and IIUC so also Navier-Stokes; so Quantum CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

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Newly Discovered Antibody Protects Against All Covid-19 Variants

> The technology used to isolate the antibody, termed Ig-Seq, gives researchers a closer look at the antibody response to infection and vaccination using a combination of single-cell DNA sequencing and proteomics.

/? ig-seq [ site:github.com ] : https://www.google.com/search?q=ig-seq+site%3Agithub.com

https://www.illumina.com/science/sequencing-method-explorer/... :

> Rep-Seq is a collective term for repertoire sequencing technologies. DNA sequencing of immunoglobulin genes (Ig-seq) and molecular amplification fingerprinting

> [ Ig-seq] is a targeted gDNA amplification method performed with primers complementary to the rearranged V-region gene (VDJ recombinant). Amplification of cDNA is then performed with the appropriate 5’ primers.

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[deleted]

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Ten simple rules for scientific code review

> Rule 1: Review code just like you review other elements of your research

> Rule 2: Don’t leave code review to the end of the project

> Rule 3: The ideal reviewer may be closer than you think

> Rule 4: Make it easy to review your code

> Rule 5: Do it in person and synchronously… A. Circulate code in advance. B. Provide necessary context. C. Ask for specific feedback if needed. D. Walk through the code. E. Gather actionable comments and suggestions

> Rule 6:…and also remotely and asynchronously

> Rule 7: Review systematically

> A. Run the code and aim to reproduce the results. B. Read the code through—first all of it, with a focus on the API. C. Ask questions. D. Read the details—focus on modularity and design, E. Read the details—focus on the math, F. Read the details—focus on performance, G. Read the details—focus on formatting, typos, comments, documentation, and overall code clarity

> Rule 8: Know your limits

> Rule 9: Be kind

> Rule 10: Reciprocate

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Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold

"Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.13687 :

> Abstract: Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of Λ = 2.14 ± 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% ± 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit's lifetime by a factor of 2.4 ± 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 μs at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 μs. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 × 109 cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

> logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 × 109 cycles.

Does that timing vary on other devices?

Cavity-Mediated Entanglement of Parametrically Driven Spin Qubits via Sidebands

From "Cavity-Mediated Entanglement of Parametrically Driven Spin Qubits via Sidebands" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuan... :

> We show that the sidebands generated via the driving fields enable highly tunable qubit-qubit entanglement using only ac control and without requiring the qubit and cavity frequencies to be tuned into simultaneous resonance. The model we derive can be mapped to a variety of qubit types, including detuning-driven one-electron spin qubits in double quantum dots and three-electron resonant exchange qubits in triple quantum dots. The high degree of nonlinearity inherent in spin qubits renders these systems particularly favorable for parametric drive-activated entanglement.

- Article: "Radical quantum computing theory could lead to more powerful machines than previously imagined" https://www.livescience.com/technology/computing/radical-qua... :

> Each qubit operates in a given frequency.

> These qubits can then be stitched together through quantum entanglement — where their data is linked across vast separations over time or space — to process calculations in parallel. The more qubits are entangled, the more exponentially powerful a quantum computer will become.

> Entangled qubits must share the same frequency. But the study proposes giving them "extra" operating frequencies so they can resonate with other qubits or work on their own if needed.

Is there an infinite amount of quantum computational resources in the future that could handle today's [quantum] workload?

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Rpi-open-firmware: open-source VPU side bootloader for Raspberry Pi

> Additionally, there is a second-stage chainloader running on ARM capable of initializing eMMC, FAT, and the Linux kernel.

There's now (SecureBoot) UEFI firmware for Rpi3+, so grub and systemd-boot should work on Raspberry Pis: https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/99473/why-is... :

> The Raspberry Pi is special that the primary (on-chip ROM) , secondary (bootcode.bin) and third bootloader (start.elf) are executed on its GPU, one chainloading the other. The instruction set is not properly documented and start.elf

> What can be done (as SuSE and Microsoft have demonstrated) is to replace kernel.img at will - even with a custom version of TianoCore (an open-source UEFI implementation) or U-Boot. This can then be used to start an UEFI-compatible GRUB2 or BOOTMGR binary.

"UEFI Secure Boot on the Raspberry Pi" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35815382

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AlphaProteo generates novel proteins for biology and health research

> Trained on vast amounts of protein data from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and more than 100 million predicted structures from AlphaFold, AlphaProteo has learned the myriad ways molecules bind to each other. Given the structure of a target molecule and a set of preferred binding locations on that molecule, AlphaProteo generates a candidate protein that binds to the target at those locations.

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Show HN: An open-source implementation of AlphaFold3

Hi HN - we’re the founders of Ligo Biosciences and are excited to share an open-source implementation of AlphaFold3, the frontier model for protein structure prediction.

Google DeepMind and their new startup Isomorphic Labs, are expanding into drug discovery. They developed AlphaFold3 as their model to accelerate drug discovery and create demand from big pharma. They already signed Novartis and Eli Lilly for $3 billion - Google’s becoming a pharma company! (https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/articles/isomorphic-labs-kick...)

AlphaFold3 is a biomolecular structure prediction model that can do three main things: (1) Predict the structure of proteins; (2) Predict the structure of drug-protein interactions; (3) Predict nucleic acid - protein complex structure.

AlphaFold3 is incredibly important for science because it vastly accelerates the mapping of protein structures. It takes one PhD student their entire PhD to do one structure. With AlphaFold3, you get a prediction in minutes on par with experimental accuracy.

There’s just one problem: when DeepMind published AlphaFold3 in May (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07487-w), there was no code. This brought up questions about reproducibility (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01463-0) as well as complaints from the scientific community (https://undark.org/2024/06/06/opinion-alphafold-3-open-sourc...).

AlphaFold3 is a fundamental advance in structure modeling technology that the entire biotech industry deserves to be able to reap the benefits from. Its applications are vast, including:

- CRISPR gene editing technologies, where scientists can see exactly how the DNA interacts with the scissor Cas protein;

- Cancer research - predicting how a potential drug binds to the cancer target. One of the highlights in DeepMind’s paper is the prediction of a clinical KRAS inhibitor in complex with its target.

- Antibody / nanobody to target predictions. AlphaFold3 improves accuracy on this class of molecules 2 fold compared to the next best tool.

Unfortunately, no companies can use it since it is under a non-commercial license!

Today we are releasing the full model trained on single chain proteins (capability 1 above), with the other two capabilities to be trained and released soon. We also include the training code. Weights will be released once training and benchmarking is complete. We wanted this to be truly open source so we used the Apache 2.0 license.

Deepmind published the full structure of the model, along with each components’ pseudocode in their paper. We translated this fully into PyTorch, which required more reverse engineering than we thought!

When building the initial version, we discovered multiple issues in DeepMind’s paper that would interfere with the training - we think the deep learning community might find these especially interesting. (Diffusion folks, we would love feedback on this!) These include:

- MSE loss scaling differs from Karras et al. (2022). The weighting provided in the paper does not downweigh the loss at high noise levels.

- Omission of residual layers in the paper - we add these back and see benefits in gradient flow and convergence. Anyone have any idea why Deepmind may have omitted the residual connections in the DiT blocks?

- The MSA module, in its current form, has dead layers. The last pair weighted averaging and transition layers cannot contribute to the pair representation, hence no grads. We swap the order to the one in the ExtraMsaStack in AlphaFold2. An alternative solution would be to use weight sharing, but whether this is done is ambiguous in the paper.

More about those issues here: https://github.com/Ligo-Biosciences/AlphaFold3

How this came about: we are building Ligo (YC S24), where we are using ideas from AlphaFold3 for enzyme design. We thought open sourcing it was a nice side quest to benefit the community.

For those on Twitter, there was a good thread a few days ago that has more information: https://twitter.com/ArdaGoreci/status/1830744265007480934.

A few shoutouts: A huge thanks to OpenFold for pioneering the previous open source implementation of AlphaFold We did a lot of our early prototyping with proteinFlow developed by Lisa at AdaptyvBio we also look forward to partnering with them to bring you the next versions! We are also partnering with Basecamp Research to supply this model with the best sequence data known to science. Matthew Clark (https://batisio.co.uk) for his amazing animations!

We’re around to answer questions and look forward to hearing from you!

Does this win the Folding@home competition, or is/was that a different goal than what AlphaFold3 and ligo-/AlphaFold3 already solve for?

Folding@Home https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home :

> making it the world's first exaflop computing system

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Kids Should Be Taught to Think Logically

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Inductive, Deductive, Abductive Inference

Reason > Logical reasoning methods and argumentation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason#Logical_reasoning_metho...

Critical Thinking > Logic and rationality > Deduction, abduction and induction ; Critical thinking and rationality: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking#Deduction,_a...

Logic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic :

> Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural language whereas formal logic uses formal language.

Logical reasoning: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

An argument can be Sound or Unsound; or Cogent or Uncogent.

Exercises I recall:

Underline or Highlight or Annotate the topic sentence / precis sentence (which can be the last sentence of an introductory paragraph),

Underline the conclusion,

Underline and label the premises; P1, P2, P3

Don't trust; Verify the logical form

  If P1 then Q
  P2
  therefore Q

  If P1, P2, and P3
  P1 kinda
  we all like ____
  therefore Q
Logic puzzles,

"Pete, it's a fool that looks for logic in the chambers of the human heart.", money x3, posturing

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Coding on iPad using self-hosted VSCode, Caddy, and code-server

Is it ergonomic to code on a tablet without bci?

https://vscode.dev can connect to a remote vscode instance in a container e.g. over Remote Tunnels ; but browsers trap so many keyboard shortcuts.

Which container with code-server to run to connect to from vscode client?

You can specify a development container that contains code-server with devcontainer.json.

vscode, Codespaces and these tools support devcontainer.json, too:

coder/envbuilder: https://github.com/coder/envbuilder

loft-sh/devpod: https://github.com/loft-sh/devpod

lapce/lapdev: https://github.com/lapce/lapdev

JupyterHub and BinderHub can spawn containers that also run code-server. Though repo2docker and REES don't yet support devcontainer.json, they do support bringing your own Dockerfile.

> but browsers trap so many keyboard shortcuts.

As a result, unfortunately the F1 keyboard shortcut calls browser help not vscode help.

Aren't there browser-based RDP apps that don't mangle all of the shortcuts, or does it have to be fulscreen in a browser to support a VM-like escape sequence to return keyboard input to the host?

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OpenSSL 3.4 Alpha 1 Released with New Features

The roadmap on the site is 404'ing and the openssl/web repo is archived?

The v3.4 roadmap entry PR mentions QUIC (which HTTP/3 requires)? https://github.com/openssl/web/pull/481/files

Someday there will probably be a TLS1.4/2.0 with PQ, and also FIPS-140 -4?

Are there additional ways to implement NIST PQ finalist algos with openssl?

open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider: https://github.com/open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider :

  openssl list -signature-algorithms -provider oqsprovider 
  openssl list -kem-algorithms -provider oqsprovider
  openssl list -tls-signature-algorithms

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Gold nugget formation from earthquake-induced piezoelectricity in quartz

"Gold nugget formation from earthquake-induced piezoelectricity in quartz" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01514-1

Piezoelectric effects are how crystal radios work; AM Amplitude Modulated, shortwave, longwave

Quartz is dielectric.

Quartz clocks, quartz voltimeter

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40859142 :

> Ancient lingams had Copper (Cu) and Gold (Au), and crystal FWIU.

> From "Can you pump water without any electricity?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40619745 :

>> - /? praveen mohan lingam: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=praveen+mohan+l...

FWIU rotating the lingams causes vibrations which scare birds away.

Piezoelectricity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

"New "X-Ray Vision" Technique Sees Inside Crystals" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40630832

"Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj2167 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40360691 :

> Electron–electron interactions in high-mobility conductors can give rise to transport signatures resembling those described by classical hydrodynamics. Using a nanoscale scanning magnetometer, we imaged a distinctive hydrodynamic transport pattern—stationary current vortices—in a monolayer graphene device at room temperature.

"Goldene: New 2D form of gold makes graphene look boring" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40079905

"Gold nanoparticles kill cancer – but not as thought" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819854 :

> Star-shaped gold nanoparticles up to 200nm kill at least some forms of cancer; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819854

Are there phononic excitations from earthquake-induced piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects?

Do (surface) plasmon polaritons SPhP affect the interactions between quartz and gold, given heat and vibration as from an earthquake?

"Extreme light confinement and control in low-symmetry phonon-polaritonic crystals" like quartz https://arxiv.org/html/2312.06805v2

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Chrome 130: Direct Sockets API

Mozilla's position is that Direct Sockets would be unsafe and inconsiderate given existing cross-origin expectations FWIU: https://github.com/mozilla/standards-positions/issues/431

Direct Sockets API > Permissions Policy: https://wicg.github.io/direct-sockets/#permissions-policy

docs/explainer.md >> Security Considerations : https://github.com/WICG/direct-sockets/blob/main/docs/explai...

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Without support for Direct Sockets in Firefox, developers have JSONP, HTTP, WebSockets, and WebRTC.

Typically today, a user must agree to install a package that uses L3 sockets before they're using sockets other than DNS, HTTP, and mDNS. HTTP Signed Exchanges is one way to sign webapps.

IMHO they're way too confident in application sandboxing but we already know that we need containers, Gvisor or Kata, and container-selinux to isolate server processes.

Chrome and Firefox and Edge all have the same app sandbox now FWIU. It is contributed to pwn2own ever year. I don't think the application-level browser sandbox has a better record of vulns than containers or VMs.

So, IDK about trusting in-browser isolation features, or sockets with unsigned cross-domain policies.

OTOH things that would work with Direct Sockets IIUC: P2P VPN server/client, blind proxy relay without user confirmation, HTTP server, behind the firewall port scanner that uploads scans,

I can understand FF's position on Direct Sockets.

There used to be a "https server for apps" Firefox extension.

It is still necessary to install e.g Metamask to add millions of lines of unverified browser code and a JS/WASM interpretor to an otherwise secured Zero Trust chain. Without a Wallet Browser extension like Metamask explicitly installed, browsers otherwise must use vulnerable regular DNS instead of EDNS. Without Metamask installed, it's not possible for a compromised browser to hack at a blockchain without a relay because most blockchains specifically avoid regular HTTPS. Existing browsers do not support blockchain protocols without the user approving install of e.g. Metamask over PKI SSL.

FWIU there are many examples of people hijacking computers to mine PoW coins in JS or WASM, and we don't want that to be easier to do without requiring confirmation from easily-fooled users.

Browsers SHOULD indicate when a browser tab is PoW mining in the background as the current user in the background.

Are there downgrade attacks on this?

Don't you need HTTPS to serve the origin policy before switching to Direct Sockets anyway?

HTTP/3 QUIC is built on UDP. Can apps work with WS or WebRTC over HTTP/3 instead of sockets?

Edit: (now I can read the spec in question)

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Show HN: A retro terminal text editor for GNU/Linux coded in C (C-edit)

I set about coding my own version of the classic MS-DOS EDIT.COM for GNU/Linux systems four years ago and it this is where the project is at... still rough around the edges but works well with Termux! :) Demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7bneUX_kVA

QB64 is an EDIT.COM-style IDE and a compiler for QuickBasic .BAS programs: https://github.com/QB64Official/qb64#usage

There's a QBjs, for QuickBasic on the web.

There's a QB64 vscode extension: https://github.com/QB64Official/vscode

Textual has a MarkdownViewer TUI control with syntax highlighting and a file tree in a side panel like NERDtree, but not yet a markdown editor.

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Same. `edit` to edit. These days perhaps not coincidentally I have a script called `e` for edit that opens vim: https://github.com/westurner/dotfiles/blob/develop/scripts/e

GORILLA.BAS! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillas_(video_game)

gorilla.bas with dosbox in html: https://archive.org/details/GorillasQbasic

rewritten with jquery: https://github.com/theraccoonbear/BrowserGORILLAS.BAS/blob/m...

Basically the same thing but for learning, except you can't change the constants in the simulator by editing the source of the game with Ctrl-C and running it with F5:

- PHET > Projectile Data Lab https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/projectile-data-lab

- sensorcraft is like minecraft but in python with pyglet for OpenGL 3D; self.add_block(), gravity, ai, circuits: https://sensorcraft.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

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PyTorch 2.4 Now Supports Intel GPUs for Faster Workloads

Which Intel GPUs? Is this for the Max Series GPUs and/or the Gaudi 3 launching in 3Q?

"Intel To Sunset First-Gen Max Series GPU To Focus On Gaudi, Falcon Shores Chips" (2024-05) https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/2024/intel-s...

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SDL3 new GPU API merged

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wgpu supports WebGPU: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu :

> While WebGPU does not support any shading language other than WGSL, we will automatically convert your non-WGSL shaders if you're running on WebGPU.

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I found:

shlomnissan/sdl-wasm: https://github.com/shlomnissan/sdl-wasm :

> A simple example of compiling C/SDL to WebAssembly and binding it to an HTML5 canvas.

erik-larsen/emscripten-sdl2-ogles2: https://github.com/erik-larsen/emscripten-sdl2-ogles2 :

> C++/SDL2/OpenGLES2 samples running in the browser via Emscripten

IDK how much work there is to migrate these to SDL3?

Are there WASM compilation advantages to SDL3 vs SDL2?

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Can the SDL terminal emulator handle up-arrow /slash commands, and cool CLI things like Textual and IPython's prompt_toolkit readline (.inputrc) alternative which supports multi line editing, argument tab completion, and syntax highlighting?, in a game and/or on a PC?

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Does the SDL terminal emulator support enough of VT100, is it, to host an [in-game] console shell TUI with advanced features?

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raylib > "How to compile against the [SDL2] backend" https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/discussions/3764

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Rust solves the problem of incomplete Kernel Linux API docs

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W3C CSVW supports per-column schema.

Serialize a dict containing a value with uncertainties and/or Pint (or astropy.units) and complex values to JSON, then read it from JSON back to the same types. Handle datetimes, complex values, and categoricals

"CSVW: CSV on the Web" https://github.com/jazzband/tablib/issues/305

7 Columnar metadata header rows for a CSV: column label, property URI, datatype, quantity/unit, accuracy, precision, significant figures https://wrdrd.github.io/docs/consulting/linkedreproducibilit...

CSV on the Web: A Primer > 6. Advanced Use > 6.1 How do you support units of measure? https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-primer/#units-of-measure

You can specify units in a CSVW file with QUDT, an RDFS schema and vocabulary for Quantities, Units, Dimensions, and Types

Schema.org has StructuredValue and rdfs:subPropertyOf like QuantitativeValue and QuantitativeValueDistribution: https://schema.org/StructuredValue

There are linked data schema for units, and there are various in-code in-RAM typed primitive and compound type serialization libraries for various programming languages; but they're not integrated, so we're unable to share data with units between apps and fall back to CSVW.

There are zero-copy solutions for sharing variables between cells of e.g. a polyglot notebook with input cells written in more than one programing language without reshaping or serializing.

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Sandbox Python notebooks with uv and marimo

Package checksums can be specified per-platform in requirements.txt and Pipfile.lock files. Is it advisable to only list package names, in TOML that can't be parsed from source comments with the AST parser?

.ipynb nbformat inlines binary data outputs from e.g. _repr_png_() as base64 data, rather than delimiting code and binary data in .py files.

One file zipapp PEX Python Executables are buildable with Twitter Pants build, Buck, and Bazel. PEX files are executable ZIP files with a Python header.

There's a GitHub issue about a Markdown format for notebooks because percent format (`# %%`) and myst-nb formats don't include outputs.

There's also GitHub issue about Jupytext storing outputs

Containers are sandboxes. repo2docker with repo2podman sandboxes a git repo with notebooks by creating a container with a recent version of the notebook software on top.

How does your solution differ from ipyflow and rxpy, for example? Are ipywidgets supported or supportable?

> Is it advisable to only list package names, in TOML that can't be parsed from source comments with the AST parser?

This at the top of a notebook is less reproducible and less secure than a requirements.txt with checksums or better:

  %pip install ipytest pytest-cov jupyterlab-miami-nights

  %pip install -q -r requirements.txt

  %pip?
  %pip --help
But you don't need to run pip every time you run a notebook, so it's better to comment out the install steps. But then it requires manual input to run the notebook in a CI task, if it doesn't install everything in a requirements.txt and/or environment.yml or [Jupyter REES] first before running the notebook like repo2docker:

  #%pip install -r  requirements.txt
  #!pip --help
  #!mamba env update -f environment.yml
  #!pixi install --manifest-path pyproject.toml_or_pixi.toml

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Lucee: A light-weight dynamic CFML scripting language for the JVM

Similar to ColdFusion CFML and Open Source: ZPT Zope Templates: https://zope.readthedocs.io/en/latest/zopebook/ZPT.html

https://zope.readthedocs.io/en/latest/zopebook/AppendixC.htm... :

> Zope Page Templates are an HTML/XML generation tool. This appendix is a reference to Zope Page Templates standards: Template Attribute Language (TAL), TAL Expression Syntax (TALES), and Macro Expansion TAL (METAL).

> TAL Overview: The Template Attribute Language (TAL) standard is an attribute language used to create dynamic templates. It allows elements of a document to be replaced, repeated, or omitted

Repoze is Zope backwards. PyPI is built on the Pyramid web framework, which comes from repoze.bfg, which was written in response to Zope2 and Plone and Zope3.

Chameleon ZPT templates with Pyramid pyramid.renderers.render_to_response(request): https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/na...

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FCast: Casting Made Open Source

icar | 2024-08-28 01:23:00 | 263 | # | ^

How does FCast differ from Matter Casting?

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41171060&p=2#41172407

"What Is Matter Casting and How Is It Different From AirPlay or Chromecast?" (2024) https://www.howtogeek.com/what-is-matter-casting-and-how-is-... :

> You can also potentially use the new casting standard to control some of your TV’s functions while casting media on it, a task at which both AirPlay and Chromecast are somewhat limited.

Feature ideas: PIP Picture-in-Picture, The ability to find additional videos and add to a [queue] playlist without stopping the playing video

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GitHub has package repos for hosting package downloads.

A SLSA Builder or Generator can sign packages and container images with sigstore/cosign.

It's probably also possible to build and sign a repo metadata index with GitHub release attachment URLs and host that on GitHub Pages, but at scale to host releases you need a CDN and release signing keys to sign the repo metadata, and clients that update only when the release attachment signature matches the per-release per-platform key; but the app store does that for you

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Show HN: bpfquery – experimenting with compiling SQL to bpf(trace)

Hello! The last few weeks I've been experimenting with compiling sql queries to bpftrace programs and then working with the results. bpfquery.com is the result of that, source available at https://github.com/zmaril/bpfquery. It's a very minimal sql to bpftrace compiler that lets you explore what's going on with your systems. It implements queries, expressions, and filters/wheres/predicates, and has a streaming pivot table interface built on https://perspective.finos.org. I am still figuring out how to do windows, aggregations and joins though, but the pivot table interface actually lets you get surprisingly far. I hope you enjoy it!

RIL about how the ebpf verifier attempts to prevent infinite loops given rule ordering and rewriting transformations.

There are many open query planners; maybe most are hardly reusable.

There's a wasm-bpf; and also duckdb-wasm, sqlite in WASM with replication and synchronization, datasette-lite, JupyterLite

wasm-bpf: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/wasm-bpf#how-it-works

Does this make databases faster or more efficient? Is there process or query isolation?

The Surprising Cause of Qubit Decay in Quantum Computers

> The transmission of supercurrents is made possible by the Josephson effect, where two closely spaced superconducting materials can support a current with no applied voltage. As a result of the study, previously unattributed energy loss can be traced to thermal radiation originating at the qubits and propagating down the leads.

> Think of a campfire warming someone at the beach – the ambient air stays cold, but the person still feels the warmth radiating from the fire. Karimi says this same type of radiation leads to dissipation in the qubit.

> This loss has been noted before by physicists who have conducted experiments on large arrays of hundreds of Josephson junctions placed in circuit. Like a game of telephone, one of these junctions would seem to destabilize the rest further down the line.

ScholarlyArticle: "Bolometric detection of Josephson radiation" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01770-7

"Computer Scientists Prove That Heat Destroys Quantum Entanglement" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41381849

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The Future of TLA+ [pdf]

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What are other limits and opportunities for TLA+ and similar tools?

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From "Use of Formal Methods at Amazon Web Services" (2014) https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/formal-methods-amazon.... :

> What Formal Specification Is Not Good For: We are concerned with two major classes of problems with large distributed systems: 1) bugs and operator errors that cause a departure from the logical intent of the system, and 2) surprising ‘sustained emergent performance degradation’ of complex systems that inevitably contain feedback loops. We know how to use formal specification to find the first class of problems. However, problems in the second category can cripple a system even though no logic bug is involved. A common example is when a momentary slowdown in a server (perhaps due to Java garbage collection) causes timeouts to be breached on clients, which causes the clients to retry requests, which adds more load to the server, which causes further slowdown. In such scenarios the system will eventually make progress; it is not stuck in a logical deadlock, livelock, or other cycle. But from the customer's perspective it is effectively unavailable due to sustained unacceptable response times. TLA+ could be used to specify an upper bound on response time, as a real-time safety property. However, our systems are built on infrastructure (disks, operating systems, network) that do not support hard real-time scheduling or guarantees, so real-time safety properties would not be realistic. We build soft real-time systems in which very short periods of slow responses are not considered errors. However, prolonged severe slowdowns are considered errors. We don’t yet know of a feasible way to model a real system that would enable tools to predict such emergent behavior. We use other techniques to mitigate those risks.

Delay, cycles, feedback; [complex] [adaptive] nonlinearity

Formal methods including TLA+ also can't/don't prevent or can only workaround side channels in hardware and firmware that is not verified. But that's a different layer.

> This raised a challenge; how to convey the purpose and benefits of formal methods to an audience of software engineers? Engineers think in terms of debugging rather than ‘verification’, so we called the presentation “Debugging Designs” [8] . Continuing that metaphor, we have found that software engineers more readily grasp the concept and practical value of TLA+ if we dub it:

  Exhaustively testable pseudo-code
> We initially avoid the words ‘formal’, ‘verification’, and ‘proof’, due to the widespread view that formal methods are impractical. We also initially avoid mentioning what the acronym ‘TLA’ stands for, as doing so would give an incorrect impression of complexity.

Isn't there a hello world with vector clocks tutorial? A simple, formally-verified hello world kernel module with each of the potential methods would be demonstrative, but then don't you need to model the kernel with abstract distributed concurrency primitives too?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40980370 ;

> - [ ] DOC: learnxinyminutes for tlaplus

> TLAplus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA%2B

> awesome-tlaplus > Books, (University) courses teaching (with) TLA+: https://github.com/tlaplus/awesome-tlaplus#books

FizzBee, Nagini, deal-solver, z3, dafny; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39904256#39938759 ,

"Industry forms consortium to drive adoption of Rust in safety-critical systems" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40680722

awesome-safety-critical:

Computer Scientists Prove That Heat Destroys Quantum Entanglement

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So, modulating thermal insulation of (a non-superconducting and non-superfluidic or any) quantum simulator results in loss of entanglement.

How, then, can entanglement across astronomical distances occur without cooler temps the whole way there, if heat destroys all entanglement?

Would helical polarization like quasar astrophysical jets be more stable than other methods for entanglement at astronomical distances?

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98% accuracy in predicting diseases by the colour of the tongue

"Tongue Disease Prediction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms" (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/97 :

> This study proposes a new imaging system to analyze and extract tongue color features at different color saturations and under different light conditions from five color space models (RGB, YcbCr, HSV, LAB, and YIQ). The proposed imaging system trained 5260 images classified with seven classes (red, yellow, green, blue, gray, white, and pink) using six machine learning algorithms, namely, the naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision trees (DTs), random forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) methods, to predict tongue color under any lighting conditions. The obtained results from the machine learning algorithms illustrated that XGBoost had the highest accuracy at 98.71%, while the NB algorithm had the lowest accuracy, with 91.43%

"Development of Deep Ensembles to Screen for Autism and Symptom Severity Using Retinal Photographs" (2023) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle... ; 100% accuracy where a recently-published best method with charts is 80% accurate: "Machine Learning Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Minimal Set of Medical and Background Information" (2024) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle... https://github.com/Tammimies-Lab/ASD_Prediction_ML_Rajagopal...

I don't think any of the medical imaging NN training projects have similar colorspace analysis.

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The possibilities for dark matter have shrunk

There is no dark matter in theories of superfluid quantum gravity.

Dirac later went to Dirac sea. Gödel had already proposed dust solutions, which are fluidic.

PBS Spacetime has a video out now on whether gravity is actually random. I don't know whether it addresses theories of superfluid quantum gravity.

>>> "Gravity as a fluid dynamic phenomenon in a superfluid quantum space. Fluid quantum gravity and relativity." (2015) https://hal.science/hal-01248015/

What was this issue with this post which supports the premise of the OT?

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Database “sharding” came from Ultima Online? (2009)

Wikipedia has:

Shard (database architecture) > Etymology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)#...

Partition > Horizontal partitioning --> Sharding: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(database)

Database scalability > Techniques > Partitioning: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_scalability

Network partition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_partition

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None of this is incorrect. Why are people so disrespectful about others doing the work?

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Yup, I realize that the post could have originated from that section of the wikipedia article; or they are relying upon common sources.

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Brain found to store three copies of every memory

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OT ScholarlyArticle: "Divergent recruitment of developmentally defined neuronal ensembles supports memory dynamics" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk0997

"Our Brains Instantly Make Two Copies of Each Memory" (2017) https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/our-brains-instantly-m... :

> We might be wrong. New research suggests that our brains make two copies of each memory in the moment they are formed. One is filed away in the hippocampus, the center of short-term memories, while the other is stored in cortex, where our long-term memories reside.

From https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201... :

> Surprisingly, the researchers found that long-term memories remain "silent" in the prefrontal cortex for about two weeks before maturing and becoming consolidated into permanent long-term memories.

ScholarlyArticle: "Engrams and circuits crucial for systems consolidation of a memory" (2017) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aam6808

So that makes four (4) copies of each memory in the brain if you include the engram cells in the prefrontal cortex.

What is the survival advantage to redundant, resilient recall; why do brains with such traits survive and where and when in our evolutionary lineage did such complexity arise?

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Celebrating 6 years since Valve announced Steam Play Proton for Linux

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Hey, TuxMath is written with SDL, though there's a separate JS port now IIUC.

/? mingw: https://github.com/search?q=mingw&type=repositories

The msys2/MINGW-packages are PKGBUILD packages: https://github.com/msys2/MINGW-packages :

> Package scripts for MinGW-w64 targets to build under MSYS2.

> [..., SDL, gles, glfw, egl, glbinding, cargo-c, gtest, cppunit, qt5, gtk4, icu, ki-i18n-qt5, SDL2_pango, jack2, gstreamer, ffmpeg, blender, gegl, gnome-text-editor, gtksourceview, kdiff3, libgit2, libusb, libressl, libsodium, libserialport, libslirp, hugo]

PKGBUILD is a bash script packaging spec from Arch, which builds packages with makepkg.

msys2/setup-msys2: https://github.com/msys2/setup-msys2:

> setup-msys2 is a GitHub Action (GHA) to setup an MSYS2 environment (i.e. MSYS, MINGW32, MINGW64, UCRT64, CLANG32, CLANG64 and/or CLANGARM64 shells)

Though, if you're writing a 3d app/game, e.g. panda3d already builds for Windows, Mac, and Linux; and pygbag compiles panda3d to WASM, and there's also harfang-wasm, and TIL about leptos is more like React in Rust and should work for GUI apps, too.

panda3d > Building applications: https://docs.panda3d.org/1.11/python/distribution/building-b...

https://github.com/topics/mingw :

> nCine, win-sudo, drmingw debugger,

mstorsjo/llvm-mingw: https://github.com/mstorsjo/llvm-mingw :

> Address Sanitizer and Undefined Behaviour Sanitizer, LLVM Control Flow Guard -mguard=cf ; i686, x86_64, armv7 and arm64

msys2/MINGW-packages: "[Wish] Add 3D library for Python" https://github.com/msys2/MINGW-packages/issues/21325

panda3d/panda3d: https://github.com/panda3d/panda3d

Before Steam for Linux, there was tuxmath.

tux4kuds/tuxmath//mingw/ has CodeBlocks build config with mingw32 fwics: https://github.com/tux4kids/tuxmath/blob/master/mingw/tuxmat...

Code::Blocks: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code::Blocks

There's a CMake build: https://github.com/tux4kids/tuxmath/blob/master/CMakeLists.t...

But it says the autotools build is still it; configure.ac for autoconf and Makefile.am for automake

SDL supports SVG since SDL_image 2.0.2 with IMG_LoadSVG_RW() and since SDL_image 2.6.0 with IMG_LoadSizedSVG_RW: https://wiki.libsdl.org/SDL2_image/IMG_LoadSizedSVG_RW

conda-forge has SDL on Win/Mac/Lin.

conda-forge/sdl2-feedstock: https://github.com/conda-forge/sdl2-feedstock

emscripten-forge does not yet have SDL or .*gl.* or tuxmath or bash or busybox: https://github.com/emscripten-forge/recipes/tree/main/recipe...

conda-forge/panda3d-feedstock / recipe/meta.yaml builds panda3d on Win, Mac, Lin, and Github Actions containers: https://github.com/conda-forge/panda3d-feedstock/blob/main/r... :

  conda install -c conda-forge panda3d   # mamba install panda3d  # miniforge
  # pip install panda3d
Panda3d docs > Distributing Panda3D Applications > Third-party dependencies lists a few libraries that I don't think are in the MSYS or conda-forge package repos: https://docs.panda3d.org/1.10/python/distribution/thirdparty...

What about math games on open source operating systems, Steam?

A Manim renderer for [game engine] would be cool for school, and cool for STEM.

"Render and interact with through Blender, o3de, panda3d ManimCommunity/manim#3362" https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/issues/3362

[-]

GitHub Named a Leader in the Gartner First Magic Quadrant for AI Code Assistants

Gartner "Magic Quadrant for AI Code Assistants" (2024) https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1-2IKO4MPE&ct=240819...

Additional criteria for assessing AI code assistants from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40478539 re: Text-to-SQL bemchmarks :

codefuse-ai/Awesome-Code-LLM > Analysis of AI-Generated Code, Benchmarks: https://github.com/codefuse-ai/Awesome-Code-LLM :

> 8.2. Benchmarks: * Integrated Benchmarks, Program Synthesis, Visually Grounded Program Synthesis, Code Reasoning and QA, Text-to-SQL, Code Translation, Program Repair, Code Summarization, Defect/Vulnerability Detection, Code Retrieval, Type Inference, Commit Message Generation, Repo-Level Coding*

OT did not assess:

Aider: https://github.com/paul-gauthier/aider :

> Aider works best with GPT-4o & Claude 3.5 Sonnet and can connect to almost any LLM.

https://aider.chat/ :

> Aider has one of the top scores on SWE Bench. SWE Bench is a challenging software engineering benchmark where aider solved real GitHub issues from popular open source projects like django, scikitlearn, matplotlib, etc

SWE Bench benchmark: https://www.swebench.com/

A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit

"A carbon-nanotube-based tensor processing unit" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-024-01211-2 :

> Abstract: The growth of data-intensive computing tasks requires processing units with higher performance and energy efficiency, but these requirements are increasingly difficult to achieve with conventional semiconductor technology. One potential solution is to combine developments in devices with innovations in system architecture. Here we report a tensor processing unit (TPU) that is based on 3,000 carbon nanotube field-effect transistors and can perform energy-efficient convolution operations and matrix multiplication. The TPU is constructed with a systolic array architecture that allows parallel 2 bit integer multiply–accumulate operations. A five-layer convolutional neural network based on the TPU can perform MNIST image recognition with an accuracy of up to 88% for a power consumption of 295 µW. We use an optimized nanotube fabrication process that offers a semiconductor purity of 99.9999% and ultraclean surfaces, leading to transistors with high on-current densities and uniformity. Using system-level simulations, we estimate that an 8 bit TPU made with nanotube transistors at a 180 nm technology node could reach a main frequency of 850 MHz and an energy efficiency of 1 tera-operations per second per watt.

1 TOPS/W/s

"Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

"Ask HN: How much would it cost to build a RISC CPU out of carbon?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41153490

Or CNT Carbon Nanotubes, or TWCNT Twisted Carbon Nanotubes.

From "Rivian reduced electrical wiring by 1.6 miles and 44 pounds" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41210021 :

> Are there yet CNT or TWCNT Twisted Carbon Nanotube substitutes for copper wiring?

"Twisted carbon nanotubes store more energy than lithium-ion batteries" (2024? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41159421

- NewsArticle about the ScholarlyArticle: "The first tensor processor chip based on carbon nanotubes could lead to energy-efficient AI processing" (2024) https://techxplore.com/news/2024-08-tensor-processor-chip-ba...

[-]

How to build a 50k ton forging press

[+]

> It makes me think: what other processes could redefine an industry or way of thinking/designing if taken a step further

Pressure-injection molded hemp plastic certainly meets spec for automotive and aerospace applications.

"Plant-based epoxy enables recyclable carbon fiber" (2022) [that's stronger than steel and lighter than fiberglass] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30138954 ... https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37560244

Silica aerogels are dermally abrasive. Applications for non-silica aerogels - for example hemp aerogels - include thermal insulation, packaging, maybe upholstery fill.

There's a new method to remove oxygen from Titanium: "Cheap yet ultrapure titanium metal might enable widespread use in industry" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40768549

"Electric recycling of Portland cement at scale" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07338-8 ... "Combined cement and steel recycling could cut CO2 emissions" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40452946

"Researchers create green steel from toxic [aluminum production waste] red mud in 10 minutes" (2024) https://newatlas.com/materials/toxic-baulxite-residue-alumin...

There are many new imaging methods for quality inspection of steel and other metals and alloys, and biocomposites.

"Seeding steel frames brings destroyed coral reefs back to life" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39735205

[+]
[-]

Seven basic rules for causal inference

[+]
[+]

By that measure, all of these Spurious Correlations indicate insignificant dependence, which isn't of utility: https://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations

Isn't it possible to contrive an example where a test of pairwise dependence causes the statistician to error by excluding relevant variables from tests of more complex relations?

Trying to remember which of these factor both P(A|B) and P(B|A) into the test

[+]

If a test of dependence shows no significant results, that's not conclusive because of complex, nonlinear, and quantum 'functions'.

How are effect lag and lead expressed in said notation for expressing causal charts?

Should we always assume that t is a monotonically-increasing series, or is it just how we typically sample observations? Can traditional causal inference describe time crystals?

What is the quantum logical statistical analog of mutual information?

Are there pathological cases where mutual information and quantum information will not discover a relationship?

Does Quantum Mutual Information account for Quantum Discord if it only uses von Neumann definition of entropy?

[-]

Launch HN: MinusX (YC S24) – AI assistant for data tools like Jupyter/Metabase

Hey HN! We're Vivek, Sreejith and Arpit, and we're building MinusX (https://minusx.ai), a data science assistant for Jupyter and Metabase. MinusX is a Chrome extension (https://minusx.ai/chrome-extension) that adds an AI sidechat to your analytics apps. Given an instruction, our agent operates your app (by clicking and typing, just like you would) to analyze data and answer queries. Broadly, you can do 3 types of things: ask for hypotheses and explore data, extend existing notebooks/dashboards, or select a region and ask questions. There's a simple video walkthrough here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbHPyX2lJGI. The core idea is to "upgrade" existing tools, where people already do most of their data work, rather than building a new platform.

I (Vivek) spent 6 years working in various parts of the data stack, from data analysis at a 1000+ person ride hailing company to research at comma.ai, where I also handled most of the metrics and dashboarding infrastructure. The problems with data, surprisingly, were pretty much the same. Developers and product managers just want answers, or want to set up a quick view of some metric they care about. They often don't know which table contains what information, or what specific secret filters need to be kept in mind to get clean data. At large companies, analysts/scientists take care of most of these requests over a thousand back-and-forths. In small companies, most data projects end up being one-off efforts, and many die midway.

I've tried every new shiny analytics app out there and none of them fully solve this core issue. New tools also come with a massive cost: you have to convince everyone around you to move, change all your workflows and hope the new tool has all features your trusty old one did. Most people currently go to ChatGPT with barely any real background context, and admonish the model till it sputters some useful code, SQL or hypothesis.This is the kind of user we're trying to help.

The philosophy of MinusX mirrors that of comma. Just as comma is working on "an AI upgrade for your car", we want to retrofit analytics software with abilities that LLMs have begun to unlock. We also get a kick out of the fact that we use the same APIs humans use (clicking and typing), so we don't really need "permission" from any analytics app (just like comma.ai does not need permission from Mr Toyota Corolla) :)

How it works: Given an instruction, the MinusX chrome extension first constructs a simplified representation of the host application's state using the DOM, and a bunch of application specific cues. We also have a set of (currently) predefined actions (eg: clicking and typing) that the agent can use to interact with the host application. Any "complex action" can be described as a combination of these action-primitives. We send this entire context, the instruction and the actions to an LLM. The LLM responds with a sequence of actions which are executed and the revised state is computed and sent back to the LLM. This loop terminates when the LLM evaluates that the desired goals are met. Our architecture allows users to extend the capabilities of the agent by specifying new actions as combinations of the action-primitives. We're working on enabling users to do this through the extension itself.

"Retrofitting" is a weird concept for software, and we've found that it takes a while for people to grasp what this actually implies. We think, with AI, it will be more of a thing. Most software we use will be "upgraded" and not always by the people making the original software.

We ourselves are focused on data analytics because we've worked in and around data science / data analysis / data engineering all our careers - working at startups, Google, Meta, etc - and understand it decently well. But since "retrofitting" can be just as useful for a bunch of other field-specific software, we're going to open-source the entire extension and associated plumbing in the near future.

Also, let's be real - a sequence of function calls rammed through a decision tree does not make any for-loop "agentic". The reality is that a large amount of in-the-loop data needed for tasks such as ours does not exist yet! Getting this data flywheel running is a very exciting axis as well.

The product is currently free to use. In the future, we'll probably charge a monthly subscription fee, and support local models / bring-your-own-keys. But we're still working that out.

We'd be super stoked for you to try out MinusX! You can find the extension here: https://minusx.ai/chrome-extension. We've also created a playground with data, for both Jupyter and Metabase, so once the extension is installed you can take it for a spin: https://minusx.ai/playground

We'd love to hear what you think about the idea, and anything else you'd like to share! Suggestions on which tools to support next are most welcome :)

XAI! Explainable AI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelli...

Use case: Evidence-based policy; impact: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_policy

Test case: "Find leading economic indicators like bond yield curve from discoverable datasets, and cache retrieved data like or with pandas-datareader"

Use case: Teach Applied ML, NNs, XAI: Explainable AI, and first ethics

Tools with integration opportunities:

Google Model Explorer: https://github.com/google-ai-edge/model-explorer

Yellowbrick ML; teaches ML concepts with Visualizers for humans working with scikit-learn, which can be used to ensemble LLMs and other NNs because of its Estimator interfaces : https://www.scikit-yb.org/en/latest/

Manim, ManimML, Blender, panda3d, unreal: "Explain this in 3d, with an interactive game"

Khanmigo; "Explain this to me with exercises"

"And Calculate cost of computation, and Identify relatively sustainable lower-cost methods for these computations"

"Identify where this process, these tools, and experts picking algos, hyperparameters, and parameters has introduced biases into the analysis, given input from additional agents"

[-]

Uv 0.3 – Unified Python packaging

[+]

I'm from Nebraska. Unfortunately if your Python is compiled in a datacenter in Iowa, it's more likely that it was powered with wind energy. Claim: Iowa has better Clean Energy PPAs for datacenters than Nebraska (mostly due to rational wind energy subsidies).

Anyways, software supply chain security and Python & package build signing and then containers and signing them too

Conda-forge's builds are probably faster than the official CPython builds. conda-forge/python-feedstock//recipe/meta.yml: https://github.com/conda-forge/python-feedstock/blob/main/re...

Conda-forge also has OpenBLAS, blos, accelerate, netlib, and Intel MKL; conda-forge docs > switching BLAS implementation: https://conda-forge.org/docs/maintainer/knowledge_base/#swit...

From "Building optimized packages for conda-forge and PyPI" at EuroSciPy 2024: https://pretalx.com/euroscipy-2024/talk/JXB79J/ :

> Since some time, conda-forge defines multiple "cpu-levels". These are defined for sse, avx2, avx512 or ARM Neon. On the client-side the maximum CPU level is detected and the best available package is then installed. This opens the doors for highly optimized packages on conda-forge that support the latest CPU features.

> We will show how to use this in practice with `rattler-build`

> For GPUs, conda-forge has supported different CUDA levels for a long time, and we'll look at how that is used as well.

> Lastly, we also take a look at PyPI. There are ongoing discussions on how to improve support for wheels with CUDA support. We are going to discuss how the (pre-)PEP works and synergy possibilities of rattler-build and cibuildwheel

Linux distros build and sign Python and python3-* packages with GPG keys or similar, and then the package manager optionally checks the per-repo keys for each downloaded package. Packages should include a manifest of files to be installed, with per-file checksums. Package manifests and/or the package containing the manifest should be signed (so that tools like debsums and rpm --verify can detect disk-resident executable, script, data asset, and configuration file changes)

virtualenvs can be mounted as a volume at build time with -v with some container image builders, or copied into a container image with the ADD or COPY instructions in a Containerfile. What is added to the virtualenv should have a signature and a version.

ostree native containers are bootable host images that can also be built and signed with a SLSA provenance attestation; https://coreos.github.io/rpm-ostree/container/ :

  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:registry:<oci image>
  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:docker://<oci image>
> Fetch a container image and verify that the container image is signed according to the policy set in /etc/containers/policy.json (see containers-policy.json(5)).

So, when you sign a container full of packages, you should check the package signatures; and verify that all package dependencies are identified by the SBOM tool you plan to use to keep dependencies upgraded when there are security upgrades.

e.g. Dependabot - if working - will regularly run and send a pull request when it detects that the version strings in e.g. a requirements.txt or environment.yml file are out of date and need to be changed because of reported security vulnerabilities in ossf/osv-schema format.

Is there already a way to, as a developer, sign Python packages built with cibuildwheel with Twine and TUF or sigstore to be https://SLSA.dev/ compliant?

[-]

Show HN: PgQueuer – Transform PostgreSQL into a Job Queue

PgQueuer is a minimalist, high-performance job queue library for Python, leveraging the robustness of PostgreSQL. Designed for simplicity and efficiency, PgQueuer uses PostgreSQL's LISTEN/NOTIFY to manage job queues effortlessly.

Does the celery SQLAlchemy broker support PostgreSQL's LISTEN/NOTIFY features?

Similar support in SQLite would simplify testing applications built with celery.

How to add table event messages to SQLite so that the SQLite broker has the same features as AMQP? Could a vtable facade send messages on tablet events?

Are there sqlite Triggers?

Celery > Backends and Brokers: https://docs.celeryq.dev/en/stable/getting-started/backends-...

/? sqlalchemy listen notify: https://www.google.com/search?q=sqlalchemy+listen+notify :

asyncpg.Connection.add_listener

sqlalchemy.event.listen, @listen_for

psychopg2 conn.poll(), while connection.notifies

psychopg2 > docs > advanced > Advanced notifications: https://www.psycopg.org/docs/advanced.html#asynchronous-noti...

PgQueuer.db, PgQueuer.listeners.add_listener; asyncpg add_listener: https://github.com/janbjorge/PgQueuer/blob/main/src/PgQueuer...

asyncpg/tests/test_listeners.py: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/blob/master/tests/test...

/? sqlite LISTEN NOTIFY: https://www.google.com/search?q=sqlite+listen+notify

sqlite3 update_hook: https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/update_hook.html

[-]

Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs?

[+]
[+]

If teh LLM saves the SVG vector graphic to a raster image like a PNG and prompts with that instead, it will have no trouble labeling what's depicted in the SVG.

So, the task is "describe what an SVG depicts without saving it to a raster image and prompting with that"?

[+]

Which part is the query preprocessor?

/? LLM stack app architecture https://www.google.com/search?q=LLM+stack+app+architecture&t...

https://cobusgreyling.medium.com/emerging-large-language-mod... ; Flexibility / Complexity,

[-]

Using a list to manage executive function

swah | 2024-08-13 06:21:50 | 263 | # | ^

todo.txt is a lightweight text format that a number of apps support: http://todotxt.org/ . From http://todotxt.org/todo.txt :

  (priority) task text +project @context

  (A) Call Mom @Phone +Family
  (A) Schedule annual checkup +Health
  (B) Outline chapter 5 +Novel @Computer
  (C) Add cover sheets @Office +TPSReports
  x Download Todo.txt mobile app @Phone

From "What does my engineering manager do all day?" (2021) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28680961 :

> - [ ] Create a workflow document with URLs and Text Templates

> - [ ] Create a daily running document with my 3 questions and headings and indented markdown checkbox lists; possibly also with todotxt/todo.txt / TaskWarrior & BugWarrior -style lineitem markup.

3 questions: Since, Before, Obstacles: What have I done since the last time we met? What will I do before the next time we meet? What obstacles are blocking my progress?

  ## yyyy-mm-dd
  ### @teammembername
  #### Since
  #### Before
  #### Obstacles
A TaskWarrior demo from which I wrote https://gist.github.com/westurner/dacddb317bb99cfd8b19a3407d... :

  $ task help
  task; task list;       # 0 tasks.
  task add "Read the source due:today priority:H project:projectA"
  task add Read the docs later due:tomorrow priority:M project:projectA
  task add project:one task abc
  # "Created task 3."
  task add project:one task def +someday depends:3
  task

  task context define projectA "project:projectA or +urgent"
  task context projectA
  task add task ghi
  task add task jkl +someday depends:3
  task    # lists just tasks for the current context:"project:projectA"

  task next
  task 1 done

  task next
  task 2 start
  task 2 done

  task context none
  task delete

TaskWarrior Best Practices: https://taskwarrior.org/docs/best-practices/

The TaskWarrior +WAITING virtual label is the new way instead of status:waiting according to the changelog.

Every once in awhile, I remember that I have a wiki/workflow document with a list of labels for systems like these: https://westurner.github.io/wiki/workflow#labels :

GTD says have labels like -next, -waiting, and -someday.

GTD also incorporates the 4 D's of Time Management; the Eisenhower Matrix Method.

4 D's of Time Management: Do, Defer/Schedule, Delegate, Delete

Time management > The Eisenhower Method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management#The_Eisenhower...

[-]

U.S. Inflation Rate 1960-2024

[+]

CPI: Consumer Price Index; "inflation": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index

https://www.bls.gov/CPI

US BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics > Consumer Price Indexes Overview: https://www.bls.gov/cpi/overview.htm :

> Price indexes are available for the U.S., the four Census regions, nine Census divisions, two size of city classes, eight cross-classifications of regions and size-classes, and for 23 local areas. Indexes are available for major groups of consumer expenditures (food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communications, and other goods and services), for items within each group, and for special categories, such as services.

- FWIU food prices never decreased after COVID-19.

https://www.google.com/search?q=FWIU+food+prices+never+decre.... :

"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food and Beverages in U.S. City Average (CPIFABSL)" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIFABSL

"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy in U.S. City Average (CPILFESL)" https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPILFESL

> The "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food & Energy" is an aggregate of prices paid by urban consumers for a typical basket of goods, excluding food and energy. This measurement, known as "Core CPI," is widely used by economists because food and energy have very volatile prices.

- COVID eviction moratoriums ended in 2021. How did that affect CPI rent/lease/mortgage, and new housing starts now that lumber prices have returned to normal? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_eviction_moratoriums_...

"Consumer price index (CPI) for rent of primary residence compared to CPI for all items in the United States from 2000 to 2023" https://www.statista.com/statistics/1440254/cpi-rent-primary...

- pandas-datareader > FRED, caching queries: https://pandas-datareader.readthedocs.io/en/latest/remote_da...

[+]

What metrics do you suggest for the purpose?

Is tone helpful?

[+]

How should the free hand of the market affect post-COVID global food prices?

Tariff spats (and firms' resultant inability to compete at global price points) or free market trade globalization with nobody else deciding the price for the contracting [fair trade] parties.

There are multiple lines that can be plotted on a chart: Core CPI, CPI Food &|| Gas, GDP, yield curve, M1 and M2, R&D focii and industry efficiency metrics

[+]

How should they get food price inflation under control?

What other metrics for economic health do you suggest?

[+]

What can they do here?

"Harris’ plan to stop [food] price gouging could create more problems than it solves" (2024) https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/16/business/harris-price-gouging... :

> Food prices have surged by more than 20% under the Biden-Harris administration, leaving many voters eager to stretch their dollars further at the grocery store.

> On Friday, Vice President Kamala Harris said she has a solution: a federal ban on price gouging across the food industry.

They still haven't undone the prior administration's tariff wars of recent yore fwiu. What happened to everyone loves globalization and Free Trade and Fair Trade? Are you down with TPP?

But did prices reflect the value of the workers and their product in the first place.

There were compost shortages during COVID.

There are still fertilizer shortages FWIU. TIL about not Ed Koch trying to buy Iowa's basically state-sponsored fertilizer business which was created in direct response to the fertilizer market conditions created in significant part by said parties.

Humanoid robots in agriculture, with agrivoltaics, and sustainable no-till farming practices; how much boost in efficiency can we all watch and hope for?

[-]

What Is a Knowledge Graph?

[+]
[+]

W3C SPARQL, SPARUL is now SPARQL Update 1.1, SPARQL-star, GQL

GraphQL is a JSON HTTP API schema (2015): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GraphQL

GQL (2024): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_Query_Language

W3C RDF-star and SPARQL-star (2023 editors' draft): https://w3c.github.io/rdf-star/cg-spec/editors_draft.html

SPARQL/Update implementations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARUL#SPARQL/Update_implement...

/? graphql sparql [ cypher gremlin ] site:github.com inurl:awesome https://www.google.com/search?q=graphql+sparql++site%253Agit...

But then data validation everywhere; so for language-portable JSON-LD RDF validation there are many implementations of JSON Schema for fixed-shape JSON-LD messages, there's W3C SHACL Shapes and Constraints Language, and json-ld-schema is (JSON Schema + SHACL)

/? hnlog SHACL, inference, reasoning; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38526588 https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-38526588

> free copy of the O’Reilly book "Building Knowledge Graphs: A Practitioner’s Guide"

Knowledge Graph (disambiguation) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph_(disambiguatio...

Knowledge graph: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph :

> In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate on data. Knowledge graphs are often used to store interlinked descriptions of entities – objects, events, situations or abstract concepts – while also encoding the free-form semantics or relationships underlying these entities. [1][2]

> Since the development of the Semantic Web, knowledge graphs have often been associated with linked open data projects, focusing on the connections between concepts and entities. [3][4] They are also historically associated with and used by search engines such as Google, Bing, Yext and Yahoo; knowledge-engines and question-answering services such as WolframAlpha, Apple's Siri, and Amazon Alexa; and social networks

Ideally, a Knowledge Graph - starting with maybe a "personal knowledge base" in a text document format that can be rendered to HTML with templates - can be linked with other data about things with correlate-able names; ideally you can JOIN a knowledge graph with other graphs as you can if the Node and Edge Relations with Schema and URIs make it possible to JOIN.

A knowledge graph is a collection of nodes and edges (or nodes and edge nodes) with schema so that it is query-able and JOIN-able with.

A Named Graph URI may be the graphid ?g of an RDF statement in a quadstore:

  ?g ?s ?p ?o   // ?o_datatype ?o_lang

[-]

MiniBox, ultra small busybox without uncommon options

Would this compile to WASM for use as a terminal in JupyterLite? Though, busybox has the ash shell instead of bash. https://github.com/jupyterlite/jupyterlite/issues/949

[+]

RustyBox is a c2rust port/rewrite of BusyBox to Rust; though it doesn't look like anyone has contributed fixes to the unsafe parts in awhile.

So, no SysV /etc/init.d because no shell scripting, and no systemd because embedded environment resource constraints? There must be a process to init and respawn processes on events like boot (and reboot, if there's a writeable filesystem)

[+]

Same question about rustybox. Maybe they're helping with cosmos-de or coreutils or something.

OpenWRT has procd instead of systemd, but it does source a library of shell functions and run [somewhat haphazard] /etc/init.d scripts instead of parsing systemd unit configuration files to eliminate shell scripting errors when spawning processes as root.

https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/ Ctrl-F procd, busd

(This re: bootloaders, multiple images, and boot integrity verification: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41022352 )

Systemd is great for many applications.

Alternatives to systemd: https://without-systemd.org/wiki/index_php/Alternatives_to_s...

There are advantages to systemd unit files instead of scripts. Porting packages between distros is less work with unit files. Systemd respawns processes consistently and with standard retry/backoff functionality. Systemd+journals produces indexable logs with consistent datetimes.

There's a pypi:SystemdUnitParser.

docker-systemctl-replacement > systemctl3.py parses and schedules processes defined in systemd unit files: https://github.com/gdraheim/docker-systemctl-replacement/blo...

[-]

Architectural Retrospectives: The Key to Getting Better at Architecting

[+]

Is there already a good way to link an ADR Architectural Decision Record with Threat Modeling primitives and considerations?

"Because component_a doesn't support OAuth", "Because component_b doesn't supported signed cookies"

Threat Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_model

GH topic: threat-modeling: https://github.com/topics/threat-modeling

Real and hypothetical architectural security issues can be linked to CWE Common Weakness Enumeration URLs.

SBOM tools help to inventory components and versions in an existing architecture and to JOIN with vuln databases that publish in OSV OpenSSF Vulnerability Format, which is useful for CloudFuzz, too.

[+]

> 1.

Add clickable URL links to the reference material for whichever types of analyses.

> 2. Jupyter

Notebooks often omit test assertions that would be expected of a Python module with an associated tests/ directory.

With e.g. ipytest, you can run specific unit tests in notebook input cells (instead of testing the whole notebook).

There are various ways to template and/or parametrize notebooks; copy the template.ipynb and include the date/time in the filename__2024-01-01.ipynb, copy a template git repo and modify, jupyterlab_templates, papermill

> 3. [...] consider writing the ADR within the tracking system and linking to it internally

+1. A "meta issue" or an epic includes multiple other issues.

If you reference an issue as a list item in GFM GitHub-Flavored Markdown, GitHub will auto-embed the current issue title and closed/open status:

  - https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/1
  - python/cpython#1
This without the leading `- ` doesn't get the card embed though:

  https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/1
Whereas this form with hand-copied issue titles, non-obfuscated URLs you don't need to hover over to read, and - [ ] markdown checkboxes works with all issue trackers:

  - [ ] "Issue title" https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/1
  - [x] "Issue title" https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/2

[-]

ARPA-H announces awards to develop novel technologies for precise tumor removal

[+]
[+]
[+]

2009-2010 Meaningful Use criteria required physicians to implement electronic care records.

There's now FHIR for sharing records between different vendors' EHR systems. There's a JSONLD representation of FHIR.

Which health and exercise apps can generate FHIR for self-reporting?

Can participants forward their other EHR/EMR records to the All of Us program?

Can participants or Red Cross or other blood donation services forward collected vitals and sample screening data to the All of Us program?

[+]

So they need more data from healthy patients when they're healthy in order to determine what's anomalous?

SIEM tools do anomaly detection with lots of textual log data and sensor data.

What would a Cost-effectiveness analysis say about collecting data from healthy patients: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis

TIL the ROC curve applies to medical tests.

[-]

Photon Entanglement Drives Brain Function

Traditional belief: photons do not interact with photons, photons are massless according to the mass energy relation.

New findings: Photons interact as phonons in matter.

"Quantum entangled photons react to Earth's spin" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40720147 :

> Actually, photons do interact with photons; as phonons in matter: "Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5315 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40600762

"New theory links quantum geometry to electron-phonon coupling" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40663966 https://phys.org/news/2024-06-theory-links-quantum-geometry-... :

> A new study published in Nature Physics introduces a theory of electron-phonon coupling that is affected by the quantum geometry of the electronic wavefunctions

[+]

Do they model photons as rays, vectors, particles, waves, or fluids?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics :

> In nonlinear optics, the superposition principle no longer holds.[1][2][3]

But phonons are quantum waves in or through matter and the superposition principle holds with phonons AFAIU

[+]
[+]
[+]

Brain waves also synchronize to other brain waves; "interbrain synchrony"

- "The Social Benefits of Getting Our Brains in Sync" (2024) https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-social-benefits-of-gettin...

[+]
[+]
[-]

Mermaid: Diagramming and Charting Tool

[+]

JupyterLab supports MermaidJS: https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/14102

Looks like Colab almost does.

The official vscode MermaidJS extension probably could work in https://vscode.dev/ : https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=MermaidC... :

  ext install MermaidChart.vscode-mermaid-chart
LLMs can generate MermaidJS in Markdown diagrams that can easily fixed given sufficient review.

Additional diagramming (node graph) tools: GraphViz, Visio, GSlides, Jamboard, yEd by yworks layout algorithms, Gephi, Dia, PlantUML, ArgoUML, blockdiag, seqdiag, rackdiag, https://markmap.js.org/

[-]

JPlag – Detecting Software Plagiarism

Should a plagiarism score be considered when generating code with an infinite monkeys algorithm with selection or better?

Would that result in inability to write code in a clean room, even; because eventually all possible code strings and mutations thereof would already be patented.

For example, are three notes or chords copyrightable?

Resilient Propagation and Free-Space Skyrmions in Toroidal EM Pulses

"Observation of Resilient Propagation and Free-Space Skyrmions in Toroidal Electromagnetic Pulses" (2024) https://pubs.aip.org/apr/article/11/3/031411/3306444/Observa...

- "Electromagnetic vortex cannon could enhance communication systems" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-08-electromagnetic-vortex-cannon-...

Elroy Jetson, Buzz Lightyear, and Ghostbusters all project rings / vortexes.

Are toroidal pulses any more stable for fusion, or thrust and handling?

"Viewing Fast Vortex Motion in a Superconductor" (2024) https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/117

[-]

New research on why Cahokia Mounds civilization left

I used to live near the Missouri River before it meets the Mississippi River south of STL, but haven't yet made it to the Cahokia Mounds which are northeast and across the river from what is now St. Louis, Missouri.

Was it disease?

["Fusang" to the Chinese, various names to Islanders FWIU]

[?? BC/AD: Egyptian treasure in Illinois, somehow without paddleboats to steam up the Mississippi]

~800 AD: Lead Cross of Knights Templar in Arizona, according to America Unearthed S01E10. https://www.google.com/search?q=%7E800+AD%3A+Templar+Cross%2... ; a more recent dating of Tucson artifacts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_artifacts

~1000 AD: Leif Erickson, L'Anse aux Meadows; Discovering Vinland: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Erikson#Discovering_Vin...

And then the Story of Erik the Red, and a Skraeling girl in Europe, and Columbus; and instead we'll celebrate Juneteenth day to celebrate when news reached Galveston.

Did they plant those mounds? Did they all bring good soil or dirt to add to the mound?

May Pole traditions may be similar to "all circle around the mountain" practices in at least ancient Egyptian culture FWIU.

If there was a lot of contact there, would that have spread diseases? (Various traditions have intentionally high contact with hol y water containers on the way in, too, for example.)

FWIU there's strong evidence for Mayans and Aztecs in North America; but who were they displacing?

[+]

How are pyramid-building cultures definitely unrelated to mound-building cultures?

Cahokia Mounds: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia :

> Today, the Cahokia Mounds are considered to be the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico.

Chicago was a trading post further north FWIU, but not an archaeological site.

"Michoacan, Michigan, Mishigami, Mizugami: Etymological Origins? A Legend." https://christopherbrianoconnor.medium.com/michoacan-michiga...

Is there evidence of hydrological engineering or stonework?

It's not clear whether the megalithic Sage Wall in MT was man-made, and sort of looks like the northern glacier pass it may have marked.

FWIU there are quarry sites in the southwest that predate most timelines of stonework in the Americas and in Egypt, Sri Lanka / Indonesia, and East Asia; but they're not further north than Cahokia Mounds.

In TN, There are many Clovis sites; but they decided to flood the valley that was home to Sequoyah - who gave written form to Cherokee and other native languages - and also a 9500-year old archaeological site.

This says the Clovis people of Clovis, New Mexico are the oldest around: https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/paleoindians-in-te...

The Olmecs, Aztecs, and Mayans all worked stone.

From where did stonework like the Osireon originate?

[+]

How far north did which peoples' ancient building methods culturally diffuse and in what years on which calendars; relative to Cahokia Mounds as one of the oldest ancient sites in the United States, perhaps Sage Wall MT, and NM and climate?

[-]

Queues invert control flow but require flow control

[+]

The Spintronics mechanical circuits game is sort of like conveyor belts.

Electrons are not individually identified like things on a conveyor belt.

Electrons in conductors, semiconductors, and superconductors do behave like fluids.

Turing tapes; https://hackaday.com/2016/08/18/the-turing-tapes/

Theory of computation > Models of computation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation

[-]

Reservoir of liquid water found deep in Martian rocks

Article: "Liquid water in the Martian mid-crust" (2024) https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2409983121

- "Mars may host oceans’ worth of water deep underground" [according to an analysis of seismic data] https://www.planetary.org/articles/mars-may-host-oceans-wort... :

> Now, a team of scientists has used Marsquakes — measured by NASA’s InSight lander years ago — to see what lies beneath. Since the way a Marsquake travels depends on the rock it’s passing through, the researchers could back out what Mars’ crust looks like from seismic measurements. They found that the mid-crust, about 10-20 kilometers (6-12 miles) down, may be riddled with cracks and pores filled with water. A rough estimate predicts these cracks could hold enough water to cover all of Mars with an ocean 1-2 kilometers (0.6-1.2 miles) deep

> [...] This reservoir could have percolated down through nooks and crannies billions of years ago, only stopping at huge depths where the pressure would seal off any cracks. The same process happens on our planet — but unlike Mars, Earth’s plate tectonics cycles this water back up to the surface

> [...] “It would be very challenging,” Wright said. Only a few projects have ever bored so deep into Earth’s crust, and each one was an intensive undertaking. Replicating that effort on another planet would take lots of infrastructure, Wright goes on, and lots of water.

How much water does drilling take on Earth?

[+]

1 US gal = 3.785 litres

700k litres = 0.184920437 million US gallons

"How much water does the typical hydraulically fractured well require?" https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-water-does-typical-hydrau... :

> Water use per well can be anywhere from about 1.5 million gallons to about 16 million gallons

https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts :

> Each American uses an average of 82 gallons of water a day at home (USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015).

So, 1m gal / 82 gal/person/day = 12,195 person/days of water.

Camping guidelines suggests 1-2 gallons of water per person per day.

1m gal / 2 gal/person/day = 500,000 person/days of water

The 2016 Mars NatGeo series predicts dynamics of water scarcity on Mars.

Water on Mars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_on_Mars

[-]

Show HN: R.py, a small subset of Python Requests

i revisited the work that i started in 2022 re: writing a subset of Requests but using the standard library: https://github.com/gabrielsroka/r

back then, i tried using urllib.request (from the standard library, not urllib3) but it lacks what Requests/urllib3 has -- connection pools and keep alive [or that's where i thought the magic was] -- so my code ran much slower.

it turns out that urllib.request uses http.client, but it closes the connection. so by using http.client directly, i can keep the connection open [that's where the real magic is]. now my code runs as fast as Requests/urllib3, but in 5 lines of code instead of 4,000-15,000+

moral of the story: RTFM over and over and over again.

  """Fetch users from the Okta API and paginate."""
  
  import http.client
  import json
  import re
  import urllib.parse
  
  # Set these:
  host = 'domain.okta.com'
  token = 'xxx'
  url = '/api/v1/users?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({'filter': 'profile.lastName eq "Doe"'})
  
  headers = {'authorization': 'SSWS ' + token}
  conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(host)
  while url:
     conn.request('GET', url, headers=headers)
     res = conn.getresponse()
     for user in json.load(res):
         print(user['id'])
     links = [link for link in res.headers.get_all('link') if 'rel="next"' in link]
     url = re.search('<https://[^/]+(.+)>', links[0]).group(1) if links else None
https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html

https://docs.python.org/3/library/http.client.html

IIRC somewhere on the Python mailing list archives there's an email about whether to add the HTTP redirect handling and then SSL support - code to urllib, urllib2, or create urllib or httplib.

How does performance compare to HTTPX, does it support HTTP 1.1 request pipelining, does it support HTTP/2 or HTTP/3?

[-]

The most cited authors in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[+]

From "Show HN: WhatTheDuck – open-source, in-browser SQL on CSV files" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39836220 :

> datasette-lite can load [remote] sqlite and Parquet but not yet DuckDB (?) with Pyodide in WASM, and there's also JupyterLite as a datasette plug-in: https://github.com/simonw/datasette-lite https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=simonw https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=simonwillison.net

JSON-LD with https://schema.org/Person records with wikipedia/dbpedia RDF URIs would make it easy to query on whichever datasets can be joined on common RDFS properties like schema: :identifier and rdfs:subPropertyOf sub-properties, https://schema.org/url, :sameAs,

Plato in RDF from dbpedia: https://dbpedia.org/page/Plato

Today there are wikipedia URLs, DOI URN URIs, shorturls in QR codes, ORCID specifically to search published :ScholarlyArticle by optional :author, and now there are W3C DIDs Decentralized Identifiers for signing, identifying, and searching of unique :Thing and skos:Concept that can be generated offline and optionally registered centrally, or centrally generated and assigned like DOIs but they're signing keys.

Given uncertainty about time intervals, plot concepts over time with charts for showing graph growth over time. Maybe philosophy skos:Concept intervals (and relations, links) from human annotations thereof and/or from LLM parsing and search snippets of Wikipedia, dbpedia RDF, wikidata RDF, and ranked Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy terminological occurrence frequency.

- "Datasette Enrichments: a new plugin framework for augmenting your data" (2023) by row with asyncio and optionally httpx: https://simonwillison.net/2023/Dec/1/datasette-enrichments/

[-]

Ask HN: How to Price a Product

I'm 11 years experienced software engineer. I have been showing interests in frontend design and development and my day job is around it.

I built a working concept that converts designs to interactive code. However, the tech is not usable at this stage, no documentation and looks bad, but works as expected.

I'm aware of selling services as SAAS. I'd like to sell the tech as a product containing a software, product manual, usage instructions with samples.

The target users are designers, initial feedbacks were some points to address and they are curious and interested.

Having said that it's not SAAS, not subscription based, I'd like to know how to put a price on it as a product.

The Accounting Equation values your business:

  Asset Value = Equities + Liabilities 
Accounting Equation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_equation :

  Assets = Liabilities + Contributed Capital + Revenue − Expenses − Dividends

  Revenue - Expenses
Cash flow is Revenue.

Cash flow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow :

> A cash flow CF is determined by its time t, nominal amount N, currency CCY, and account A; symbolically, CF = CF(t, N, CCY, A)

Though CF(A, t, ...) or CF(t, A) may be more search-index optimal, and really A_src_n, A_dest_n [...] ILP Interledger Protocol.

Payment fees are part of the price, unless you're a charity with a donate processing costs too option.

OTOH, though there are already standard departmental accounting chart names:

  price_product_a = cost_payment_fees + cost_materials + cost_labor + cost_marketing + cost_sales + cost_support + cost_errors_omissions + cost_chargebacks + cost_legal + cost_future_liabilities + [...]
A CAS Computer Algebra System like {SymPy,Sage} in a notebook can help define inequality relations to bound or limit the solution volume or hyper volume(s)

And then unit test functions can assert that a hypothesized model meets criteria for success

But in Python, for example, test_ functions can't return values to the test runner, they would need to write [solution evaluation score] outputs to a store or a file to be collected with the other build artifacts and attached to a GitHub Release, for example.

Eventually, costs = {a: 0, b: 2} so that it's costs[account:str|uint64] instead of cost_account, and then costs = ERP.reports[name,date].archived_output()

Monte Carlo simulation is possible with things like PyMC (MCMC) and TIL about PyVBMC. Agent-based simulation of consumers may or may not be more expensive or the same problem. In behavioral economics, many rational consumers make informed buying decisions.

Looking at causal.app > Templates, I don't see anything that says "pricing" but instead "Revenue" which may imply models for sales, pricing, costs, cost drivers;

> Finance > Marketing-driven SaaS Revenue Model for software companies with multiple products. Its revenue growth is driven by marketing spend.

> Finance > Sales-driven SaaS Revenue > Understand sales rep productivity and forecast revenue accurately

/? site:causal.app pricing model https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Acausal.app+pricing+mo...

- Blog: "The Pros and Cons of Common SaaS Pricing Models",

- Models: "Simple SaaS pricing calculator",

- /? hn site=causal.app > more lists a number of SaaS metrics posts: https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=causal.app

/? startupschool pricing: https://www.google.com/search?q=startupschool+pricing

Startup School Curriculum > Ctrl-F pricing: https://www.startupschool.org/curriculum

- "Startup Business Models and Pricing | Startup School" https://youtube.com/watch?v=oWZbWzAyHAE&

/? price sensitivity analysis Wikipedia: https://www.google.com/search?q=price+sensitivity+analysis+W...

Pricing strategies > Models of pricing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricing_strategies#Models_of_p...

Price analysis > Key Aspects, Marketing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_analysis :

> In marketing, price analysis refers to the analysis of consumer response to theoretical prices assessed in survey research

/? site:github.com price sensitivity: https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Agithub.com+price+sens... :

As a market economist looking at product pricing, given maximal optimization for price And CLV customer lifetime value, what corrective forces will pull the price back down? Macroeconomic forces, competition,

Porter's five forces analysis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter%27s_five_forces_analysi... :

> Porter's five forces include three forces from 'horizontal competition' – the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants – and two others from 'vertical' competition – the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of customers.

> Porter developed his five forces framework in reaction to the then-popular SWOT analysis, which he found both lacking in rigor and ad hoc.[3] Porter's five-forces framework is based on the structure–conduct–performance paradigm in industrial organizational economics. Other Porter's strategy tools include the value chain and generic competitive strategies.

Are there upsells now, later; planned opportunities to produce additional value for the longer term customer relationship?

When and how will you lower the price in response to competition and costs?

How does a pricing strategy vary if at all if a firm is Bootstrapping vs the Bank's money?

/? saas pricing: https://hn.algolia.com/?q=saas+pricing

[-]

Rivian reduced electrical wiring by 1.6 miles and 44 pounds

[+]
[+]

The ohm*meter^3 is the unit of electrical resistance.

Electrical resistivity and conductivity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_con...

Is there a name for Wh/m or W/m (of Cu or C) of loss? Just % signal loss?

"Copper Mining and Vehicle Electrification" (2024) https://www.ief.org/focus/ief-reports/copper-mining-and-vehi... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40542826

There's already conductive graphene 3d printing filament (and far less conductive graphene). Looks like 0.8ohm*cm may be the least resistive graphene filament available: https://www.google.com/search?q=graphene+3d+printer+filament...

Are there yet CNT or TWCNT Twisted Carbon Nanotube substitutes for copper wiring?

* far less conductive graphite; another form of carbon

FWIU recent developments in graphene semiconductors for example on silicon carbide are undercapitalized.

Can industry undo its unsustainable copper dependency by replacing power wires and data cabling with TWCNT cabling?

[-]

A high energy hadron collider on the Moon

[+]
[+]

NotebookLLM is designed for this math.

First thoughts without reading the paper: there's too much noise and the moon is hollow (*), so even if you could assemble it [a particle collider] by bootstrapping with solar and thermoelectric and moon dirt and self-replicating robots, the rare earth payload cost is probably a primary cost driver barring new methods for making magnets from moon rock rare earths.

Is the moon hollow?

Lunar seismology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_seismology :

> NASA's Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2012-2022 [12] lists a lunar geophysical network as a recommended New Frontiers mission. [...]

> NASA awarded five DALI grants in 2024, including research on ground-penetrating radar and a magnometer system for determining properties of the lunar core. [14]

Spellcheck says "magnometer" is not even a word.

But how much radiation noise is there from solar and cosmic wind on the surface of the moon - given the moon's lack of magnetosphere and partially thus also its lack of atmosphere - or shielded by how many meters of moon; underground in dormant lava tubes or vents?

> Structure of the Lunar Interior: The solid core has a radius of about 240 km and is surrounded by a much thinner liquid outer core with a thickness of about 90 km.[9] The partial melt layer sits above the liquid outer core and has a thickness of about 150 km. The mantle extends to within 45 ± 5 km of the lunar surface.

What are the costs to drill out the underground collider ring at what depth and but first to assemble the moon-drilling unit(s) from local materials just and given energy (and thus on-the-moon production systems therefore)

[+]
[-]

Quantum Cryptography Has Everyone Scrambling

[+]
[+]

At the repeaters?

How do QKD systems key and timecode repeaters?

Isn't it possible to measure a photon state without causing state collapse by measuring adjacent particles affected by the passing photon? Is it possible to have entanglement communications without such measurement capacity?

[-]

Show HN: I've spent nearly 5y on a web app that creates 3D apartments

[+]

Neural radiance fields: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_radiance_field :

> A neural radiance field (NeRF) is a method based on deep learning for reconstructing a three-dimensional representation of a scene from two-dimensional images. The NeRF model enables downstream applications of novel view synthesis, scene geometry reconstruction, and obtaining the reflectance properties of the scene. Additional scene properties such as camera poses may also be jointly learned. First introduced in 2020,[1] it has since gained significant attention for its potential applications in computer graphics and content creation.[2]

- https://nerf.studio/

- https://smerf-3d.github.io/

- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38636329

- Business Concept: A b2b business idea from awhile ago expanded: "Adjustable Wire Shelving Emporium"; [business, office supply] client product mix 3D configurator with product placement upsells; from photos of a space to products that would work there. Presumably there's already dimensional calibration with a known-good dimension or two;

- ENH: the tabletop in that photo is n x m, so the rest of the objects are probably about

- ENH: the building was constructed in YYYY in Locality, so the building code there then said that the commercial framing studs should be here and the cables and wiring should be there.

[+]

Looks like tests/ would have saved maintenance and upgrades work.

There's WASM UE5 now, which may or may not be better about clipping than three.js.

[-]

Show HN: BudgetFlow – Budget planning using interactive Sankey diagrams

mkrd | 2024-08-07 07:56:02 | 275 | # | ^
[+]
[+]

The Plaid API JSON includes inferred transaction categories.

OFX is one alternative to CSV for transaction data.

ofparse parses OFX: https://pypi.org/project/ofxparse/

W3C ILP Interledger protocol is for inter-ledger data for traditional and digital ledgers. ILP also has a message spec for transactions.

[-]

Scientists convert bacteria into efficient cellulose producers

> A new approach has been presented by the research group led by André Studart, Professor of Complex Materials at ETH Zurich, using the cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans. [...]

> K. sucrofermentans naturally produces high-purity cellulose, a material that is in great demand for biomedical applications and the production of packaging material and textiles. Two properties of this type of cellulose are that it supports wound healing and prevents infections.

From "Cellulose Packaging: A Biodegradable Alternative" https://www.greencompostables.com/blog/cellulose-packaging :

> What is cellulose packaging? Cellulose packaging is made from cellulose-based materials such as paper, cardboard, or cellophane.

> Cellulose can also be used to produce a type of bioplastic that is biodegradable and more environmentally friendly than petroleum-based plastics. These bioplastics can be utilized to make food containers, bottles, cups or trays.

> Can cellulose replace plastic? With an annual growth rate of 5–10% over the past decade, cellulose is already at the forefront of replacing plastic in everyday use.

> Cellophane, especially, is set to replace plastic film packaging soon. According to a Future Market Insights report, cellulose packaging will have a compound annual growth rate of 4.9% between 2018 and 2028.

Is there already cling wrap cellophane? Silicone lids are washable, freezable, microwaveable

[-]

Open Source Farming Robot

[+]
[+]
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[+]
[+]
[+]

Isn't it better to mist plants, especially if you can't delay watering due to full sun?

IIUC that's what big box gardening centers do; with fixed retractable hoses for misting and watering.

A robot could make and refill clay irrigation Ollas with or without microsprinkler inlets and level sensing with backscatter RF, but do Ollas scale?

Why have a moving part there at all? Could just modulate spec valves to high and low or better fixed height sprayers

FWIU newer solar weeding robots - which minimize pesticide use by direct substitution and minimize herbicide by vigilant crop monitoring - have fixed arrays instead of moving part lasers

An agricultural robot spec:

Large wheels, light frame, can right itself when terrain topology is misestimated, Tensor operations per second (TOPS), Computer Vision (OpenCV, NeRF,), modular sensor and utility mounts, Open CAD model with material density for mass centroid and ground contact outer hull rollover estimation,

[+]

Is there evidence-based agricultural research for no-till farming?

No-Till Farming > Adoption across the world : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-till_farming#Adoption_acros... :

> * By 2023, farmland with strict no-tillage principles comprise roughly 30% of the cropland in the U.S.*

The new model used to score fuel lifecycle emissions is the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) model: https://www.energy.gov/eere/greet :

> GREET is a tool that assesses a range of life cycle energy, emissions, and environmental impact challenges and that can be used to guide decision-making, research and development, and regulations related to transportation and the energy sector.

> * For any given energy and vehicle system, GREET can calculate:*

> - Total energy consumption (non-renewable and renewable)

> - Fossil fuel energy use (petroleum, natural gas, coal)

> - Greenhouse gas emissions

> - Air pollutant emissions

> - Water consumption

FWIU you have to plant cover crops to receive the new US ethanol / biofuel subsidies.

From "Some Groups Pan SAF Rules for Farmers Groups Criticize Cover Crop Requirement for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Modeling" (2024) https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/business-input... :

> Some biofuel groups were encouraged the guidance would recognize climate-smart farm practices for the first time in ethanol or biodiesel's carbon intensity score. Others said the guidance hurts them because their producers have a hard time growing cover crops and carbon scoring shouldn't be limited to a few specific farming practices. Environmental groups said there isn't enough hard science to prove the benefit of those farm practices.

I have "The Living Soil Handbook" by Jessie Frost (in KY) here, and page 1 "Introduction" reads:

> 1. Disturb the soil as little as possible.

> 2. Keep the soil covered as much as possible.

> 3. Keep the soil planted as much as possible.

FWIU tilling results in oxidation and sterilization due to UV-C radiation and ozone; tilling turns soil to dirt; and dry dirt doesn't fix nitrogen or CO2 or host mycorhizzae which help plants absorb nutrients.

Bunds with no irrigation to not till over appear to win in many climates. Maybe bunds, agrivoltaics, and agricultural robots can help undo soil depletion.

"Vikings razed the forests. Can Iceland regrow them?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40361034

https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/# ctrl-f soil , no-till / notill / no till / #NoTill

[-]

Moments in Chromecast's history

[+]
[+]

I am fairly certain that the academic open source community had already published prior art for delay correction and volume control of speaker groups (which are obvious problems when you add multiple speakers to a system with transmission delay). IIRC there was a microsoft research blog post with a list of open source references for distributed audio from prior to 2006 for certain. (Which further invalidates the patent claims in question).

Before they locked Chromecast protocol down, it was easy to push audio from a linux pulseaudio sound server to Chromecast device(s).

The patchbay interface in soundsync looks neat. Also patch bay interfaces: BespokeSynth, HoustonPatchBay, RaySession, patchance, org.pipewire.helvum (GTK), easyeffects (GTK4 + GStreamer), https://github.com/BespokeSynth/BespokeSynth/issues/1614#iss...

pipewire handles audio and video streams. soundsync with video would be cool too.

FWIU Matter Casting is an open protocol which device vendors could implement.

Quantum state mimics gravitational waves

> Quantum particles in a spin-nematic state carry energy through waves.

> “We realised that the properties of the waves in the spin-nematic state are mathematically identical to those of gravitational waves,” says Shannon.

"Gravitational wave analogs in spin nematics and cold atoms" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.109.L... :

> Abstract: Large-scale gravitational phenomena are famously difficult to observe, making parallels in condensed matter physics a valuable resource. Here we show how spin nematic phases, found in magnets and cold atoms, can provide an analog to linearized gravity. In particular, we show that the Goldstone modes of these systems are massless spin-2 bosons, in one-to-one correspondence with quantized gravitational waves in flat spacetime. We identify a spin-1 model supporting these excitations and, using simulation, outline a procedure for their observation in a 23⁢Na spinor condensate.

TIL LCDs are in spin-nematic states

[-]

How Postgres stores data on disk – this one's a page turner

[+]

Apache Arrow Columnar Format: https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/Columnar.html :

> The Arrow columnar format includes a language-agnostic in-memory data structure specification, metadata serialization, and a protocol for serialization and generic data transport. This document is intended to provide adequate detail to create a new implementation of the columnar format without the aid of an existing implementation. We utilize Google’s Flatbuffers project for metadata serialization, so it will be necessary to refer to the project’s Flatbuffers protocol definition files while reading this document. The columnar format has some key features:

> Data adjacency for sequential access (scans)

> O(1) (constant-time) random access

> SIMD and vectorization-friendly

> Relocatable without “pointer swizzling”, allowing for true zero-copy access in shared memory

Are the major SQL file formats already SIMD optimized and zero-copy across TCP/IP?

Arrow doesn't do full or partial indexes.

Apache Arrow supports Feather and Parquet on-disk file formats. Feather is on-disk Arrow IPC, now with default LZ4 compression or optionally ZSTD.

Some databases support Parquet as the database flat file format (that a DBMS process like PostgreSQL or MySQL provides a logged, permissioned, and cached query interface with query planning to).

IIUC with Parquet it's possible both to use normal tools to offline query data tables as files on disk and also to online query tables with a persistent process with tunable parameters and optionally also centrally enforce schema and referential integrity.

From https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48083405/what-are-the-di... :

> Parquet format is designed for long-term storage, where Arrow is more intended for short term or ephemeral storage

> Parquet is more expensive to write than Feather as it features more layers of encoding and compression. Feather is unmodified raw columnar Arrow memory. We will probably add simple compression to Feather in the future.

> Due to dictionary encoding, RLE encoding, and data page compression, Parquet files will often be much smaller than Feather files

> Parquet is a standard storage format for analytics that's supported by many different systems: Spark, Hive, Impala, various AWS services, in future by BigQuery, etc. So if you are doing analytics, Parquet is a good option as a reference storage format for query by multiple systems

Those systems index Parquet. Can they also index Feather IPC, which an application might already have to journal and/or log, and checkpoint?

Edit: What are some of the DLT solutions for indexing given a consensus-controlled message spec designed for synchronization?

- cosmos/iavl: a Merkleized AVL+ tree (a balanced search tree with Merkle hashes and snapshots to prevent tampering and enable synchronization) https://github.com/cosmos/iavl/blob/master/docs/overview.md

- Google/trillion has Merkle hashed edges between rows in order in the table but is centralized

- "EVM Query Language: SQL-Like Language for Ethereum" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41124567 : [...]

[-]

Enum class improvements for C++17, C++20 and C++23

Speaking of enums, what's a better serialization framework for C++ like Serde in Rust, and then what about Linked Data support and of course also form validation.

Linked Data triples have (subject, predicate, object) and quads have (graph, subject, predicate, object).

RDF has URIs for all Subjects and Predicates.

RDF Objects may be URIs or literal values like xsd:string, xsd:float64, xsd:int (32bit signed value), xsd:integer, xsd:long, xsd:time, xsd:dateTime, xsd:duration.

RDFS then defines Classes and Properties, identified by string URIs.

How best to get from an Enum with (type,attr, {range of values}) to an rdfs:range definition in a schema with a URI prefix?

Python has dataclasses which is newer than attrs, but serde also emits Python pickles

[+]

"Reflection for C++26" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40836594

Wt:Dbo years ago but that's just objects to and from SQL, it's not linked data schema or fast serialization with e.g. Arrow.

There should be easy URIs for Enums, which I guess map most closely to the rdfs:range of an rdfs:Property. Something declarative and/or extracted by another source parser would work. To keep scheme definitions DRY

[+]

Probably not too much work to add and then also build a JSONLD @context from all of the ~ message structs.

:Thing > https://schema.org/name , :URL , :identifier and subclasses

Thing > Intangible > Enumeration: https://schema.org/Enumeration

[+]

"Exporting JSON Schema" https://github.com/beached/daw_json_link/blob/release/docs/c... :

  include <daw/json/daw_json_schema.h>
  std::string daw::json::to_json_schema<MyType>( "identifier", "title" );
From https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-38526588 :

> SHACL is used for expressing integrity constraints on complete data, while OWL allows inferring implicit facts from incomplete data; SHACL reasoners perform validation, while OWL reasoners do logical inference.

- "Show HN: Pg_jsonschema – A Postgres extension for JSON validation" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32186878 re: json-ld-schema, which bridges JSONschema and SHACL for JSONLD

Twisted carbon nanotubes store more energy than lithium-ion batteries

> By making single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into ropes and twisting them like the string on an overworked yo-yo, Katsumi Kaneko, Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain and colleagues showed that they can store twice as much energy per unit mass as the best commercial lithium-ion batteries.

> SWCNTs are made from sheets of pure carbon just one atom thick that have been rolled into a straw-like tube. They are impressively tough – five times stiffer and 100 times stronger than steel – and earlier theoretical studies by team member David Tománek and others suggested that twisting them could be a viable means of storing large amounts of energy in a compact, lightweight system.

> [...] The maximum gravimetric energy density (that is, the energy available per unit mass) they measured was 2.1 MJ/kg (583 Wh/kg). While this is lower than the most advanced lithium-ion batteries, which last year hit a record of 700 Wh/kg, it is much higher than commercial versions, which top out at around 280 Wh/kg. The SWCNT ropes also maintained their performance over at least 450 twist-release cycles

"Giant nanomechanical energy storage capacity in twisted single-walled carbon nanotube ropes" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01645-x :

> Abstract: A sustainable society requires high-energy storage devices characterized by lightness, compactness, a long life and superior safety, surpassing current battery and supercapacitor technologies. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which typically exhibit great toughness, have emerged as promising candidates for innovative energy storage solutions. Here we produced SWCNT ropes wrapped in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, and demonstrated experimentally that a twisted rope composed of these SWCNTs possesses the remarkable ability to reversibly store nanomechanical energy. Notably, the gravimetric energy density of these twisted ropes reaches up to 2.1 MJ kg−1, exceeding the energy storage capacity of mechanical steel springs by over four orders of magnitude and surpassing advanced lithium-ion batteries by a factor of three. In contrast to chemical and electrochemical energy carriers, the nanomechanical energy stored in a twisted SWCNT rope is safe even in hostile environments. This energy does not deplete over time and is accessible at temperatures ranging from −60 to +100 °C.

Ask HN: How much would it cost to build a RISC CPU out of carbon?

RFC: Estimates on program costs to:

Evaluate carbon-based alternatives for fabrication of electronic digital and quantum computers

Evaluate scalable production processes for graphene-based transistors and other carbon-based nanofabrication capabilities

Evaluate supply chain challenges in semiconductor and superconductor manufacturing and design

Invest in developing chip fabrication capabilities that do not require rare earths in order to eliminate critical supply chain risks

> RFC: Estimates on program costs to:

> Evaluate carbon-based alternatives for fabrication of electronic digital and quantum computers

> Evaluate scalable production processes for graphene-based transistors and other carbon-based nanofabrication capabilities

> Evaluate supply chain challenges in semiconductor and superconductor manufacturing and design

> Invest in developing chip fabrication capabilities that do not require rare earths in order to eliminate critical supply chain risks

- "Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" (2024-06) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

Group1 Unveils First Potassium-Ion Battery in 18650 Format

> Leveraging Kristonite™, Group1's flagship product, a uniquely engineered 4V cathode material in the Potassium Prussian White (KPW) class, this battery enables the best combination of performance, safety, and cost when compared to LiFePO4 (LFP)-based LIBs and Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs).

> The 18650 form factor is the most widely used and designed cell formats. These new 18650 batteries use commercial graphite anodes, separators, and electrolyte formulations comprised of commercially sourced components. They offer superior cycle life and excellent discharge capability, and they operate at 3.7V. The product release exceeds initial performance expectations and demonstrates a practical path to achieve a gravimetric energy density of 160-180Wh/kg, which is standard for LFP-LIB.

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/first-18650-potass... :

> 3.7v, 18650

How much less bad for plants is a Potassium Ion battery compared with NiMH, NiCD, Li-ion, LiFePO4, and Sodium-ion batteries?

FWIU salt kills plants, lithium kills plants, NiMH and NiCD shouldn't be disposed of in the trash either, and just Potassium (K) is a macronutrient essential for plant growth.

There are fertilizer shortages. Is there a potassium fertilizer shortage?

"Potassium depletion in soil threatens global crop yields" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-02-potassium-depletion-soil-threa...

"Global food security threatened by potassium neglect" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-024-00929-8 :

> Inadequate potassium management jeopardises food security and freshwater ecosystem health. Potassium, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus, is a vital nutrient for plant growth1 and will be fundamental to achieving the rapid rises in crop yield necessary to sustain a growing population. Sustainable nutrient management is pivotal to establishing sustainable food systems and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. While momentum to deliver nitrogen [2] and phosphorus sustainability [3] builds, potassium sustainability has been chronically neglected. There are no national or international policies or regulations on sustainable potassium use equivalent to those for nitrogen and phosphorus. Calls to mitigate rising potassium soil deficiency by increasing potassium inputs in arable agriculture are understandable [4,5]. However, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding the potential environmental impacts of such interventions. We outline six proposed actions that aim to prevent crop yield declines due to soil potassium deficiency, safeguard farmers from price volatility in potash (i.e. mined potassium salts used to make fertiliser) and address environmental and ecosystem concerns associated with potash mining and increased potassium fertiliser use.

From https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/409660541/Br... :

> 1. Review current potassium stocks and flows

> 2. Establish capabilities for monitoring and predicting potassium price fluctuations

> 3. Help farmers maintain sufficient soil potassium levels

> 4. Evaluate the environmental effects of potash mining and increased potassium162 application to identify sustainable practices

> 5. Develop a global strategy to transition to a circular potassium economy (*)

> 6. Accelerate intergovernmental cooperation as a catalyst for change

How much less bad for oceans are Potassium Ion batteries compared with NiMH, NiCD, Li-ion, LiFePO4, and Sodium-ion batteries?

[-]

USB Sniffer Lite for RP2040

[+]
[+]

So it should be possible to bridge wired USB wirelessly over 802.11n (2.4 GHz) and Bluetooth BLE 5.2 with two RP2040w, or one and software on a larger computer on the other side with e.g. google/bumble

[+]

To connect a USB device over WiFi or Bluetooth with or without an adapter plugged into the computer:

  USB device <-> RP2040w  ))) wifi/bluetooth (((  RP2040w.usb0 <-> computer 
  USB device <-> RP2040w  ))) wifi/bluetooth (((  computer.software_xyz

[-]

Intel took billions from the CHIPS Act, and gave nothing back

[+]
[+]

This past year, they were expected to piss the money we gave them away on a factory in high-risk genocideland but not in the USA.

How could they have prevented those expenses?

They've finally introduced lower power gaming chips.

Hopefully they build fabs here, and we alleviate the supply chain blockade and competitive obstruction by fabricating chips out of graphene and other forms of carbon.

[-]

About Google Chrome's "This extension may soon no longer be supported"

[+]

"A look inside the BPF verifier [lwn]" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41135371

eBPF: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBPF

"How are eBPF programs written?" https://ebpf.io/what-is-ebpf/#how-are-ebpf-programs-written :

> In a lot of scenarios, eBPF is not used directly but indirectly via projects like Cilium, bcc, or bpftrace which provide an abstraction on top of eBPF and do not require writing programs directly but instead offer the ability to specify intent-based definitions which are then implemented with eBPF.

> If no higher-level abstraction exists, programs need to be written directly. The Linux kernel expects eBPF programs to be loaded in the form of bytecode. While it is of course possible to write bytecode directly, the more common development practice is to leverage a compiler suite like LLVM [clang] to compile pseudo-C code into eBPF bytecode

WASM eBPF for adblocking

[-]

A look inside the BPF verifier [lwn]

> The BPF verifier is, fundamentally, a form of static analysis. It determines whether BPF programs submitted to the kernel satisfy a number of properties, such as not entering an infinite loop, not using memory with undefined contents, not accessing memory out of bounds, only calling extant kernel functions, only calling functions with the correct argument types, and others. As Alan Turing famously proved, correctly determining these properties for all programs is impossible — there will always be programs that do not enter an infinite loop, but which the verifier cannot prove do not enter an infinite loop. Despite this, the verifier manages to prove the relevant properties for a large amount of real-world code.

[ Halting problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem ]

> Some basic properties, such as whether the program is well-formed, too large, or contains unreachable code, can be correctly determined just by analyzing the program directly. The verifier has a simple first pass that rejects programs with these problems. But the bulk of the verifier's work is concerned with determining more difficult properties that rely on the run-time state of the program [dynamic analysis].

[-]

Ask HN: What's the consensus on "unit" testing LLM prompts?

LLMs are notoriously non deterministic, which makes it hard for us developers to trust them as a tool in a backend, where we usually expect determinism.

I’m in a situation where using an LLM makes sense from a technical perspective, but I’m wondering if there are good practice on testing, besides manual testing:

- I want to ensure my prompt does what I want 100% of the time

- I want to ensure I don’t get regressions as my prompt evolve, or when updating the version of the LLM I use, or even if I switch to another LLM

The ideas I have in mind are:

- forcing the LLM to return JSON with a strict definition

- running a fixed set of tests periodically with my prompt and checking I get the expected result

Are there specificities with LLM prompt testing I should be aware of? Are some good practices emerging?

From "Asking 60 LLMs a set of 20 questions" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37445401#37451493 : PromptFoo, ChainForge, openai/evals, TheoremQA,

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40859434 re: system prompts

"Robustness of Model-Graded Evaluations and Automated Interpretability" https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/ZbjyCuqpwCMMND4fv/robustness...

"Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40769496

AI-enabled solar panel installation robot lifts, places, and attaches

- "Robot-Installed Solar Panels Cut Costs by 50%" (2012) https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotinstalled-solar-panels-cut-co... :

> Here's the executive summary, since I've never done an executive summary before and it sounds fancy: using robots to set up a 14 megawatt solar power plant can potentially cuts costs from $2,000,000 to $900,000, while being constructed in eight times faster with only three human workers instead of 35.

> So there you go! If you're still reading, we can tell you a little bit about the robot that performs this incredible feat of engineering efficiency: it costs just under a million bucks, but it's built from off-the-shelf parts and in continuous use will supposedly pay for itself in either no time at all or less than a year, whichever comes last.

> [...] The robot itself has a mobile base that runs on tank treads, and a robot arm grips huge 145 watt panels one at a time and autonomously positions them in just the right spot on a pre-installed metal frame. Humans follow along behind, adding fasteners and making electrical connections,

- "Launch HN: Charge Robotics (YC S21) - Robots that build solar farms" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30780455 :

> We're using a two-part robotic system to build this racking structure. First, a portable robotic factory placed on-site assembles sections of racking hardware and solar modules. This factory fits inside a shipping container. Robotic arms pick up solar modules from a stack and fasten them to a long metal tube (the "torque tube"). Second, autonomous delivery vehicles distribute these assembled sections into the field and fasten them in place onto target destination piles.

> Maximo can do the heavy lifting and can automatically place and attach panels, increasing safety and accuracy of installations.

[-]

Show HN: Trayce – Network tab for Docker containers

Trayce (https://github.com/evanrolfe/trayce_gui) is an open source desktop application which monitors HTTP(S) traffic to Docker containers on your machine. It uses EBPF to achieve zero-configuration sniffing of TLS-encrypted traffic.

As a backend developer I wanted something which was similar to Wireshark or the Chrome network tab, but which intercepted requests & responses to my containers for debugging in a local dev environment. Wireshark is a great tool but it seems more geared towards lower level networking tasks. When I'm developing APIs or microservices I dont care about packets, I'm only concerned with HTTP requests and their responses. I also didn't want to have to configure a pre-shared master key to intercept TLS, I wanted it to work out-of-the-box.

Trayce is in beta phase so feedback is very welcome, bug reports too. The frontend GUI is written in Python with the QT framework. The TrayceAgent which is what does the intercepting of traffic is written in Go and EBPF.

[+]
[+]

Podman Desktop supports Docker Desktop extensions and also its own extension API. https://podman-desktop.io/extend

"Developing a Podman Desktop extension" https://podman-desktop.io/docs/extensions/developing

[+]
[+]
[+]

Who has CI build runners for the given architectures?

[+]
[-]

Genetically synthesized supergain broadband wire-bundle antenna

[+]

GA methods also may converge without expert bias in parameters but typically after more time or generations of mutation, crossover, and selection.

Why would the fitness be lower with mutation, crossover, and selection?

Manual optimization is selection: the - possibly triple-blind - researcher biases the analysis by choosing models, hyperparameters, and parameters. This avoids search cost, but just like gradient descent it can result in unexplored spaces where optima may lurk.

There's already GA Genetic Algorithms deep space antenna design success story.

But there are also dielectric and Rydberg antennae, which don't at all need to be as long as the radio wavelength. How long would that have taken the infinite monkeys GA?

/?hnlog: antenna, Rydberg, dielectric: https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-38054784

Cylinder sails promise up to 90% fuel consumption cut for cargo ships

> Unlike the [Flettner rotor system from the 1920s], there are no rotating parts and it can deliver a fuel reduction of up to 50% in large cargo ships and 90% for small ones.

[-]

EVM Query Language: SQL-Like Language for Ethereum

- How does this compare to the BigQuery copy of the chain?

"Ethereum Mainnet example queries" https://cloud.google.com/blockchain-analytics/docs/example-e...

- from "Show HN: A Database Generator for EVM with CRUD and On-Chain Indexing" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36144368 https://github.com/KenshiTech/SolidQuery ; rdflib-leveldb ?

- re: affording decentralized CT Certificate Transparency queries: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30782522 :

> Indexers are node operators in The Graph Network that stake [GRT] in order to provide indexing and query processing services. Indexers earn query fees and indexing rewards for their services. They also earn query fees that are rebated according to an exponential rebate function.

[-]

I prefer rST to Markdown

A Table of Contents instruction that works across all markdown implementations would be an accomplishment.

OTOH, Markdown does not require newlines between list elements; which is more compact but limits the HTML that can be produced from the syntax.

MyST Markdown adds Sphinx roles and directives to Markdown.

nbsphinx adds docutils (RST) support back to Jupyter Notebooks. (IPython notebook originally supported RST and Markdown.)

Researchers trap atoms, force them to serve as photonic transistors

> "Using state-of-the-art nanofabrication instruments in the Birck Nanotechnology Center, we pattern the photonic waveguide in a circular shape at a diameter of around 30 microns (three times smaller than a human hair) to form a so-called microring resonator. Light would circulate within the microring resonator and interact with the trapped atoms," adds Hung.

- -459.67 F, Cesium, Tractor beam

"Trapped Atoms and Superradiance on an Integrated Nanophotonic Microring Circuit" (2024) : https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.03... :

> Interfacing cold atoms with integrated nanophotonic devices could offer new paradigms for engineering atom-light interactions and provide a potentially scalable route for quantum sensing, metrology, and quantum information processing. However, it remains a challenging task to efficiently trap a large ensemble of cold atoms on an integrated nanophotonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate direct loading of an ensemble of up to 70 atoms into an optical microtrap on a nanophotonic microring circuit. Efficient trap loading is achieved by employing degenerate Raman-sideband cooling in the microtrap, where a built-in spin-motion coupling arises directly from the vector light shift of the evanescent-field potential on a microring. Atoms are cooled into the trap via optical pumping with a single free space beam. We have achieved a trap lifetime approaching 700 ms under continuous cooling. We show that the trapped atoms display large cooperative coupling and superradiant decay into a whispering-gallery mode of the microring resonator, holding promise for explorations of new collective effects. Our technique can be extended to trapping a large ensemble of cold atoms on nanophotonic circuits for various quantum applications. https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.03...

[-]

Rediscovering Transaction Processing from History and First Principles

[+]

TPS: Transactions Per Second: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_per_second

"A Measure of Transaction Processing Power" (1985)

"A measure of transaction processing 20 years later" (2005) https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0701162 .. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11019087883708435...

About the cover sheet on those TPS reports.

Max throughput, max efficiency,

Network throughput: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_throughput

"Is measuring blockchain transactions per second (TPS) stupid in 2024? Big Questions" https://cointelegraph.com/magazine/blockchain-transactions-p... :

> focusing on the raw TPS number is a bit like “counting the number of bills in your wallet but ignoring that some are singles, some are twenties, and some are hundreds.”

https://chainspect.app/dashboard describes each of their metrics: Real-Time TPS (tx/s), Max Recorded TPS (tx/s), Max Theoretical TPS (tx/s), Block Time (s), Finality (s)

USD/day probably doesn't predict TPS; because the Average transaction value is higher on networks with low TPS.

Other metrics: FLOPS, FLOPS/WHr, TOPS, TOPS/WHr, $/OPS/WHr

And then there's Uptime; or losses due to downtime (given SLA prorated costs)

[+]

I don't know what the frontier is on TPS and value in financial systems. Does HFT or market-making really add that much value compared to direct capital investment and the trading frequency of an LTSE Long Term Stock Exchange?

High tx fees (which are simply burnt) disincentive HFT, which may also be a waste of electricity like PoW, in terms of allocation.

Low tx fees increase the likelihood of arbitrage that reduces the spread between prices (on multiple exchanges) and then what effect on volatility and real value?

But those are market dynamics, not general high-TPS system dynamics.

[+]
[-]

RestrictedPython

A Python interpreter with costed opcodes would be smart.

But then still there is no oracle to predict whether user-supplied [RestrictedPython] code never halts; so, without resource quotas from VMs or Containers, there is unmitigated risk of resource exhaustion from user-supplied and developer-signed code.

IIRC there are one-liners that DOS Python and probably RestrictedPython too.

JupyterHub Spawners and Authenticators were created to spin up [k8s] containers on demand - with resource quotas - for registered users with e.g. JupyterHub and unregistered users with BinderHub.

Someone already has a presentation on how it's impossible to fully sandbox Python without OS process isolation?

You can instead have them run their code on their machine with Python in WASM in a browser tab; but should you trust the results if you do not test for convergence by comparing your local output with other outputs? Consensus with a party of one or an odd number of samples.

So, reproducibility as scientific crisis: "it worked on my machine" or "it works on the gitops CI build servers" and "it works in any browser" and the output is the same when the user runs their own code locally as when it is run on the server [with RestrictedPython].

I heard it was actually impossible to sandbox Python (and most or all other languages) with itself?

/? python sandbox RestrictedPython https://google.com/search?q=python+sandbox+RestrictedPython

[+]

Java implementations have run-time heap allocator limits configurable with the -Xms and -Xmx options for minimum and maximum heap size, and -Xss for per-thread stack size:

java -jar -Xms1024M -Xmx2048M -Xss1M example.jar

RAM and CPU and network IO cgroups are harder limits than a process's attempts to bound its own allocation with the VM.

TIL about hardened_malloc. Python doesn't have hardened_malloc, and IDK how configurable hardened_malloc is in terms of self-imposed process resource limits. FWIU hardened_malloc groups and thereby contains allocations by size. https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc

There is a reason that EVM and eWASM have costed opcodes and do not have socket libraries (blocking or async).

The default sys.setrecursionlimit() is 1000; so, 1000 times the unbounded stack size per frame: https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.setrecursionl...

Most (all?) algorithms can be rewritten with a stack instead of recursion, thereby avoiding per-frame stack overhead in languages without TCO Tail-Call Optimization like Python.

Kata containers or Gvisor or just RestrictedPython that doesn't run until it's checked into git [and optionally signed]?

setup.py could or should execute in a RestrictedPython sandbox if run as root (even in a container).

Starlark and Skylark are also restricted subsets of Python, for build configuration with Blaze, Bazel, Buck2, Caddy,

"Starlark implementations, tools, and users" https://github.com/bazelbuild/starlark/blob/master/users.md

[-]

Ask HN: Am I crazy or is Android development awful?

TL;DR - what I can do in 10 minutes on a desktop python app (windows or Linux, both worked fine) seems near impossible as an Android app.

I have a simple application to prototype: take a wired USB webcam, display it on the screen on a computer device (ideally a small device/screen), and draw a few GUI elements on top of it.

Using Python scripting and OpenCV, I had a working cross-compatible script in 10 minutes, for both Linux and Windows.

Then I realized I'd love this to work on an Android phone. I have devices with USB OTG, and a USB-C hub for the webcam. I confirmed the hardware setup working using someone else's closed source app.

However the development process has been awful. Android Studio has so much going on for a 'Hello World', and trying to integrate various USB webcam libraries has been impossible, even with AI assistants and Google guiding me. Things to do with Gradle versions or Kotlin versions being wrong between the libraries and my Android studio; my project not being able to include external repos via dependencies or toml files, etc.

In frustration I then tried a few python-to-android solutions, which promise to take a python script and make an APK. I tried: Kivy + python for android, and then Beeswax or Briefcase (may have butchered names slightly). Neither would build without extremely esoteric errors that neither me nor GPT had any chance to fix.

Well, looks like modern mobile phones are not a great hacker's playground, huh?

I guess I will go for a raspberry pi equivalent. In fact I already have tested my script on a RPi and it's just fine. But what a waste, needing to use a new computer module, screen display, and battery, when the smartphone has all 3 components nicely set up already in one sleek package.

Anyways that's my rant, wanted to get others' takes on Android (or smartphone in general) dev these days, or even some project advice in case anyone has done something similar connecting a wired webcam to a smartphone.

/? termux USB webcam: https://www.google.com/search?q=termux+usb+webcam

Termux was F-droid only, but 4 years later is back on the Play Store: https://github.com/termux-play-store#current-status-for-user...

Termux has both glibc and musl libc. Android has bionic libc.

One time I got JupyterLab to run on Android in termux with `proot` and pip. And then the mobile UI needed work in a WebView app or just a browser tab t. Maybe things would port back from Colab to JupyterLab.

conda-forge and Linux arm64 packages don't work on arm64 Android devices, so the only option is to install the *-dev dependencies and wait for compilation to finish on the Android device.

Waydroid is one way to work with Android APKs in a guest container on a Linux host.

That Android Studio doesn't work on Android or ChromiumOS without containers (that students can't have either).

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containers/podman > [Feature]: Android support: https://github.com/containers/podman/discussions/17717 :

> There are docker and containerd in termux-packages. https://github.com/termux/termux-packages/tree/master/root-p...

But Android 13+ supports rootless pKVM VMs, which podman-machine should be able to run containers in; (but only APK-installed binaries are blessed with the necessary extended filesystem attributes to exec on Android 4.4+ with SELinux in enforcing mode.)

- Android pKVM: https://source.android.com/docs/core/virtualization/architec... :

> qemu + pKVM + podman-machine:

> The protected kernel-based virtual machine (pKVM) is built upon the Linux KVM hypervisor, which has been extended with the ability to restrict access to the payloads running in guest virtual machines marked ‘protected’ at the time of creation.

> KVM/arm64 supports different execution modes depending on the availability of certain CPU features, namely, the Virtualization Host Extensions (VHE) (ARMv8.1 and later).

- "Android 13 virtualization lets [Pixel >= 6] run Windows 11, Linux distributions" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30328692

It's faster to keep a minimal container hosting VM updated.

So, podman-machine for Android in Termux might help solve for development UX on Android (and e.g. Android Studio on Android).

podman-machine: https://docs.podman.io/en/latest/markdown/podman-machine.1.h...

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Looks like it's almost possible to run podman-machine on Android; and it's already possible to manually create your qcow for the qemu on Android and then run containers in that VM: https://github.com/cyberkernelofficial/docker-in-termux

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The Puzzle of How Large-Scale Order Emerges in Complex Systems

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Complex, nonlinear - possibly adaptive - systems with or without convergence but emergence, and structure!

Convergence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence > STEM

Emergence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence

Stability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability

Stability theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_theory

Glossary of systems theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_systems_theory

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Ask HN: Does collapse of the wave function occur with an AI observer?

FWIU, Photons leave other particles in their path affected, and it's possible to infer photon state by measuring those affected states in the wake without causing state collapse of an already-passed photon.

If none look at the sun, is it still shining?

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Pnut: A C to POSIX shell compiler you can trust

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There are Linux ports of the plan9 `syscall` binary, which is presumably necessary to implement parts of libc with shell scripts: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10196395/os-system-calls...

I don't remember there being a way to keep a server listening on a /dev/tcp/$ip/$port port, for sockets from shell scripts with shellcheck at least

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How an 1803 Jacquard Loom Led to Computer Technology [video]

From "Calling your computer a Turing Machine is controversial" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37709009 :

> Turing was familiar with the Jacquard loom for weaving patterns on punch cards and Babbage's, and was then tasked with brute-forcing a classical cipher.

And before the Jacquard loom was the music box.

Music box > Timeline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_box#Timeline

Jacquard machine > Importance in computing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_machine#Importance_in...

Mechanical computer > Examples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_computer#Examples :

> Antikythera: c. 100BC (a mechanical astronomical clock)

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SQLite-jiff: SQLite extension for timezones and complex durations

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"RFC 9557: Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps with Additional Information" https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9557.html

  1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00[America/Los_Angeles]
> The offset -00:00 is provided as a way to express that "the time in UTC is known, but the offset to local time is unknown"

  1996-12-19T16:39:57-00:00
  1996-12-19T16:39:57Z
> Furthermore, applications might want to attach even more information to the timestamp, including but not limited to the calendar system in which it should be represented.

  1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00[America/Los_Angeles][u-ca=hebrew]

  1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00[_foo=bar][_baz=bat]
Astropy supports the Julian calendar – circa Julius Caesar (~25BC), born by Caesarean section (an Eastern procedure)), and also astronomical numbering which has a Year Zero. [1]

There is still not a zero in Roman numerals; there's "nulla" but no zero. Modern zero is notated with the Arabic numeral 0.

[1] Year Zero, calendaring systems: https://wrdrd.github.io/docs/consulting/knowledge-engineerin...

astropy.time > Time Formats: https://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/time/#time-format

Which calendar is the oldest?

List of calendars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calendars

Epoch > Calendar eras: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch#Calendar_eras

--

Are string tags at the end of the datetime that indexable?

Shouldn't there be #LinkedData URLs or URIs in an RDFS vocabulary for IANA/olsen and also for calendaring systems?

E.g. Schema.org/dateCreated has a range of schema.org/DateTime, which supports ISO8601, which also specifies timezone Z (but not -00:00, as the RFC mentions).

Astounding that there's been no solution for calendar year date offsets on computers. Are there notations for indicating which system, or has everyone on earth also always assumed that bare integer years are relative to their preferred system?

Somewhere there's a chart of how recorded human history is only like 10K out of 900K (?) years of hominids of earth, through ice ages and interglacials like the Holocene.

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Systemd Talks Up Automatic Boot Assessment in Light of the CrowdStrike Outage

> The only problem? Major Linux distributions aren't yet onboard with using the Automatic Boot Assessment feature.

systemd.io/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT/ : https://systemd.io/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT/

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29995566 :

> Which distro has the best out-of-the-box output for:?

  systemd-analyze security
> Is there a tool like `audit2allow` for systemd units?

And also automatic variance in boot sequences with timeouts.

Where does it explain that a systemd service unit is always failing at boot?

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41022664 re: potential boot features: mandatory dead man's switch failover to the next kernel+initrd unless [...]:

> For EFI you could probably set BootNext to something else early on, in combination with some restarting watchdog. GRUB can store state between boots https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Envi... and has "default" and "fallback" vars.

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Rrweb – record and replay debugger for the web

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What about debugging and recording stack traces too?

"DevTools Protocol API docs—its domains, methods, and events": https://github.com/ChromeDevTools/debugger-protocol-viewer .. https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/

ChromeDevTools/awesome-chrome-devtools > Chrome Debugger integration with Editors: https://github.com/ChromeDevTools/awesome-chrome-devtools#ch...

DAP: Debug Adapter Protocol > Implementations: https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/implement... :

- Microsoft/vscode-js-debug: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-js-debug :

> This is a DAP-based JavaScript debugger. It debugs Node.js, Chrome, Edge, WebView2, VS Code extensions, and more. It has been the default JavaScript debugger in Visual Studio Code since 1.46, and is gradually rolling out in Visual Studio proper.

- awto/effectfuljs: https://github.com/awto/effectfuljs/tree/main/packages/vscod... :

> EffectfulJS Debugger: VSCode debugger for JavaScript/TypeScript. Besides the typical debugger's features it offers: Time-traveling, Persistent state, Platform independence, Programmable API, Hot mocking of functions or even parts of a function, Hot code swapping, Data breakpoints. This works by instrumenting JavaScript/TypeScript code and injecting necessary debugging API calls into it. It is implemented using EffectfulJS.

https://github.com/awto/effectfuljs : @effectful/debugger , @effectful/es-persist: https://github.com/awto/effectfuljs/tree/main/packages/es-pe...

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Today I found EffectfulJS Debugger, which is a DAP debugger with time travel and state persistence for JS: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41036985

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Don't snipe me in space-intentional flash corruption for STM32 microcontrollers

> Let’s first take a look at what the bootloader actually does. It manages 3 slots for operating system images, with each having around 500 KB reserved for it. Additionally, 2 redundant metadata structs are stored on different flash pages. During an update, one slot is overwritten, and then metadata is adjusted. We are resilient against power failures at any point, and as long as at least one image slot contains an operating system image, we can boot. [...]

> In our bootloader we can now enable a custom boot mode that ensures that if at least one image is bootable, it is booted, which will enable us to fix this problem remotely

"OneFileLinux: A 20MB Alpine metadistro that fits into the ESP" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40915199 :

- eaut/efistub generates signed boot images containing kernels and initrd ramdisks in one file to ensure the verification of the entire initial boot process.

Are there already ways to fail to the next kernel+initrd for uboot, [ventoy, yumi, rufus], grub, systemd-boot, or efistub?

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So the bootloader would always advance nextboot= to the next boot entry, and a process after a successful boot must update nextboot=$thisbootentry?

Is there another way with fewer write() calls?

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Scan HTML even faster with SIMD instructions (C++ and C#)

Nice. Is that microdata or RDFa?

- "SIMD-accelerated computer vision on a $2 microcontroller" (2024-06) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40794553 ; https://github.com/topics/simd , SimSIMD, SIMDe

- From "Show HN: SimSIMD vs SciPy: How AVX-512 and SVE make SIMD nicer and ML 10x faster" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37808036 :

> simdjson-feedstock: https://github.com/conda-forge/simdjson-feedstock/blob/main/...

> pysimdjson-feedstock: https://github.com/conda-forge/pysimdjson-feedstock/blob/mai...

- https://github.com/simd-lite/simd-json :

> [simd-lite/simd-json is a] Rust port of extremely fast simdjson JSON parser with serde compatibility

- https://serde.rs/ :

> Serde is a framework for serializing and deserializing Rust data structures efficiently and generically.

Breakthrough bioplastic decomposes in 2 months

> A plastic alternative being developed in Denmark, made from barley starch and sugar beet waste, could soon be holding your leftovers.

> The best part about the University of Copenhagen-designed material is that it decomposes in nature in about two months, according to a lab summary. Standard plastic takes around 20 to 500 years (or more) to break down, according to the UN.

- "Researchers invent 100% biodegradable 'barley plastic'" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40783777

Viewing Fast Vortex Motion in a Superconductor

> Nakamura and her colleagues have now developed their technique to measure vortex motion in two dimensions, this time in the iron-based superconductor FeSe0.5Te0.5, or FST. The researchers fabricated a 38-nm-thick film of FST and cooled it below its superconducting transition temperature (16.5 K). A coil generated a magnetic field, which produced vortices in the film. Additionally, the magnetic field induced a shielding current, which traced out a several-millimeter-diameter circle on the film.

> The researchers irradiated the film with a 20-picosecond infrared (0.3-terahertz) pulse and detected a second harmonic in the spectrum of the pulse that emerged from the sample, as in the previous experiments. But here they detected both polarizations of the emitted light, parallel and perpendicular to the incident pulse’s polarization.

> Using a roughly 1-mm-wide beam, they probed a region near the ring of the field-induced shielding current and then analyzed the transmitted waveforms in order to reconstruct the motion of a typical vortex residing in that location. The team found an oscillating, roughly parabolic trajectory rather than a straight line. This shape resulted from the interaction between the vortex, which is magnetic, and the shielding current. Discovering this motion was the most exciting part of the work, Nakamura says. “It felt like we were looking directly into the 2D motion of the vortex.”

"Picosecond trajectory of two-dimensional vortex motion in FeSe0.5Te0.5 visualized by terahertz second harmonic generation" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13...

"Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj2167 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40360691

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Automerge: A library of data structures for building collaborative applications

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cr-sqlite https://github.com/vlcn-io/cr-sqlite :

> Convergent, Replicated SQLite. Multi-writer and CRDT support for SQLite

From "SQLedge: Replicate Postgres to SQLite on the Edge" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37063238#37067980 :

>> In technical terms: cr-sqlite adds multi-master replication and partition tolerance to SQLite via conflict free replicated data types (CRDTs) and/or causally ordered event logs

A new way to control the magnetic properties of rare earth elements

Article: "Optical control of 4f orbital state in rare-earth metals" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk9522 :

> [Terbium, and] generally for the excitation of localized electronic states in correlated materials

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Import and Export Markdown in Google Docs

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Thanks!

Google Colab also supports Markdown input cells as "Text" with a preview.

Does this work with Google Sites?

How to create a Google Sites page from a Markdown doc, with MyST Markdown YAML front matter

NotebookLM can generate Python, LaTeX, and Markdown.

How to Markdown and Git diff on a Chromebook without containers or Inspect Element because [...]

How to auto-grade Jupyter Notebooks with Markdown prose, with OtterGrader

How to build a jupyter-book from .rst, MyST Markdown .md, and .ipynb jupyter/nbformat notebooks containing MyST Markdown

Laser nanofabrication inside silicon with spatial beam modulation and seeding

"Laser nanofabrication inside silicon with spatial beam modulation and anisotropic seeding" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49303-z :

> Abstract: Nanofabrication in silicon, arguably the most important material for modern technology, has been limited exclusively to its surface. Existing lithography methods cannot penetrate the wafer surface without altering it, whereas emerging laser-based subsurface or in-chip fabrication remains at greater than 1 μm resolution. In addition, available methods do not allow positioning or modulation with sub-micron precision deep inside the wafer. The fundamental difficulty of breaking these dimensional barriers is two-fold, i.e., complex nonlinear effects inside the wafer and the inherent diffraction limit for laser light. Here, we overcome these challenges by exploiting spatially-modulated laser beams and anisotropic feedback from preformed subsurface structures, to establish controlled nanofabrication capability inside silicon. We demonstrate buried nanostructures of feature sizes down to 100 ± 20 nm, with subwavelength and multi-dimensional control; thereby improving the state-of-the-art by an order-of-magnitude. In order to showcase the emerging capabilities, we fabricate nanophotonics elements deep inside Si, exemplified by nanogratings with record diffraction efficiency and spectral control. The reported advance is an important step towards 3D nanophotonics systems, micro/nanofluidics, and 3D electronic-photonic integrated systems.

- "Researchers achieve unprecedented nanostructuring inside silicon" https://phys.org/news/2024-07-unprecedented-nanostructuring-...

Film 'built atom-by-atom' moves electrons 7x faster than semiconductors

"Quantum microscopy study makes electrons visible in slow motion" https://phys.org/news/2024-07-quantum-microscopy-electrons-v... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40981039 :

> If you change a few atoms at the atomic level, the macroscopic properties remain unchanged. For example, metals modified in this way are still electrically conductive, whereas insulators are not.

> However, the situation is different in more advanced materials, which can only be produced in the laboratory—minimal changes at the atomic level cause new macroscopic behavior. For example, some of these materials suddenly change from insulators to superconductors, i.e., they conduct electricity without heat loss.

> These changes [to superconductivity, for example] can happen extremely quickly, within picoseconds, as they influence the movement of electrons through the material directly at the atomic scale. A picosecond is extremely short, just a trillionth of a second. It is in the same proportion to the blink of an eye as the blink of an eye is to a period of more than 3,000 years.

> [...] The researchers were able to optimize their microscope in such a way that it repeats the experiment 41 million times per second and thus achieves a particularly high signal quality.

> The [crystalline ternary tetradymite] film — measuring just 100 nanometers wide, or about one-thousandth of the thickness of a human hair — was created through a process called molecular beam epitaxy, which involves precisely controlling beams of molecules to build a material atom-by-atom. This process allows materials to be constructed with minimal flaws or defects, enabling greater electron mobility, a measure of how easily electrons move through a material under an electric field.

> When the scientists applied an electric current to the film, they recorded electrons moving at record-breaking speeds of 10,000 centimeters squared per volt-second (cm^2/V-s). By comparison, electrons typically move at about 1,400 cm^2/V-s in standard silicon semiconductors, and considerably slower in traditional copper wiring.

MBE: Molecular-Beam Epitaxy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy

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Tlsd: Generate (message) sequence diagrams from TLA+ state traces

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TLAplus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA%2B

https://github.com/tlaplus

A learnxinyminutes for TLA+ might be helpful: https://learnxinyminutes.com/

awesome-tlaplus > Books, (University) courses teaching (with) TLA+: https://github.com/tlaplus/awesome-tlaplus#books

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blockdiag > seqdiag is another syntax for Unicode sequence diagrams, optionally in ReST or MyST in Sphinx docs: http://blockdiag.com/en/seqdiag/examples.html#edge-types

blockdiag > nwdiag > rackdiag does server rack charts: http://blockdiag.com/en/nwdiag/

Otherwise mermaidjs probably has advantages including Jupyter Notebook support.

E.g. Gephi supports JSON of some sort. Supported graph formats: https://gephi.org/users/supported-graph-formats/

More graph and edge layout options might help with larger traces

yEd has many graph layout algorithms and parameters and supports GraphML XML; yEd: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YEd

MermaidJS docs > Syntax > sequenceDiagram: https://mermaid.js.org/syntax/sequenceDiagram.html

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Lasers Could Solve the Plastic Problem

"Light-driven C–H activation mediated by 2D transition metal dichalcogenides" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49783-z

> The researchers used low-power light to break the chemical bonding of the plastics and create new chemical bonds that turned the materials into luminescent carbon dots. Carbon-based nanomaterials are in high demand because of their many capabilities, and these dots could potentially be used as memory storage devices in next-generation computer devices. [...]

> Potential for Broader Applications: The specific reaction is called C-H activation, where carbon-hydrogen bonds in an organic molecule are selectively broken and transformed into a new chemical bond. In this research, the two-dimensional materials catalyzed this reaction that led to hydrogen molecules morphing into gas. That cleared the way for carbon molecules to bond with each other to form the information-storing dots.

> Further research and development are needed to optimize the light-driven C-H activation process and scale it up for industrial applications. However, this study represents a significant step forward in the quest for sustainable solutions to plastic waste management.

- Todo: CPUs from graphene, quantum dot arrays, flash heating plastic yields Hydrogen and Graphene, liquid metal laser approach, fruit peel laser approach

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Nanorobot with hidden weapon kills cancer cells

Looks like gold nanoparticles kill glioblastoma colon cancer: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819864 :

>> He emphasizes, "Any scientist can already use our model at the design stage of their own research to instantly narrow down the number of nanoparticle variants requiring experimental verification."

>> "Modeling Absorption Dynamics of Differently Shaped Gold Glioblastoma and Colon Cells Based on Refractive Index Distribution in Holotomographic Imaging" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202400778

> Holotomography: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotomography

>>> Could part of the cancer-killing [200nm nanoparticle gold stars] be more magnetic than Gold (Au), for targeting treatment?

Magnets, nano robots, NIRS targeting,

"Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging at 0.05 Tesla" [1800W] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7168 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40335170

Article: ”A DNA Robotic Switch with Regulated Autonomous Display of Cytotoxic Ligand Nanopatterns” (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01676-4

Researchers demonstrate how to build 'time-traveling' quantum sensors

"Agnostic Phase Estimation" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13... :

> Abstract: The goal of quantum metrology is to improve measurements’ sensitivities by harnessing quantum resources. Metrologists often aim to maximize the quantum Fisher information, which bounds the measurement setup’s sensitivity. In studies of fundamental limits on metrology, a paradigmatic setup features a qubit (spin-half system) subject to an unknown rotation. One obtains the maximal quantum Fisher information about the rotation if the spin begins in a state that maximizes the variance of the rotation-inducing operator. If the rotation axis is unknown, however, no optimal single-qubit sensor can be prepared. Inspired by simulations of closed timelike curves, we circumvent this limitation. We obtain the maximum quantum Fisher information about a rotation angle, regardless of the unknown rotation axis. To achieve this result, we initially entangle the probe qubit with an ancilla qubit. Then, we measure the pair in an entangled basis, obtaining more information about the rotation angle than any single-qubit sensor can achieve. We demonstrate this metrological advantage using a two-qubit superconducting quantum processor. Our measurement approach achieves a quantum advantage, outperforming every entanglement-free strategy.

- "Learning quantum Hamiltonians at any temperature in polynomial time" (2024) https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02243 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396171

- "Bridging coherence optics and classical mechanics: A generic light polarization-entanglement complementary relation" (2023) https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev... .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40492160 re photonic phase

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Free-threaded CPython is ready to experiment with

Will there be an effort to encourage devs to add support for free-threaded Python like for Python 3 [1] and for Wheels [2]?

Is there a cibuildwheel / CI check for free-threaded Python support?

Is there already a reason not to have Platform compatibility tags for free-threaded cpython support? https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/platfo...

Is there a hame - a hashtaggable name - for this feature to help devs find resources to help add support?

Can an LLM almost port in support for free-threading in Python, and how should we expect the tests to be insufficient?

"Porting Extension Modules to Support Free-Threading" https://py-free-threading.github.io/porting/

[1] "Python 3 "Wall of Shame" Becomes "Wall of Superpowers" Today" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4907755

[2] https://pythonwheels.com/

(Edit)

Compatibility status tracking: https://py-free-threading.github.io/tracking/

Install commands from https://py-free-threading.github.io/installing_cpython/ :

  sudo dnf install python3.13-freethreading

  sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes
  sudo apt-get update
  sudo apt-get install python3.13-nogil

  conda create -n nogil -c defaults -c ad-testing/label/py313_nogil python=3.13

  mamba create -n nogil -c defaults -c ad-testing/label/py313_nogil python=3.13
TODO: conda-forge ?, pixi

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Student uses black soldier flies to grow pea plants in simulated Martian soil

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Is there a KNF/JADAM hydro / aqua solution that would work?

NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium

From https://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.... :

> According to ESA, Mars' atmosphere is composed of 95.32% carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and 0.13% oxygen. The atmospheric pressure at the surface is 6.35 mbar which is over 100 times less Earth's. Humans therefore cannot breathe Martian air.

Lichen might grow in Martian soil and atmosphere.

"‘Fixed’ nitrogen found in martian soil" (2015) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.347.6229.1403-a :

> Now, in a study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the NASA Curiosity rover team reports detecting nitrates on Mars. ; nitric oxides

/? do plants consume protein? https://www.google.com/search?q=do+plants+consume+protein

Plants can use protein as a source of nitrogen.

"Plants can use protein as a nitrogen source without assistance from other organisms" (2008) https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0712078105

"Solein® transforms ancient microbes into the future of food" https://www.solein.com/blog/solein-transforms-ancient-microb... :

> In Solein's case, the bacteria oxidise hydrogen – a process involving the removal of electrons from the hydrogen molecules. This reaction releases energy, which the bacteria use to fix carbon dioxide, transforming it into organic compounds, including proteins.

"Scientists Just Accidentally Discovered a Process That Turns CO2 Directly Into Ethanol" (2024) https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-just-accidentally-di... :

> [...] Rondinone [@ORNL] and his colleagues had put together a catalyst using carbon, copper, and nitrogen, by embedding copper nanoparticles into nitrogen-laced carbon spikes measuring just 50-80 nanometres tall. (1 nanometre = one-millionth of a millimetre.)

> When they applied an electric current of just 1.2 volts, the catalyst converted a solution of CO2 dissolved in water into ethanol, with a yield of 63 percent.

Algae produce amino acids and proteins. Algae also use CO2 and Hydrogen to produce Omega-3 PUFAs, which are precursors to endocannabinoids.

FWIU Hydrogen Peroxide can flush aquarium tanks and Kratky systems. From watching YouTube, IDK about pool noodle polyethylene foam in the sun (solar radiation) instead of rockwool though

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Narwhals and scikit-Lego came together to achieve dataframe-agnosticism

Narwhals: https://narwhals-dev.github.io/narwhals/ :

> Extremely lightweight compatibility layer between [pandas, Polars, cuDF, Modin]

Lancedb/lance works with [Pandas, DuckDB, Polars, Pyarrow,]; https://github.com/lancedb/lance

It may already be supported through pandas?

PHET Simulations: Balancing Act: LHS, Relation Operator, RHS

This PHET simulation says it only teaches ratios ("6.RP.A.3",), but I think it also teaches algebra!

The balance beam is not balanced when the equality relation does not hold: there is then an inequality relation between the masses given the position of the fulcrum.

Adding the same amount of mass to each side does not change whether the balance remains balanced (and subtraction is the inverse of addition, and integer multiplication is repeated addition).

Given a different amount of mass on each side of the balance, what is the mathematical analogue of balancing the equation by moving the fulcrum just?

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Pyxel: A retro game engine for Python

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harfang-wasm is a fork of pygbag.

harfang-wasm: https://github.com/harfang3d/harfang-wasm

pygbag: https://github.com/pygame-web/pygbag

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38772400 :

> FWIU e.g. panda3d does not have a react or rxpy-like API, but probably does have a component tree model?

Is there a react-like api over panda3d, or are there only traditional events?

The redux DevTools extension also works with various non-react+redux JS frameworks.

Manim has a useful API for teaching. Is there a good way to do panda3d with a manim-like interface, for scripting instructional design? https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/issues/3362#issuecom...

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Tunable quantum emitters on large-scale foundry silicon photonics

"Tunable quantum emitters on large-scale foundry silicon photonics" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50208-0 :

> Abstract: Controlling large-scale many-body quantum systems at the level of single photons and single atomic systems is a central goal in quantum information science and technology. Intensive research and development has propelled foundry-based silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits to a leading platform for large-scale optical control with individual mode programmability. However, integrating atomic quantum systems with single-emitter tunability remains an open challenge. Here, we overcome this barrier through the hybrid integration of multiple InAs/InP microchiplets containing high-brightness infrared semiconductor quantum dot single photon emitters into advanced silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits fabricated in a 300 mm foundry process. With this platform, we achieve single-photon emission via resonance fluorescence and scalable emission wavelength tunability. The combined control of photonic and quantum systems opens the door to programmable quantum information processors manufactured in leading semiconductor foundries.

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Show HN: I built GithubReader.org for better learning experience

Hey Guys, I created GithubReader.org (open-source, non-profit, most of the code is written by ChatGPT).

My motivation:

I wanted an easy way to keep a list of repositories I want to learn from and access them quickly. So, I built a search page where I can find repositories by name, like Google.

Also, I wanted a nicer way to read Markdown files on my laptop without the GitHub UI, like reading a book. So, I made a custom UI with a back button that takes you to the previous state without jumping pages.

The markdown links are sharable, e.g. https://githubreader.org/render?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com...

Repository URL: https://github.com/agdaily/github-reader/

The auto complete search is nice. I just found a repo (for linked-data) I wouldn't have otherwise.

ENH: search github labels with query patterns

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Show HN: A modern Jupyter client for macOS

I love Jupyter – it's how I learned to code back when I was working as a scientist. But I was always frustrated that there wasn't a simple and elegant app that I could use with my Mac. I made do by wrapping JupyterLab in a chrome app, and then more recently switching to VS Code to make use of Copilot. I've always craved a more focused and lighter-weight experience when working in a notebook. That's why I created Satyrn.

It starts up really fast (faster time-to-execution than VS Code or JupyterLab), you can launch notebooks right from the Finder, and the design is super minimalist. It's got an OpenAI integration (use your own API key) for multi-cell generation with your notebook as context (I'll add other LLMs soon). And many more useful features like a virtual environment management UI, Black code formatting, and easy image/table copy buttons.

Full disclosure: it's built with Electron. I originally wrote it in Swift but couldn't get the editor experience to where I wanted it. Now it supports autocomplete, multi-cursor editing, and moving the cursor between cells just like you'd expect from JupyterLab or VS Code.

Satyrn sits on top of the jupyter-server, so it works with all your existing python kernels, Jupyter configuration, and ipynb files. It only works with local files at the moment, but I'm planning to extend it to support remote servers as well.

I'm an indie developer, and I will try to monetize at some point, but it's free while in alpha. If you're interested, please try it out!

I'd love your feedback in the comments, or you can contact me at jack-at-satyrn-dot-app.

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tauri-apps/tauri: https://github.com/tauri-apps/tauri :

> The user interface in Tauri apps currently leverages tao as a window handling library on macOS, Windows, Linux, Android and iOS. To render your application, Tauri uses WRY, a library which provides a unified interface to the system webview, leveraging WKWebView on macOS & iOS, WebView2 on Windows, WebKitGTK on Linux and Android System WebView on Android. ... Tauri GitHub action: https://tauri.app/v1/guides/building/cross-platform/#tauri-g...

WebView: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebView

CEF: Chromium Embedded Framework > External Projects: https://github.com/chromiumembedded/cef#external-projects : cefglue, cefpython,: https://github.com/cztomczak/cefpython

(edit)

tauri-apps/wry > Bundle Chromium Renderer; Chromium WebView like WebView2 (Edge (Chromium)) https://github.com/tauri-apps/wry/issues/1064#issuecomment-2...

Gravity alters the dynamics of a phase transition

> An experiment uncovers the role played by gravity in Ostwald ripening, a spontaneous thermodynamic process responsible for many effects such as the recrystallization of ice cream.

Ostwald ripening: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald_ripening

And yet another parameter to phase transition diagrams:

Mpemba effect: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_effect :

> The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) which is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar condition

From "Exploring Quantum Mpemba Effects" (2024) https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/105 :

> Under certain conditions, warm water can freeze faster than cold water. This phenomenon was named the Mpemba effect after Erasto Mpemba, a Tanzanian high schooler who described the effect in the 1960s [1]. The phenomenon has sparked intense debates for more than two millennia and continues to do so [2]. Similar processes, in which a system relaxes to equilibrium more quickly if it is initially further away from equilibrium, are being intensely explored in the microscopic world. Now three research teams provide distinct perspectives on quantum versions of Mpemba-like effects, emphasizing the impact of strong interparticle correlations, minuscule quantum fluctuations, and initial conditions on these relaxation processes [3–5]. The teams’ findings advance quantum thermodynamics and have potential implications for technologies, ranging from information processors to engines, powered by quantum resources.

Revealing the complex phases of rhombohedral trilayer graphene

> Rhombohedral graphene is an emerging material with a rich correlated-electron phenomenology, including superconductivity. The magnetism of symmetry-broken trilayer graphene has now been explored,

"Revealing the complex phases of rhombohedral trilayer graphene" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02561-6

"Physicists create five-lane superhighway for electrons" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40417929 :

> [ rhombohedral ]

> "Correlated insulator and Chern insulators in pentalayer rhombohedral-stacked graphene" (2023) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-023-01520-1 :

> [...] Our results establish rhombohedral multilayer graphene as a suitable system for exploring intertwined electron correlation and topology phenomena in natural graphitic materials without the need for moiré superlattice engineering.

And there's semiconductivity in graphene, too:

- "Researchers create first functional graphene semiconductor" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38869171

- "Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

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Electric Vehicle Batteries Surprising New Source of 'Forever Chemical' Pollution

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Redwood Materials: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Materials :

> In March 2023 Redwood claimed to have recovered more than 95% of important metals (incl. lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper) from 500,000 lb (230,000 kg) of old NiMH and Li-Ion packs. [10]

That's without $10K humanoid robots sorting through electronics and removing batteries IIUC.

Recovering rare earths from electronics waste should be even more profitable now. Just look at Copenhill; how many inputs and how many outputs?

"Turning waste into gold" (2024) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/02/240229124612.h... :

> Researchers have recovered gold from electronic waste. Their highly sustainable new method is based on a protein fibril sponge, which the scientists derive from whey, a food industry byproduct. ETH Zurich researchers have recovered the precious metal from electronic waste.

"[Star-shaped] Gold nanoparticles kill cancer – but not as thought" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819864

Butter made from CO2 could pave the way for food without farming

[+]

Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter

"Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02543-8

- "Quantum dot photon emitters violate Bell inequality in new study" https://phys.org/news/2024-07-quantum-dot-photon-emitters-vi...

Bell's Theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem

From "Scientists show that there is indeed an 'entropy' of quantum entanglement" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40396001#40396211 :

> IIRC I read on Wikipedia one day that Bell's actually says there's like a 60% error rate?(!)

"Reversibility of quantum resources through probabilistic protocols" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47243-2

"Thermodynamics of Computations with Absolute Irreversibility, Unidirectional Transitions, and Stochastic Computation Times" (2024) https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.02...

[-]

How I've Learned to Live with a Nonexistent Working Memory

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Memory improvement > Strategies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_improvement#Strategies

Hippocampal prosthesis, Cortical implant: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampal_prosthesis

Cortical implant: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_implant

Digital immortality: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_immortality

External memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_memory_(psychology)

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Linguistic relativity; does language construct cognition or vice-versa? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity

"List of concept- and mind-mapping software" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapp...

- markmap: markdown + mindmap https://markmap.js.org/ , markmap-vs-code

- vim-voom: https://vim-voom.github.io/

- org-mode, nvim-org-mode

- vscode markdown outline: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/markdown#_docum...

Many a time back in the day I wondered why Word's outline editor mode imposed stylesheet styles on node levels at all.

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OneFileLinux: A 20MB Alpine metadistro that fits into the ESP

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Efistub

Kernel docs > admin-guide/efistub: https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/efi-stub.html :

> Like most boot loaders, the EFI stub allows the user to specify multiple initrd files using the “initrd=” option. This is the only EFI stub-specific command line parameter, everything else is passed to the kernel when it boots

Arch Wiki > EFISTUB: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/EFISTUB :

> The option is enabled by default on Arch Linux kernels, or if compiling the kernel one can activate it by setting CONFIG_EFI_STUB=y in the Kernel configuration.

eaut/efistub is a script for managing signed efistubs: https://github.com/eaut/efistub

... Systemrescuecd can be PXE booted (netbooted) from tftpd managed by Cobbler or Foreman.

From "Booting Linux off of Google Drive" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40853770#40859485 re: signing and iPXE

Ventoy boots via grub/efi but there are blobs: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40619822#40620279

"Ask HN: Where can I find a primer on how computers boot?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35230852

systemd-boot and grub support booting to efistubs

"Migrate from systemd-boot to EFISTUB" https://www.reddit.com/r/archlinux/comments/14jt8yv/migrate_... :

> You don't "disable" systemd-boot, you just don't run it. Or you can delete the boot entry for it with efibootmgr if you want. You also don't need to "set up" EFISTUB, the stub is already built into the Arch kernels, so they're already bootable. So all you need to do is make a boot entry in your UEFI using efibootmgr with the correct kernel parameters, most likely the same ones you used for systemd-boot.

Fedora > Changes/Unified_Kernel_Support_Phase_2 > Switch_an_existing_install_to_use_UKIs: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/Unified_Kernel_Suppor... :

  dnf install virt-firmware uki-direct kernel-uki-virt
  kernel-bootcfg --show
https://github.com/spxak1/weywot/blob/main/guides/fedora_sys... :

  sudo dracut -fvM --uefi --hostonly-cmdline --kernel-cmdline "root=UUID=b6b8fa59-92cc-4d03-8d8f-d66dab76d433 ro rootflags=subvol=root resume=UUID=fb661671-97dc-45db-b720-062acdcf095e rhgb quiet mitigations =off"
- "No more boot loader: Please use the kernel instead" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40907933

Gentoo wiki > EFI_stub https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/EFI_stub :

> It is recommended to always have a backup kernel. If a bootmanager like grub is already installed, it should not be uninstalled, because grub can boot a stub kernel just like a normal kernel. A second possibility is to work with an additional UEFI entry. Before installing a new kernel, the current one can be copied from /efi/EFI/example/ to /efi/EFI/backup. [And then efibootmgr]

Circularly Polarized Light Unlocks Ultrafast Magnetic Storage and Spintronics

"Ultrafast opto-magnetic effects in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01686-7 :

> Coherent light-matter interactions mediated by opto-magnetic phenomena like the inverse Faraday effect (IFE) are expected to provide a non-thermal pathway for ultrafast manipulation of magnetism on timescales as short as the excitation pulse itself. As the IFE scales with the spin-orbit coupling strength of the involved electronic states, photo-exciting the strongly spin-orbit coupled core-level electrons in magnetic materials appears as an appealing method to transiently generate large opto-magnetic moments. Here, we investigate this scenario in a ferrimagnetic GdFeCo alloy by using intense and circularly polarized pulses of extreme ultraviolet radiation. Our results reveal ultrafast and strong helicity-dependent magnetic effects which are in line with the characteristic fingerprints of an IFE, corroborated by ab initio opto-magnetic IFE theory and atomistic spin dynamics simulations.

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PostgreSQL and UUID as Primary Key

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Why “bigint generated always as identity” instead of bigserial, instead of Postgres' uuid data type?

Postgres' UUID datatype: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-uuid.html#D...

django.db.models.fields.UUIDField: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/models/fields/#uui... :

> class UUIDField: A field for storing universally unique identifiers. Uses Python’s UUID class. When used on PostgreSQL and MariaDB 10.7+, this stores in a uuid datatype, otherwise in a char(32)

> [...] Lookups on PostgreSQL and MariaDB 10.7+: Using iexact, contains, icontains, startswith, istartswith, endswith, or iendswith lookups on PostgreSQL don’t work for values without hyphens, because PostgreSQL and MariaDB 10.7+ store them in a hyphenated uuid datatype type.

From the sqlalachemy.types.Uuid docs: https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/type_basics.html#sqla... :

> Represent a database agnostic UUID datatype.

> For backends that have no “native” UUID datatype, the value will make use of CHAR(32) and store the UUID as a 32-character alphanumeric hex string.

> For backends which are known to support UUID directly or a similar uuid-storing datatype such as SQL Server’s UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, a “native” mode enabled by default allows these types will be used on those backends.

> In its default mode of use, the Uuid datatype expects Python uuid objects, from the Python uuid module

From the docs for the uuid Python module: https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html :

> class uuid.SafeUUID: Added in version 3.7.

> safe: The UUID was generated by the platform in a multiprocessing-safe way

And there's not yet a uuid.uuid7() in the uuid Python module.

UUIDv7 leaks timing information ( https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40886496 ); which is ironic because uuids are usually used to avoid the "guess an autoincrement integer key" issue

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The question is the same; why would you use bigint instead of the native UUID type?

Why does OT compare text and UUID instead of char(32) and UUID?

What advantage would there be for database abstraction libraries like SQLalchemy and Django to implement the UUID type with bigint or bigserial instead of the native pg UUID type?

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What needs to be stored as text if there is a native uuid type?

Chapter 8. Data Types > Table 8.2. Numeric Types: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-numeric.htm... :

> bigint: -9223372036854775808 to +9223372036854775807

> bigserial: 1 to 9223372036854775807

2*63 == 9223372036854775807

Todo UUID /? postgres bigint UUID: https://www.google.com/search?q=postgres+bigint+uuid :

- UUIDs are 128 bits, and they're unsigned, so: 2*127

- "UUID vs Bigint Battle!!! | Scaling Postgres 302" https://www.scalingpostgres.com/episodes/302-uuid-vs-bigint-...

"Reddit's photo albums broke due to Integer overflow of Signed Int32" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33976355#33977924 re: IPv6 addresses having 64+64=128 bits

FWIW networkx has an in-memory Graph.relabel_nodes() method that assigns ints to unique node names in order to reduce RAM utilization for graph algorithms: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/generate...

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Which link are you concerned about the topicality of, in specific?

Shouldn't we then link to the docs on how many bits wide db datatypes are, whether a datatype is prefix or suffix searchable, whether there's data leakage in UUID namespacing with primary NIC MAC address and UUIDv7, and whether there will be overflow with a datatype less wasteful than the text datatype for uuids when there is already a UUID datatype for uuids that one could argue to improve if there is a potential performance benefit

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Teaching general problem-solving skills is not a substitute for teaching math [pdf] (2010)

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Maybe survey engineers with a first order derivative question and a PDE question n years after graduation with credential?

CAS and automated tests wins again.

A robosurgeon tech that knows to stop and read the docs and write test assertions may have more total impact.

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That's wild, we all use AES cipers w/ TLS/HTTPS everyday - and Galois fields are essential to AES - but few people understand how HTTPS works.

The field is probably onto post-AES, PQ algos where Galois Theory is less relevant; but back then, it seemed like everyone needed to learn Galois Theory, which is or isn't prerequisite to future study.

The problem-solving skills are what's still useful.

Perhaps problem-solving skills cannot be developed without such rote exercises; and perhaps the content of such rote exercises is not relevant to predicting career success.

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First anode-free sodium solid-state battery

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What are the processes for recovering Chromium (Cr) when recycling batteries after a few hundred cycles?

Is it Trivalent, Hexavalent, or another form of Chromium?

Chromium > Precautions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium#Precautions

Erin Brockovich: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Brockovich :

> [average Cr-6 levels in wells; public health] In October 2022, even though the EPA announced Cr-6 was likely carcinogenic if consumed in drinking water, The American Chemistry Council, an industry lobby group, disputed their finding. [18]

Hopefully it's dietary chromium, not Hexavalent chromium (Cr-6).

(My comment on this is unexplainedly downvoted to 0?)

Again, would battery recycling processes affect the molecular form of Chromium?

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Using copper to convert CO₂ to methane

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How are they planning to produce methane for return flights from Mars? There is Copper on Mars.

"Copper nanoclusters: Selective CO2 to methane conversion beyond 1 A/cm²" (2024) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092633732...

Ask HN: Solutions for Sustainable Tires before 2050?

Almost all automotive tires are made of synthetic "rubber".

Synthetic rubber tires pollute microplastics which harm aquatic life including salmon.

So, we need to make tires out of different materials in order to spare the environment, society and public health, and economy.

What are some potential solutions for sustainable tire products and production?

"Here’s how Michelin plans to make its tires more renewable: The tire company wants a completely sustainable tire by 2050" (2024) https://arstechnica.com/cars/2024/07/heres-how-michelin-plan...

"Michelin Sustainable Tires Use a Rice Byproduct" https://www.motortrend.com/features/michelin-sustainable-ric...

OTOH, Dandelion rubber (Taraxagum), Hemp

Dandelion Rubber; Taraxagum.

- "Tire dust makes up the majority of ocean microplastics" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37728005

- Taraxagum is extractable with just water FWIU

- Would GMO dandelions be easier to scale up with traditional and vertical gardening? How could dandelions be genetically-engineered for use in sustainable tires? Larger stems, less or no seeds to avoid clogging up vertical gardening,

- What are some uses for the non-stem waste part of dandelion flowers?

Hemp "rubber"

/? hemp rubber https://www.google.com/search?q=hemp+rubber

"New Green Polymeric Composites Based on Hemp and Natural Rubber Processed by Electron Beam Irradiation" (2014) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2014/684047 51 citations : https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1043509048813828783... :

> Abstract: A new polymeric composite based on natural rubber reinforced with hemp has been processed by electron beam irradiation and characterized by several methods. The mechanical characteristics: gel fraction, crosslink density, water uptake, swelling parameters, and FTIR of natural rubber/hemp fiber composites have been investigated as a function of the hemp content and absorbed dose. Physical and mechanical properties present a significant improvement as a result of adding hemp fibres in blends. Our experiments showed that the hemp fibers have a reinforcing effect on natural rubber similar to mineral fillers (chalk, carbon black, silica). The crosslinking rates of samples, measured using the Flory-Rehner equation, increase as a result of the amount of hemp in blends and the electron beam irradiation dose increasing. The swelling parameters of samples significantly depend on the amount of hemp in blends, because the latter have hydrophilic characteristics.

Is there a dandelion hemp blend that's good for tires?

Michelin has rice byproduct in their current Most Sustainable Tire.

Maybe dandelion stems, some part of the industrial hemp plant, and rice byproduct?

With processing by IDK cheaper Electron Beam Irradiation too?

"Goodyear's new prototype tires are made of soybeans — and they could majorly improve your gas mileage: Tire manufacturer Goodyear has made a pledge to create a tire made from 100% sustainable materials by 2030." https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/goodyear-sustainable-...

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Well, good luck with that approach, its outcomes, the costs and losses including poor food quality, and the gosh darn heat.

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A: Looking to share solutions for [XYZ]

B: Don't even try, it's hopeless, just do hedonism without consideration like everyone else

A: Use market incentives to change production and consumption behavior to head off costs and loss.

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Penalties or Incentives, to get the market to less expensive sustainable tires?

- An N $ rebate for sustainable tires

- Capital investment into R&D and scaling production of sustainable tires

- Grants for open access research into cost-viable sustainable tires

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Anxious Generation – How Safetyism and Social Media Are Damaging the Kids

Does anxiety correlate to inflammatory ultra-processed diets?

Is there an incentive to self-report anxiety?

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There is an epidemiological uptick in anxiety diagnosis rate; hence the article title: "Anxious Generation."

Is that due to broader trends in public health like lack of exercise and poor diet, specifically inflammatory foods like ultra-processed foods, exposure to food packaging, plastics, waterproofing chemicals, or other environmental contaminants?

What correlations in social research and human behavior can we identify?

Is there an increase in anxiety diagnoses in states with medical discounts for anxiety treatments?

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YouTube's eraser tool removes copyrighted music without impacting other audio

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In addition to incidental use and and law enforcement and investigative purposes , copyrighted music in a YouTube video could also be Academic Use, journalism / criticism, sufficiently transformative, a mixtape-style compilation,.

Someday hopefully the musical copyright folks on YouTube will share revenue with Visual Artists on there, too.

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Txtai – A Strong Alternative to ChromaDB and LangChain for Vector Search and RAG

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40115099 :

> lancedb/lance is faster than pandas with dtype_backend="arrow" and has a vector index

From https://github.com/lancedb/lance :

> Modern columnar data format for ML and LLMs implemented in Rust. Convert from parquet in 2 lines of code for 100x faster random access, vector index, and data versioning. Compatible with Pandas, DuckDB, Polars, Pyarrow,

> [...] Vector Search

> Comparison of different data formats in each stage of ML development cycle: Lance, Parquet & ORC, JSON & XML, TFRecord, Database, Warehouse

What can ChromaDB do that lancedb can't, and will either work in WASM?

From https://github.com/chroma-core/chroma :

> By default, Chroma uses Sentence Transformers to embed for you but you can also use OpenAI embeddings, Cohere (multilingual) embeddings, or your own.

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Hydrothermal environment discovered deep beneath the ocean

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"Discovery of the first hydrothermal field along the 500-km-long Knipovich Ridge offshore Svalbard (the Jøtul field)" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-60802-3 :

> "The newly discovered hydrothermal field, named Jøtul hydrothermal field, is associated with the eastern bounding fault of the rift valley rather than with an axial volcanic ridge. Guided by physico-chemical anomalies in the water column, ROV investigations on the seafloor showed a wide variety of fluid escape sites, inactive and active mounds with abundant hydrothermal precipitates, and chemosynthetic organisms. Fluids with temperatures between 8 and 316 °C as well as precipitates were sampled at four vent sites. High methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonium concentrations, as well as high [87/86] Sr isotope ratios of the vent fluids indicate strong interaction between magma and sediments from the Svalbard continental margin. Such interactions are important for carbon mobilization at the seafloor and the carbon cycle in the ocean

Does that help confirm or reject thi?s:

"Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle" (2014) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1253358 :

> They conclude that the mantle transition zone — 410 to 660 km below Earth's surface — acts as a large reservoir of water.

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So, unknown what's between 410km and these hydrothermal vents at 3km (3020m)?

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In your opinion, a subsurface ocean is not relevant to hydrothermal vents.

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Mimicking the cells that carry hemoglobin as a blood substitute

Another solution; from "Scientists Find a Surprising Way to Transform A and B Blood Types Into Universal Blood" (2024) https://singularityhub.com/2024/04/29/scientists-find-a-surp... :

> Let’s Talk ABO+: When tested in clinical trials, converted blood has raised safety concerns. Even when removing A or B antigens completely from donated blood, small hints from earlier studies found an immune mismatch between the transformed donor blood and the recipient. In other words, the engineered O blood sometimes still triggered an immune response.

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The sad state of property-based testing libraries

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TLA+, Formal Methods in Python: FizzBee, Nagini, Deal-solver, Dafny: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39938759 :

> Python is Turing complete, but does [TLA,] need to be? Is there an in-Python syntax that can be expanded in place by tooling for pretty diffs; How much overlap between existing runtime check DbC decorators and these modeling primitives and feature extraction transforms should there be? (In order to: minimize cognitive overload for human review; sufficiently describe the domains, ranges, complexity costs, inconstant timings, and the necessary and also the possible outcomes given concurrency,)

From "S2n-TLS – A C99 implementation of the TLS/SSL protocol" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38510025 :

> But formal methods (and TLA+ for distributed computation) don't eliminate side channels. [in CPUs e.g. with branch prediction, GPUs, TPUs/NPUs, Hypervisors, OS schedulers, IPC,]

Still though, coverage-based fuzzing;

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30786239 :

> OSS-Fuzz runs CloudFuzz[Lite?] for many open source repos and feeds OSV OpenSSF Vulnerability Format: https://github.com/google/osv#current-data-sources

From "Automated Unit Test Improvement using Large Language Models at Meta" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39416628 :

> "Fuzz target generation using LLMs" (2023), OSSF//fuzz-introspector*

> gh topic: https://github.com/topics/coverage-guided-fuzzing

The Fuzzing computational task is similar to the Genetic Algorithm computational task, in that both explore combinatorial Hilbert spaces of potentially infinite degree and thus there is need for parallelism and thus there is need for partitioning for distributed computation. (But there is no computational oracle to predict that any particular sequence of combinations of inputs under test will deterministically halt on any of the distributed workers, so second-order methods like gradient descent help to skip over apparently desolate territory when the error hasn't changed in awhile)

The Fuzzing computational task: partition the set of all combinations of inputs for distributed execution with execute-once or consensus to resolve redundant results.

DbC Design-By-Contract patterns include Preconditions and Postconditions (which include tests of Invariance)

We test Preconditions to exclude Inputs that do not meet the specified Ranges, and we verify the Ranges of Outputs in Postconditions.

We test Invariance to verify that there haven't been side-effects in other scopes; that variables and their attributes haven't changed after the function - the Command - returns.

DbC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_contract :

> Design by contract has its roots in work on formal verification, formal specification and Hoare logic.

TLA+ > Language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA%2B#Language

Formal verification: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38138319 :

> Property testing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_testing

> awesome-python-testing#property-based-testing: https://github.com/cleder/awesome-python-testing#property-ba...

> Fuzzing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing

Software testing > Categorization > [..., Property testing, Metamorphic testing] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing#Categorizatio...

--

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28494885#28513982 :

> https://github.com/dafny-lang/dafny #read-more

> Dafny Cheat Sheet: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kz5_yqzhrEyXII96eCF1YoHZ...

> Looks like there's a Haskell-to-Dafny converter.

haskell2dafny: https://gitlab.doc.ic.ac.uk/dcw/haskell-subset-to-dafny-tran...

--

Controlled randomness: tests of randomness, random uniform not random norm, rngd, tests of randomness:

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40630177 :

> google/paranoid_crypto.lib.randomness_tests: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/tree/main/paranoid... docs: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/blob/main/docs/ran...

[-]

'Chemical recycling': 15-minute reaction turns old clothes into useful molecules

> The researchers instead turned to chemical recycling to break down some synthetic components of fabrics into reusable building blocks. They used a chemical reaction called microwave-assisted glycolysis, which can break up large chains of molecules — polymers — into smaller units, with the help of heat and a catalyst. They used this to process fabrics with different compositions, including 100% polyester and 50/50 polycotton, which is made up of polyester and cotton.

> For pure polyester fabric, the reaction converted 90% of the polyester into a molecule called BHET, which can be directly recycled to create more polyester textiles. The researchers found that the reaction didn’t affect cotton, so in polyester–cotton fabrics, it was possible to both break down the polyester and recover the cotton. Crucially, the team was able to optimise the reaction conditions so that the process took just 15 minutes, making it extremely cost-effective.

1. Flash heating plastic yields Hydrogen and Graphene; "Synthesis of Clean Hydrogen Gas from Waste Plastic at Zero Net Cost" (2023) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202306763 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37886982

2. This produces microwave (and THz) with Copper as the dielectric; though I don't think they were trying to make a microwave oven; "Pulsed THz radiation under ultrafast optical discharge of vacuum photodiode" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40858955

3. Metasurface arrays could probably also waste less energy on microwaving clothing and textiles in order to recycle.

4. Are SPPs distinct from Cherenkov radiation, and photon-electron-phonon vorticity?

From "Electrons turn piece of wire into laser-like light source" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33493885 :

Surface plasmon polaritons : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polaritons :

> [...] SPPs enable subwavelength optics in microscopy and photolithography beyond the diffraction limit. SPPs also enable the first steady-state micro-mechanical measurement of a fundamental property of light itself: the momentum of a photon in a dielectric medium. Other applications are photonic data storage, light generation, and bio-photonics.

But that's IR and visible light EM, not microwave EM.

Scientists discover way to 'grow' sub-nanometer sized transistors

"Integrated 1D epitaxial mirror twin boundaries for ultra-scaled 2D MoS2 field-effect transistors" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01706-1

A similar process for graphene-based transistors would change the world.

"Ultrahigh-mobility semiconducting epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06811-0 .. "Researchers create first functional graphene semiconductor" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38869171

GPUs can now use PCIe-attached memory or SSDs to boost VRAM capacity

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Is there space for DIMMs on a PCI-e card, with a fan or a passive heat sink?

[flagged]

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GPUs can now use PCIe-attached memory or SSDs to boost VRAM capacity

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"New RISC-V microprocessor can run CPU, GPU, and NPU workloads simultaneously" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39938538

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Show HN: Jb / json.bash – Command-line tool (and bash library) that creates JSON

h4l | 2024-07-03 06:18:00 | 183 | # | ^

jb is a UNIX tool that creates JSON, for shell scripts or interactive use. Its "one thing" is to get shell-native data (environment variables, files, program output) to somewhere else, using JSON encapsulate it robustly.

I wrote this because I wanted a robust and ergonomic way to create ad-hoc JSON data from the command line and scripts. I wanted errors to not pass silently, not coerce data types, not put secrets into argv. I wanted to leverage shell features/patterns like process substitution, environment variables, reading/streaming from files and null-terminated data.

If you know of the jo program, jb is similar, but type-safe by default and more flexible. jo coerces types, using flags like -n to coerce to a specific type (number for -n), without failing if the input is invalid. jb encodes values as strings by default, requiring type annotations to parse & encode values as a specific type (failing if the value is invalid).

If you know jq, jb is complementary in that jq is great at transforming data already in JSON format, but it's fiddly to get non-JSON data into jq. In contrast, jb is good at getting unstructured data from arguments, environment variables and files into JSON (so that jq could use it), but jb cannot do any transformation of data, only parsing & encoding into JSON types.

I feel rather guilty about having written this in bash. It's something of a boiled frog story. I started out just wanting to encode JSON strings from a shell script, without dependencies, with the intention of piping them into jq. After a few trials I was able to encode JSON strings in bash with surprising performance, using array operations to encode multiple strings at once. It grew from there into a complete tool. I'd certainly not choose bash if I was starting from scratch now...

jshn.sh: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/jshn src: https://git.openwrt.org/?p=project/libubox.git;a=blob;f=sh/j... :

> jshn (JSON SHell Notation), a small utility and shell library for parsing and generating JSON data

The Hunt for the Most Efficient Heat Pump in the World

> https://HeatPumpMonitor.org/ is a unique resource at present. It can be difficult to locate data on live heat pump performance. WIRED spent weeks scouring the web and speaking to experts to find examples of heat pump systems that could beat Rob Ritchie’s current SCOP and found only a handful of possible contenders.

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Neuroscientists must not be afraid to study religion

- /? religion out of body experiences and epilepsy neuroimaging: https://www.google.com/search?q=religion+out+of+body+experie...

- /? auditory cortex verbal hallucinations: https://www.google.com/search?q=auditory%20cortex%20verbal%2...

- /? auditory cortex for schizophrenia treatment: https://www.google.com/search?q=auditory%20cortex%20for%20sc...

- Humanism > Varieties of humanism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism#Varieties_of_humanism re: the many ways bootstrapping a sufficient morality because the Golden Rule and the 3 Laws of Robotics are insufficient in comparison to e.g. statutes printed out every year; and because LLMs lack reasoning, inference, and critical thinking and thus also ethics.

Sunmaxx PVT, Oxford PV launch perovskite-silicon TPV with 80% overall efficiency

> The new photovoltaic-thermal module, presented for the first time on the first day of Intersolar 2024, has a record electrical efficiency of 26.6% and thermal efficiency of 53.4%. The electrical output of the module with 6cm x 10cm M6 cells is 433 W

- Intersolar 2024 Liveblog: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/06/19/intersolar-2024-day-1...

- /?gnews Intersolar 2024: https://www.google.com/search?q=intersolar%202024&tbm=nws

- "French startup offers concrete solar carport" (2024-05) https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/05/24/french-startup-offers...

- Concrete superconductor batteries that would work in datacenters with controlled relative humidity, but don't work unless kept dry: "Low-cost additive turns concrete slabs into super-fast energy storage" (2023-08) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36964735

- Could solar canopies be made with geopolymers or sugarcrete for weather safety?

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Google's carbon emissions surge nearly 50% due to AI energy demand

A few solutions for this:

- "Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40820952

- "Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

(Edit)

- "Desalination system could produce freshwater that is cheaper than tap water" (2023) : "Extreme salt-resisting multistage solar distilation with thermohaline convection" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39999225 ... "AI Is Accelerating the Loss of Our Scarcest Natural Resource: Water" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40783690

- "Ask HN: Does mounting servers parallel with the temperature gradient trap heat?" (2020) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23033210 :

> Would mounting servers sideways (vertically) allow heat to transfer out of the rack? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39555606

- Concrete parking lot TPV Thermal Solar canopies, And concrete supercapacitor batteries: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40862190

[-]

Ladybird Web Browser becomes a non-profit with $1M from GitHub Founder

OTOH feature ideas: Formal Verification, Process Isolation, secure coding in Rust,

- Quark is written in Coq and is formally verified. What can be learned from the design of Quark and other larger formally-verified apps.

From "Why Don't People Use Formal Methods?" (2019) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18965964 :

> - "Quark : A Web Browser with a Formally Verified Kernel" (2012) (Coq, Haskell) http://goto.ucsd.edu/quark/

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37451147 :

> - "How to Discover and Prevent Linux Kernel Zero-day Exploit using Formal Verification" (2021) [w/ Coq] http://digamma.ai/blog/discover-prevent-linux-kernel-zero-da... https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31617335

- Rootless containers require /etc/subuids to remap uids. Browsers could run subprocesses like rootless containers in addition to namespaces and application-level sandboxing.

- Chrome and Firefox use the same pwn2own'd sandbox.

- Container-selinux and rootless containers and browser tab processes

- "Memory Sealing "Mseal" System Call Merged for Linux 6.10" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40474551

- Endokernel process isolation: From "The Docker+WASM Technical Preview" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33324934

- QubesOS isolates processes with VMs.

- Gvisor and Kata containers further isolate container processes

- W3C Web Worker API and W3C Service Worker API and process isolation, and resource utilization

- From "WebGPU is now available on Android" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39046787 :

>> What are some ideas for UI Visual Affordances to solve for bad UX due to slow browser tabs and extensions?

>> - [ ] UBY: Browsers: Strobe the tab or extension button when it's beyond (configurable) resource usage thresholds

>> - [ ] UBY: Browsers: Vary the {color, size, fill} of the tabs according to their relative resource utilization

>> - [ ] ENH,SEC: Browsers: specify per-tab/per-domain resource quotas: CPU

- What can be learned from few methods and patterns from rust rewrites, again of larger applications

"MotorOS: a Rust-first operating system for x64 VMs" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38907876 :

> "Maestro: A Linux-compatible kernel in Rust" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38852360#38857185 ; redox-os, cosmic-de , Motūrus OS; MotorOS

From "Industry forms consortium to drive adoption of Rust in safety-critical systems" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34743393 :

> - "The Rust Implementation of GNU Coreutils Is Becoming Remarkably Robust" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34743393

> [Rust Secure Coding Guidelines, awesome-safety-critical,]

Pulsed THz radiation under ultrafast optical discharge of vacuum photodiode

"Pulsed THz radiation under ultrafast optical discharge of vacuum photodiode" (2024) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12200-024-00123-5 :

> Abstract: In this paper, we first present an experimental demonstration of terahertz radiation pulse generation with energy up to 5 pJ under the electron emission during ultrafast optical discharge of a vacuum photodiode. We use a femtosecond optical excitation of metallic copper photocathode for the generation of ultrashort electron bunch and up to 45 kV/cm external electric field for the photo-emitted electron acceleration. Measurements of terahertz pulses energy as a function of emitted charge density, incidence angle of optical radiation and applied electric field have been provided. Spectral and polarization characteristics of generated terahertz pulses have also been studied. The proposed semi-analytical model and simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics prove the experimental data and allow for the optimization of experimental conditions aimed at flexible control of radiation parameters.

- "When ultrashort electron bunch accelerates and drastically stops, it can generate terahertz radiation" (2024) https://phys.org/news/2024-07-ultrashort-electron-bunch-dras...

Photocathode, > Photocathode materials doesn't list Cu (Copper) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocathode

"Earth-abundant Cu-based metal oxide photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting" (2020) https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/ee/d0ee0...

LightSlinger antennae are FTL within the dielectric, but the EMR is not FTL; from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37342016 :

> "Smaller, more versatile antenna could be a communications game-changer" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37337628 :

> LightSlingers use volume-distributed polarization currents, animated within a dielectric to faster-than-light [FTL] speeds, to emit electromagnetic waves. (By contrast, traditional antennas employ surface currents of subluminally moving massive particles on localized metallic elements such as dipoles.) Owing to the superluminal motion of the radiation source, LightSlingers are capable of “slinging” tightly focused wave packets with high precision toward a location of choice. This gives them potential advantages over phased arrays in secure communications such as 4G and 5G local networks

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39365579 :

> "Coherent interaction of a-few-electron quantum dot with a terahertz optical resonator" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10522 ; "Researchers solve a foundational problem in transmitting quantum information" (2024) [w/ AlGaAs/GaAs]

Though the [qubit wave function transmission range] on that is only tens to a hundred micrometers. With 5pJ microwave like OT, what is the range?

Ancient lingams had Copper (Cu) and Gold (Au), and crystal FWIU.

From "Can you pump water without any electricity?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40619745 :

> - /? praveen mohan lingam: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=praveen+mohan+l...

- "High-sensitivity terahertz detection by 2D plasmons in transistors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38800406

[-]

America's startup boom around remote work and technology is still going strong

> There's now a hole lacking vibrant economic activity in many major business districts, and a delicious fried dough of new business opportunities in the suburbs surrounding them. Office workers need their doughnuts, coffee and sandwiches near their office, which is now more often at home.

[-]

Nuclear spectroscopy breakthrough could rewrite fundamental constants of nature

> When trapped in a transparent, flourine-rich crystal, scientists can use a laser to excite the nucleus of a thorium-229 atom.

> [...] This accomplishment means that measurements of time, gravity and other fields that are currently performed using atomic electrons can be made with orders of magnitude higher accuracy

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Show HN: Drop-in SQS replacement based on SQLite

Hi! I wanted to share an open source API-compatible replacement for SQS. It's written in Go, distributes as a single binary, and uses SQLite for underlying storage.

I wrote this because I wanted a queue with all the bells and whistles - searching, scheduling into the future, observability, and rate limiting - all the things that many modern task queue systems have.

But I didn't want to rewrite my app, which was already using SQS. And I was frustrated that many of the best solutions out there (BullMQ, Oban, Sidekiq) were language-specific.

So I made an SQS-compatible replacement. All you have to do is replace the endpoint using AWS' native library in your language of choice.

For example, the queue works with Celery - you just change the connection string. From there, you can see all of your messages and their status, which is hard today in the SQS console (and flower doesn't support SQS.)

It is written to be pluggable. The queue implementation uses SQLite, but I've been experimenting with RocksDB as a backend and you could even write one that uses Postgres. Similarly, you could implement multiple protocols (AMQP, PubSub, etc) on top of the underlying queue. I started with SQS because it is simple and I use it a lot.

It is written to be as easy to deploy as possible - a single go binary. I'm working on adding distributed and autoscale functionality as the next layer.

Today I have search, observability (via prometheus), unlimited message sizes, and the ability to schedule messages arbitrarily in the future.

In terms of monetization, the goal is to just have a hosted queue system. I believe this can be cheaper than SQS without sacrificing performance. Just as Backblaze and Minio have had success competing in the S3 space, I wanted to take a crack at queues.

I'd love your feedback!

[+]

Where AWS is the likely migration path for an app if it needs to be scaled beyond dev containers, already having tested with an SQS workalike prevents rework.

The celery Backends and Brokers docs compare SQS and RabbitMQ AMQP: https://docs.celeryq.dev/en/stable/getting-started/backends-...

Celery's flower utility doesn't work with SQS or GCP's {Cloud Tasks, Cloud Pub/Sub, Firebase Cloud Messaging FWIU} but does work with AMQP, which is a reliable messaging protocol.

RabbitMQ is backed by mnesia, an Erlang/OTP library for distributed Durable data storage. Mnesia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnesia

SQLite is written in C and has lots of tests because aerospace IIUC.

There are many extensions of SQLite; rqlite, cr-sqlite, postlite, electricsql, sqledge, and also WASM: sqlite-wasm, sqlite-wasm-http

celery/kombu > Transport brokers support / comparison table: https://github.com/celery/kombu?tab=readme-ov-file#transport...

Kombu has supported Apache Kafka since 2022, but celery doesn't yet support Kafka: https://github.com/celery/celery/issues/7674#issuecomment-12...

[+]

When you are developing an information system but don't want to pay for SQS in development or in production; for running tests with SQLite instead of MySQL/Postgres though.

SQS and heavier ESBs are overkill for some applications, and underkill for others where an HA configuration for the MQ / task queue is necessary.

[+]

The switching cost from local almost-SQS to expensive HA SQS for scale and/or the client.

SQS is not a reliable exactly-once messaging protocol like AMQP, and it doesn't do task-level accounting or result storage (which SQLite also solves for).

Apache Kafka > See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Kafka

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Booting Linux off of Google Drive

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iPXE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPXE :

> While standard PXE clients use only TFTP to load parameters and programs from the server, iPXE client software can use additional protocols, including HTTP, iSCSI, ATA over Ethernet (AoE), and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE). Also, on certain hardware, iPXE client software can use a Wi-Fi link, as opposed to the wired connection required by the PXE standard.

Does iPXE have a ca-certificates bundle built-in, is there PKI with which to validate kernels and initrds retrieved over the network at boot time, how does SecureBoot work with iPXE?

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[-]

Show HN: Adding Mistral Codestral and GPT-4o to Jupyter Notebooks

Hey HN! We’ve forked Jupyter Lab and added AI code generation features that feel native and have all the context about your notebook. You can see a demo video (2 min) here: https://www.tella.tv/video/clxt7ei4v00rr09i5gt1laop6/view

Try a hosted version here: https://pretzelai.app

Jupyter is by far the most used Data Science tool. Despite its popularity, it still lacks good code-generation extensions. The flagship AI extension jupyter-ai lags far behind in features and UX compared to modern AI code generation and understanding tools (like https://www.continue.dev and https://www.cursor.com). Also, GitHub Copilot still isn’t supported in Jupyter, more than 2 years after its launch. We’re solving this with Pretzel.

Pretzel is a free and open-source fork of Jupyter. You can install it locally with “pip install pretzelai” and launch it with “pretzel lab”. We recommend creating a new python environment if you already have jupyter lab installed. Our GitHub README has more information: https://github.com/pretzelai/pretzelai

For our first iteration, we’ve shipped 3 features:

1. Inline Tab autocomplete: This works similar to GitHub Copilot. You can choose between Mistral Codestral or GPT-4o in the settings

2. Cell level code generation: Click Ask AI or press Cmd+K / Ctrl+K to instruct AI to generate code in the active Jupyter Cell. We provide relevant context from the current notebook to the LLM with RAG. You can refer to existing variables in the notebook using the @variable syntax (for dataframes, it will pass the column names to the LLM)

3. Sidebar chat: Clicking the blue Pretzel Icon on the right sidebar opens this chat (Ctrl+Cmd+B / Ctrl+Alt+B). This chat always has context of your current cell or any selected text. Here too, we use RAG to send any relevant context from the current notebook to the LLM

All of these features work out-of-the-box via our “AI Server” but you have the option of using your own OpenAI API Key. This can be configured in the settings (Menu Bar > Settings > Settings Editor > Search for Pretzel). If you use your own OpenAI API Key but don’t have a Mistral API key, be sure to select OpenAI as the inline code completion model in the settings.

These features are just a start. We're building a modern version of Jupyter. Our roadmap includes frictionless, realtime collaboration (think pair-programming, comments, version history), full-fledged SQL support (both in code cells and as a standalone SQL IDE), a visual analysis builder, a VSCode-like coding experience powered by Monaco, and 1-click dashboard creation and sharing straight from your notebooks.

We’d love for you to try Pretzel and send us any feedback, no matter how minor (see my bio for contact info, or file a GitHub issue here: https://github.com/pretzelai/pretzelai/issues)

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braintrust-proxy: https://github.com/braintrustdata/braintrust-proxy

LocalAI: https://github.com/mudler/LocalAI

E.g promptfoo and chainforge have multi-LLM workflows.

Promptfoo has a YAML configuration for prompts, providers,: https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/configuration/guide/

What is the system prompt, and how does a system prompt also bias an analysis?

/? "system prompt" https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu...

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[-]

Supreme Court rules ex-presidents have immunity for official acts

The Constitution reads:

  Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office,

  [...]

  The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

How does the comma matter in contracts?

This:

  "Impeachment for, and Conviction of"
Is distinct in meaning from this:

  "Impeachment for and Conviction of"
Furthermore:

  "Judgement in cases of Impeachment"
Is not:

  "Conviction in cases of Impeachment"
Doesn't this then imply that "Judgement in cases of Impeachment" (i.e. by the Senate) is distinct from "Conviction"?

Such would imply that presidents can be Impeached and Judged, and Convicted.

(Furthermore, it clear that the founders' intent was not to create an immune King.)

The Constitution reads:

  Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office,

  [...]

  The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
> Such would imply that presidents can be Impeached and Judged, and Convicted.

Convicted just as other citizens with Limited Privileges and Immunities.

OPINION: In the US Constitution, removal upon "Impeachment for" is distinct from removal for "Conviction of". Thereby there is removal from office for both: a) Impeachment by the Judgement of the House and Senate, and also by b) Conviction by implied existing criminal procedure for non-immune acts including "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Conviction is not wrought through Impeachment by the House & Senate, who can only remove from office.

Neither is Arrest Removal from Office, nor is Removal from Office Arrest.

Thereby, a President (like all other citizens) can be Convicted and then Impeached.

That the Executive's own DOJ doesn't prosecute a sitting President is simply a courtesy.

[-]

Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics (2015)

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Does `brew install mit-scheme` work? The homebrew formula says : https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/8c0bb91eea9c8... :

  # Does not build: https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?64611
  deprecate! date: "2023-11-20", because: :does_not_build
Podman runs Linux containers in a VM in QEMU on MacOS. https://podman.io/docs/installation

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Ask HN: Built a DB of over 50M+ Org Names for API use. Should it be made public?

TLDR: Built an Internal API that maps over 50M+ Organization Names to their Domains and Logos. Planning to make this API Endpoint Publicly available for other devs to use. Good Idea or Bad???

I run an AI startup where we fine-tune Open Source LLama and Falcon models to turn them into Enterprise Grade Models with longer context windows and better reasoning capabilities. We ended up collecting over 50 Million+ organization data. Recently we came across a use case from one of our customers that they want to use AI to create an auto populating CRM. So right now we have an Internal API that maps all Organization Domains to their Official Names and their Logos. Useful for all those Devs who want to fetch Organization Logos and Organization Names from Domains or vice versa. Should I be converting the API into a Publicly Accessible one for people to use it in their projects?!!??

Yeah, how do you indicate uncertainty in the aigen estimated correspondences? W3C CSVW supports dataset, column, and cell -level metadata. E.g. opencog atomspace hypergraph supports an Attention Value and a Truth Value.

Are there surprising regional and temporal trends in the names?

RDFS specifies a standard vocabulary for classes and subclasses, and properties and sub properties; rdfs:Class , rdfs:Property .

There are schema.org properties on the schema:LocalBusiness class for various business identifiers and other attributes ;

https://schema.org/url : domain

https://schema.org/identifier and subproperties : https://schema.org/duns , https://schema.org/taxID ,

https://schema.org/areaServed

https://schema.org/brand r: https://schema.org/Brand , https://schema.org/Organization

Maybe, a https://schema.org/Dataset :isPartOf a https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle

https://schema.org/isPartOf

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SIMD-accelerated computer vision on a $2 microcontroller

> As I've been really interested in computer vision lately, I decided on writing a SIMD-accelerated implementation of the FAST feature detector for the ESP32-S3 [...]

> In the end, I was able to improve the throughput of the FAST feature detector by about 220%, from 5.1MP/s to 11.2MP/s in my testing. This is well within the acceptable range of performance for realtime computer vision tasks, enabling the ESP32-S3 to easily process a 30fps VGA stream.

What are some use cases for FAST?

Features from accelerated segment test: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_from_accelerated_segm...

Is there TPU-like functionality in anything in this price range of chips yet?

Neon is an optional SIMD instruction set extension for ARMv7 and ARMv8; so Pi Zero and larger have SIMD extensions

Orrin Nano have 40 TOPS, which is sufficient for Copilot+ AFAIU. "A PCIe Coral TPU Finally Works on Raspberry Pi 5" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38310063

From https://phys.org/news/2024-06-infrared-visible-device-2d-mat... :

> Using this method, they were able to up-convert infrared light of wavelength around 1550 nm to 622 nm visible light. The output light wave can be detected using traditional silicon-based cameras.

> "This process is coherent—the properties of the input beam are preserved at the output. This means that if one imprints a particular pattern in the input infrared frequency, it automatically gets transferred to the new output frequency," explains Varun Raghunathan, Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Communication Engineering (ECE) and corresponding author of the study published in Laser & Photonics Reviews.

"Show HN: PicoVGA Library – VGA/TV Display on Raspberry Pi Pico" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35117847#35120403 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40275530

"Designing a SIMD Algorithm from Scratch" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38450374

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SimSIMD https://github.com/ashvardanian/SimSIMD :

> Up to 200x Faster Inner Products and Vector Similarity — for Python, JavaScript, Rust, C, and Swift, supporting f64, f32, f16 real & complex, i8, and binary vectors using SIMD for both x86 AVX2 & AVX-512 and Arm NEON & SVE

github.com/topics/simd: https://github.com/topics/simd

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37805810#37808036

From gh-topics/SIMD:

SIMDe: SIMD everywhere: https://github.com/simd-everywhere/simde :

> The SIMDe header-only library provides fast, portable implementations of SIMD intrinsics on hardware which doesn't natively support them, such as calling SSE functions on ARM. There is no performance penalty if the hardware supports the native implementation (e.g., SSE/AVX runs at full speed on x86, NEON on ARM, etc.).

> This makes porting code to other architectures much easier in a few key ways:

Gold nanoparticles kill cancer – but not as thought

Star-shaped gold nanoparticles up to 200nm kill at least some forms of cancer;

> Spherical nanoparticles of 10 nanometers in size, produced in Cracow, turned out to be practically harmless to the glioma cell line studied. However, high mortality was observed in cells exposed to nanoparticles as large as 200 nanometers, but with a star-shaped structure. [...]

> "We used the data from the Cracow experiments to build a theoretical model of the process of nanoparticle deposition inside the cells under study. The final result is a differential equation into which suitably processed parameters can be substituted—for the time being only describing the shape and size of nanoparticles—to quickly determine how the uptake of the analyzed particles by cancer cells will proceed over a given period of time," says Dr. Pawel Jakubczyk, professor at the UR and co-author of the model.

> He emphasizes, "Any scientist can already use our model at the design stage of their own research to instantly narrow down the number of nanoparticle variants requiring experimental verification."

> The ability to easily reduce the number of potential experiments to be carried out means a reduction in the costs associated with the purchase of cell lines and reagents, as well as a marked reduction in research time (it typically takes around two weeks just to culture a commercially available cell line). In addition, the model can be used to design better-targeted therapies than before—ones in which the nanoparticles will be particularly well absorbed by selected cancer cells, while maintaining relatively low or even zero toxicity to healthy cells in the patient's other organs.

"Modeling Absorption Dynamics of Differently Shaped Gold Glioblastoma and Colon Cells Based on Refractive Index Distribution in Holotomographic Imaging" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202400778

Holotomography: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotomography :

> Holotomography (HT) is a laser technique to measure the three-dimensional refractive index (RI) tomogram of a microscopic sample such as biological cells and tissues. [...] In order to measure 3-D RI tomogram of samples, HT employs the principle of holographic imaging and inverse scattering. Typically, multiple 2D holographic images of a sample are measured at various illumination angles, employing the principle of interferometric imaging. Then, a 3D RI tomogram of the sample is reconstructed from these multiple 2D holographic images by inversely solving light scattering in the sample.

Could part of the cancer-killing nanoparticle star be more magnetic than Gold (Au), for targeting treatment ?

Is it only gold stars that do it?

Gold; AU; #79: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold :

> Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series.

Is the effect entirely mechanical stress to the cell and cell membrane and/or oxidative stress?

(what were earlier oxygen levels on earth during the evolution of mammals),

Do highly-unreactive gold nanoparticles carry electronic, photonic, and sonic phononic charge?

Is there additional treatment value in [NIRS-targeted] ultrasound to charge the [magnetic] gold nanoparticles?

How does the resistivity of the cell membrane change with and without star-shaped gold nanoparticles?

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Is it possible to sense electronic, photonic, and sonic/phononic charge with holotomography and/or quantum QC sensors?

Is there static electricity at the cellular level, and aren't membranous cell walls electrically charged; where proton transport also matters FWIU?

Chocolate money would've been better.

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Chrome is adding `window.ai` – a Gemini Nano AI model right inside the browser

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"WebNN: Web Neural Network API" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36158663 :

> - Src: https://github.com/webmachinelearning/webnn

W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft:

> - Spec: https://www.w3.org/TR/webnn/

> WebNN API: https://www.w3.org/TR/webnn/#api :

>> 7.1. The `navigator.ml` interface

>> webnn-polyfill

E.g. Promptfoo, ChainForge, and LocalAI all have abstractions over many models; also re: Google Desktop and GNU Tracker and NVIDIA's pdfgpt: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39363115

promptfoo: https://github.com/promptfoo/promptfoo

ChainForge: https://github.com/ianarawjo/ChainForge

LocalAI: https://github.com/go-skynet/LocalAI

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Supreme Court overturns 40-year-old "Chevron deference" doctrine

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Shouldn't that require a Constitutional Amendment?

Such a law would bypass Constitutional Separation of Powers (with limited privileges and immunities) i.e. checks and balances.

Why isn't the investigative/prosecutorial branch distinct from the executive and judicial branches though?

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No, to change the separation of powers they need a constitutional amendment because that's a change to the Constitution, and amendments are the process for changing the Constitution.

To interpret what was meant by Liberty and Equality as values, as a strict constructionist.

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Can Congress grant rights? No, because persons have natural rights, inalienable rights; and such enumeration of the rights of persons occurs only in the Declaration, which - along with the Articles of Confederation - frames the intent, spirit, and letter of the Constitution ; which itself very specifically limits the powers of the government and affords a process of amendment wit quorum for changes to such limits of the government in law.

Congress may not delegate right-granting privileges because the legislature hasn't right-granting privileges itself.

The Constitution is very clear that there are to be separate branches; each with limited privileges and immunities, and none with the total immunity of a Tyrant king.

A system of courts to hear offenses per the law determined by the federal and state legislatures with a Federal Constitutional Supremacy Clause, a small federal government, a federal minarchy, and a state divorce from British case law precedent but not common law or Natural Rights.

And so the Constitution limits the powers of each branch of government, and to amend the Constitution requires an amendment.

Why shouldn't we all filibuster court nominations?

Without an independent prosecutor, Can the - e.g. foreign-installed or otherwise fraudulent - executive obstruct DOJ investigations of themselves that conclude prior to the end of their term by terminating a nominated and confirmed director of an executive DOJ department, install justices with with his signature, and then pardon themselves and their associates?

The Court can or will only hear matters of law. Congress can impune and impeach but they're not trained as prosecutors either; so which competent court will hear such charges? Did any escape charges for war crimes, tortre without due process, terror and fear? Whose former counsel on the court now.

What delegations of power, duties, and immunities can occur without constitutional amendment?

Who's acting president today? Where's your birth certificate? You're not even American.

What amendments could we have?

1. You cannot pardon yourself, even as President. Presidents are not granted total immunity (as was recently claimed before the court), they are granted limited Privileges and Immunities.

2. Term limits for legislators, judges, and what about distinguished public/civil servants who pick expensive fights for the rest of us to fight and pay for? You sold us to the banks. Term limits all around.

3. Your plan must specify investment success and failure criteria. (Plan: policy, legislative bill, program, schedule,)

Can Congress just delegate privileges - for example, un-equal right-granting privileges - without an Amendment, because there is to be a system of lower courts?

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New ways to catch gravitational waves

- "Kerr-enhanced optical spring for next-generation gravitational wave detectors" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39957123

- "Physicists Have Figured Out a Way to Measure Gravity on a Quantum Scale" with a superconducting magnetic trap made out of Tantalum (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39495482

Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?

> Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?

- Steam Turbine

- Thermoelectrics (solid state)

- Gravel Battery, Sand Battery (solid state)

- OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (needs a 20C gradient)

- Water Sterilization

- Heat Pipe contract

- Commercial and Residential HVAC Heat

- Air Filter Production (CO2, Graphene, Heat)

- Water Filter Production (CO2, Graphene, Heat)

- Onsite manufacturing with Carbon & Heat (See: Datacenter Inputs)

- Carbon-based Chip Production (2D Graphene and other forms of Carbon)

- Thermoforming products (e.g. out of now easily-captured CO2 to Graphene and other forms of Carbon)

- Geopolymer production: pads to mount racks on, bricks, radially-curved outwall blocks

- Open-Source CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics; use the waste heat to pay for CFD HPC time to reduce the waste heat with better materials, better facility design with passive thermofluidics and energy reclamation

- Datacenter Inputs: [Earthmoving, Infrastructure], Water, Air, Concrete, Beams, Electricity, Turbines, Bolts, Racks, Fans, PCs, Copper power Wires and data Cabling, Bandwidth, Fiber Cabling

- Datacenter Outputs: Boiled Water, Warm Air, Data, recyclable building materials, Electricity

> Ask HN: How to reuse waste heat and water from AI datacenters?

> - Steam Turbine

> - Thermoelectrics

> - Gravel Battery, Sand Battery

> - OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (needs a 20C gradient)

"Ask HN: Does OTEC work with datacenter heat, or thermoelectrics?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40821522

> - Water Sterilization

FWIU most datacenters waste the sterilized water as steam, which has some evaporative cooling value?

In which markets is it already possible for datacenters [and other industrial production facilities] to sell or give sterilized water to the water supply utility?

"Ask HN: Methods for removing parts per trillions of PFAS from water?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40036764 ; RO: Reverse Osmosis, Zwitterionic hydrogels (that are reusable if washed with ethanol)

> - Heat Pipe contract

E.g. Copenhagen Atomics wants to sell a heat pipe contract promise and manage the (Thorium+ waste burner) heat production.

It takes extra heat to pump heat through a tube underground to a building next door, but it is worth it.

> - Commercial and Residential HVAC Heat

The OTEC Wikipedia article mentions Ammonia as a Working fluid (a thermofluid), but Ammonia.

Sustainable thermofluids for heat pumps would be a good use for materials design AI.

"AI Designs Magnet Free of Rare-Earth Metals in Just 3 Months" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40775959

> - Air Filter Production (CO2, Graphene, Heat)

> - Water Filter Production (CO2, Graphene, Heat)

> - Onsite manufacturing with Carbon & Heat (See: Datacenter Inputs)

Also meet ASTM spec for which products produced onsite.

> - Carbon-based Chip Production (2D Graphene and other forms of Carbon)

"Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

> - Thermoforming products (e.g. out of now easily-captured CO2 to Graphene and other forms of Carbon)

> - Geopolymer production: pads to mount racks on, bricks, radially-curved outwall blocks

Is this new peptide glass a functional substitute for "water glass" in other geopolymer formulas? "Self-healing glass from a simple peptide – just add water" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40677095

> - Open-Source CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics; use the waste heat to pay for CFD HPC time to reduce the waste heat with better materials, better facility design with passive thermofluidics and energy reclamation

Quantum CFD. https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/#comment-39954180 Ctrl-F CFD, SQS

> - Datacenter Inputs: [Earthmoving, Infrastructure], Water, Air, Concrete, Beams, Electricity, Turbines, Bolts, Racks, Fans, PCs, Copper power Wires and data Cabling, Bandwidth, Fiber Cabling

Biocomposites and Titanium are strong enough for beams and fan blades; though on corrosion due to water, titanium probably wins. "Cheap yet ultrapure titanium metal might enable widespread use in industry" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40768549

Is there a carbon-based copper alternative for cabling that's flexible enough to work at CAT-5/6/7/8 ethernet cable; 40GBase-T at 2000 Mhz?

There appear to be electron vortices and superconductivity in carbon at room temperature.

Can we replace copper with carbon in cables and computers?

> - Datacenter Outputs: Boiled Water, Warm Air, Data, recyclable building materials, Electricity

- "Ask HN: Why don't datacenters have passive rooflines like Net Zero homes?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37579505

Ask HN: Does OTEC work with datacenter heat, or thermoelectrics?

OTEC > Thermodynamic efficiency: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversio... :

> A heat engine gives greater efficiency when run with a large temperature difference. In the oceans the temperature difference between surface and deep water is greatest in the tropics, although still a modest 20 to 25 °C. It is therefore in the tropics that OTEC offers the greatest possibilities.[4] OTEC has the potential to offer global amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than other ocean energy options such as wave power. [44][45]

> OTEC plants can operate continuously providing a base load supply for an electrical power generation system. [4]

> The main technical challenge of OTEC is to generate significant amounts of power efficiently from small temperature differences. It is still considered an emerging technology. Early OTEC systems were 1 to 3 percent thermally efficient, well below the theoretical maximum 6 and 7 percent for this temperature difference.[46] Modern designs allow performance approaching the theoretical maximum Carnot efficiency.

Thermoelectric power: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_power

Tunable entangled photon-pair generation in a liquid crystal

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40589972 :

> Observation of Bose–Einstein condensation of dipolar molecules" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07492-z :

> Abstract: [...] This work opens the door to the exploration of dipolar quantum matter in regimes that have been inaccessible so far, promising the creation of exotic dipolar droplets, self-organized crystal phases and dipolar spin liquids in optical lattices.

> Given that each molecule is in an identical, known state, they could be separated to form quantum bits, or qubits, the units of information in a quantum computer. The molecules’ quantum rotational states — which can be used to store information — can remain robust for perhaps minutes at a time, allowing for long and complex calculations

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Microsoft breached antitrust rules by bundling Teams and Office, EU says

cbg0 | 2024-06-25 06:21:47 | 723 | # | ^

Did they prevent OEMs from tampering with the system install image by adding apps that compete with Teams or from removing Teams?

Are they fascistly on notice for market cap, not antitrust offense?

Is the remedy that EU dominates MS until their market share is acceptable, or did MS prevent others from installing competing apps on the OS they and others distribute?

In the US, no bundling applies to ski resorts working in concert with other ski resorts. Materially, did MS prevent OEMs or users from installing competing apps?

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HyperCard Simulator

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard :

> It is among the first successful hypermedia systems predating the World Wide Web.

But HyperCard was not ported to OSX, now MacOS; which has Slides and TextEdit for HTML without MacPorts, or Brew,.

HTML is Hypertext because it has edges and scripting IIUC.

Then there was Flash by Macromedia, which also created Dreamweaver for HTML editing before Adobe acquired Macromedia.

By now there are Open Web Standards like HTML5 and ECMAscript (ES (JS not JavaScript)), WebSockets, WebRTC, WebGL, WebGPU, WASM, and various UI-to-state bindings, as Flash called what e.g. React is used for today.

Instead of the DOM and JS addEventHandler, with React/preact you call setState(attr, val) to mutate the application state dict/object so that Components can register to be updated when keys in the state dict are changed with useState() https://react.dev/learn/adding-interactivity#responding-to-e...

The HyperTalk language has a fairly simple grammar compared to creating a static SPA (Single Page Application) with all of JS and e.g React and a router to support the browser back button and deeplink bookmarks with URI fragments that "don't break the web": https://github.com/antlr/grammars-v4/blob/master/hypertalk/H...

TodoMVC or HyperTalk? False dilemma.

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More Memory Safety for Let's Encrypt: Deploying ntpd-rs

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"RFC 8915: Network Time Security for the Network Time Protocol" (2020) https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8915.html

"NTS RFC Published: New Standard to Ensure Secure Time on the Internet" (2020) https://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2020/10/nts-rfc-publish... :

> NTS is basically two loosely coupled sub-protocols that together add security to NTP. NTS Key Exchange (NTS-KE) is based on TLS 1.3 and performs the initial authentication of the server and exchanges security tokens with the client. The NTP client then uses these tokens in NTP extension fields for authentication and integrity checking of the NTP protocol messages that exchange time information.

From "Simple Precision Time Protocol at Meta" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39306209 :

> How does SPTP compare to CERN's WhiteRabbit, which is built on PTP [and NTP NTS]?

White Rabbit Project: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit_Project

New device uses 2D material to up-convert infrared light to visible light

Use case: NIRS Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40332064 :

> predict e.g. [portable] low-field MRI with NIRS Infrared and/or Ultrasound?

> Idea: Do sensor fusion with all available sensors timecoded with landmarks, and then predict the expensive MRI/CT from low cost sensors [such as this coherent upconverter]

> Are there implied molecular structures that can be inferred from low-cost {NIRS, Light field, [...]} sensor data?

> Task: Learn a function f() such that f(lowcost_sensor_data) -> expensive_sensor_data

> FWIU OpenWater has moved to NIRS+Ultrasound for ~ live in surgery MRI-level imaging and now treatment?

> FWIU certain Infrared light wavelengths cause neuronal growth; and Blue and Green inhibit neuronal growth.

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AI Is Accelerating the Loss of Our Scarcest Natural Resource: Water

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"The Implications of Ending Groundwater Overdraft for Global Food Security" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40686383

Computers made out of superconductors and Graphene instead of Copper would waste much less heat and water. "Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719725

Passive thermal design of data centers could reduce waste, too. Would heat vent out of server racks better if the servers were mounted vertically instead of like pizza boxes trapping heat?

> - "Desalination system could produce freshwater that is cheaper than tap water" (2023) : "Extreme salt-resisting multistage solar distilation with thermohaline convection" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39999225

Most datacenters are not yet able to return their steamed and boiled water back to the water supply for treatment. Datacenters that process and steam sanitize water would rely upon the water utility company to then also remove PFAs.

Does OTEC work in datacenters; would that work eat some of the heat? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38222695

AI Designs Magnet Free of Rare-Earth Metals in Just 3 Months

> According to the makers of MagNex, compared with conventional magnets, the material costs are 20 percent what they would otherwise be, and there's also a 70 percent reduction in material carbon emissions.

> "In the electric vehicle industry alone, the demand for rare-earth magnets is expected to be ten times the current level by 2030*

Electric fields boost graphene's potential, study shows

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Does bast fiber support proton transport in plants, in 3D; with a naturally branching structure that's unnecessarily expensive to replicate with graphene?

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SSH as a Sudo Replacement

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"List of Unix binaries that can be used to bypass local security restrictions" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36637980

"Fedora 40 Plans To Unify /usr/bin and /usr/sbin" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38757975 ; a find expression to locate files with the setuid and setgid bits, setcap,

man run0: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/run0....

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Asynchronous Consensus Without Trusted Setup or Public-Key Cryptography

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Only PQ hash functions are PQ FWIU. Other cryptographic hash functions are not NIST PQ standardization finalists; I don't think any were even submitted with "just double the key/hash size for the foreseeable future" as a parameter as is suggested here. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25009925

NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization > Round 3 > Selected Algorithms 2022 > Hash based > SPHINCS+: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography...

SPHINCS+ is a hash based PQ Post Quantum (quantum resistant) cryptographic signature algorithm.

SPHINCS+: https://github.com/sphincs/sphincsplus

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Framework: A new RISC-V Mainboard from DeepComputing

What is the battery life like; maybe in ops/kwhr? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40719630

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From the reddit link in my this flgged (?) comment:

> About three years ago, I came across information that the RISC-V U74 core had roughly 1.8 times lower performance per clock compared to the ARM Cortex-A53.

Are there other advantages?

What is the immediate marginal cost of an ARM license per core(s)?

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Versioning FreeCAD Files with Git (2021)

As text/code-based formats, e g. cadquery and the newer build123d work with text-based VCS systems like git.

Is there a diff tool for FreeCAD?

nbdime: https://nbdime.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#git-integration-qui... :

> Git doesn’t handle diffing and merging notebooks very well by default, but you can configure git to use nbdime:

  nbdime config-git --enable --global
Oh, zippey, for zip archives of text files in git: https://bitbucket.org/sippey/zippey/src/master/

Are there tools to test/validate a FreeCAD model to check for regressions over a range of commits?

git bisect might then be useful with FreeCAD models; https://www.git-scm.com/docs/git-bisect :

> This command uses a binary search algorithm to find which commit in your project’s history introduced a bug. You use it by first telling it a "bad" commit that is known to contain the bug, and a "good" commit that is known to be before the bug was introduced. Then git bisect picks a commit between those two endpoints and asks you whether the selected commit is "good" or "bad". It continues narrowing down the range until it finds the exact commit that introduced the change.

FWIW, LEGO Bricktales does automated design validation as part of the game. Similarly, what CI job(s) run when commits are pushed to a Pull Request git branch?

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Which visual differences are occluded depending on the design and CAD software parameters?

If [FreeCAD] files are text-diffable, is there a way to topologically sort (with secondary insertion order) before git committing with e.g. precommit?

python has a sort_keys parameter for serialization, in order to alphabetically sort sibling nodes in nested datastructures; which makes it easier to diff json documents that have different key orderings but otherwise equal content.

martinvoz/jj: https://github.com/martinvonz/jj :

> Working-copy-as-a-commit: Changes to files are recorded automatically as normal commits, and amended on every subsequent change. This "snapshot" design simplifies the user-facing data model (commits are the only visible object), simplifies internal algorithms, and completely subsumes features like Git's stashes or the index/staging-area.

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You'll need to put down ~35%, or almost $128,000, to afford a typical home

Is there a notebook demonstrating how this consumer buying and lending behavior has changed? Which financial metrics summarize these trends?

I found pypi:mortgage in searching for a mortgage calculator written with the SymPy CAS Computer Algebra System; but isn't it just PV() or FV()?

Ask HN: Can CPUs etc. be made from just graphene and/or other carbon forms?

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Minimally, a graphene based classical (or quantum) computer would require transistors and traces on a carbon wafer, from which NAND gates and better could be constructed.

FWIU there is certainly semiconductivity in graphene and there is also superconductivity in graphene at room temperature.

And traces can be lased into clothing, fruit peels, and probably carboniferous wafers.

Which electronic components cannot be made from graphene or other forms of carbon?

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> semiconductivity in graphene

"Ultrahigh-mobility semiconducting epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide" (2024-01) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06811-0 https://research.gatech.edu/feature/researchers-create-first...

> superconductivity in graphene at room temperature

From "Why There's a Copper Shortage" [...] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40542826 re: the IEF report "Copper Mining and Vehicle Electrification" (2024) https://www.ief.org/focus/ief-reports/copper-mining-and-vehi... :

>> Graphene is an alternative to copper

>> In graphene, there is electronic topology: current, semiconductivity, room temperature superconductivity

>> - "Global Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Graphite" (2023) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qute.202300230

>> - "Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj2167 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40360691

- [Superconducting nanowire] "Photon Detectors Rewrite the Rules of Quantum Computing" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39537329 ; functionalized carbon nanotubes work as single photon sources

- From "High-sensitivity terahertz detection by 2D plasmons in transistors" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38800406 .. "Electrons turn piece of wire into laser-like light source" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33490730 :

> "Coherent Surface Plasmon Polariton Amplification via Free Electron Pumping" (2023) https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1572967/v1 ; Surface plasmons and photolithography and imaging electrons within dielectrics, emitter but probably not yet with graphene or other carbon?

[+]

Nanoassembled multilayer graphene plus structure is probably already doable?

- "Towards Polymer-Free, Femto-Second Laser-Welded Glass/Glass Solar Modules" (2024) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10443029 .. "Femtosecond Lasers Solve Solar Panels' Recycling Issue" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40325433

- "A self-healing multispectral transparent adhesive peptide glass" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07408-x .. "Self-healing glass from a simple peptide – just add water" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40677095

- "High-strength, lightweight nano-architected silica" (2023) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266638642... .. "A New Wonder Material Is 5x Lighter—and 4x Stronger—Than Steel" https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a44725449/new-mater... ..

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38253573 :

> maybe glass on quantum dots in synthetic DNA, and then still wave function storage and transmission; scale the quantum interconnect

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38608859 re: 2DPA-1 polyamide :

>> However, in the new study, Strano and his colleagues came up with a new polymerization process that allows them to generate a two-dimensional sheet called a polyaramide. For the monomer building blocks, they use a compound called melamine, which contains a ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Under the right conditions, these monomers can grow in two dimensions, forming disks. These disks stack on top of each other, held together by hydrogen bonds between the layers, which make the structure very stable and strong.

If not glass or polyamide 2DPA-1,

Maybe aerogels? Can high-carbon aerogels be lased into multilayer graphene circuits?

In addition to nanolithography and nanoassembly, there is 3d printing with graphene.

From https://all3dp.com/2/graphene-3d-printing-can-it-be-done/ :

> However, because the atomic bonds are only in the lateral direction, it can only exist in 2D. Once multiple layers of graphene are stacked one onto each other, you get graphite, which has relatively poor properties. This means 3D printing pure graphene is impossible. A 3D structure is only possible when graphene is mixed with a binder.

There are so many non-graphene forms of carbon.

Is peptide glass a suitable binder for multilayered graphene for semiconductor and superconductor computing?

Do or can aerogels already contain binder?

[-]

Reconstructing Public Keys from Signatures

[+]

The pubkey is shared once any transaction transfers out of an account.

There are now hierarchical wallet keys.

Which systems asymmetrically cryptographically transact without de-blinding the pubkey, without hiding more than the signature?

[-]

Electromechanical Lunar Lander

Another Lunar Lander challenge: Land a 3oz paper bath cup on a paper plate without it or the cup tipping over, in Earth's gravity and atmosphere, multiple times.

Tools/Materials: Cup, Straws, Scissors, Masking tape, Paper plate

[-]

New algorithm discovers language just by watching videos

geox | 2024-06-13 15:43:27 | 167 | # | ^
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Linguistic relativity: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity :

> The idea of linguistic relativity, known also as the Whorf hypothesis, [the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis], or Whorfianism, is a principle suggesting that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition, and thus individuals' languages determine or influence their perceptions of the world.

Does language fail to describe the quantum regime with which we could have little intuition? Verbally and/or visually, sufficiently describe the outcome of a double-slit photonic experiment onto a fluid?

Describe the operator product of (qubit) wave probability distributions and also fluid boundary waves with words? Verbally or visually?

I'll try: "There is diffraction in the light off of it and it's wavy, like <metaphor> but also like a <metaphor>"

> If it gets more abstract than math

There is a symbolic mathematical description of a [double slit experiment onto a fluid], but then sample each point in a CFD simulation and we're back to a frequentist sampling (and not yet a sufficiently predictive description of a continuum of complex reals)

Even without quantum or fluids to challenge language as a sufficient abstraction, mathematical syntax is already known to be insufficient to describe all Church-Turing programs even.

Church-Turing-Deutsch extends Church-Turing to cover quantum logical computers just: any qubit/qudit/qutrit/qnbit system is sufficient to simulate any other such system; but there is no claim to sufficiency for universal quantum simulation. When we restrict ourselves to the operators defined in modern day quantum logic, such devices are sufficient to simulate (or emulate) any other such devices; but observed that real quantum physical systems do not operate as closed systems with intentional reversibility like QC.

For example, there is a continuum of random in the quantum foam that is not predictable with and thus is not describeable by any Church-Turing-Deutsch program.

Gödel's incompleteness theorems: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del's_incompleteness_th... :

> Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that are concerned with the limits of provability in formal axiomatic theories. These results, published by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are important both in mathematical logic and in the philosophy of mathematics. The theorems are widely, but not universally, interpreted as showing that Hilbert's program to find a complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible.

ASM (Assembly Language) is still not the lowest level representation of code before electrons that don't split 0.5/0.5 at a junction without diode(s) and error correction; translate ASM to mathematical syntax (LaTeX and ACM algorithmic publishing style) and see if there's added value

> Even without quantum or fluids to challenge language as a sufficient abstraction, mathematical syntax is already known to be insufficient to describe all Church-Turing programs even.

"When CAN'T Math Be Generalized? | The Limits of Analytic Continuation" by Morphocular https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krtf-v19TJg

Analytic continuation > Applications: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation#Applicat... :

> In practice, this [complex analytic continuation of arbitary ~wave functions] is often done by first establishing some functional equation on the small domain and then using this equation to extend the domain. Examples are the Riemann zeta function and the gamma function.

> The concept of a universal cover was first developed to define a natural domain for the analytic continuation of an analytic function. The idea of finding the maximal analytic continuation of a function in turn led to the development of the idea of Riemann surfaces.

> Analytic continuation is used in Riemannian manifolds, solutions of Einstein's [GR] equations. For example, the analytic continuation of Schwarzschild coordinates into Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates. [1]

But Schwarzschild's regular boundary does not appear to correlate to limited modern observations of such "Planc relics in the quantum foam"; which could have [stable flow through braided convergencies in an attractor system and/or] superfluidic vortical dynamics in a superhydrodynamic thoery. (Also note: Dirac sea (with no antimatter); Godel's dust solutions; Fedi's unified SQS (superfluid quantum space): "Fluid quantum gravity and relativity" with Bernoulli, Navier-Stokes, and Gross-Pitaevskii to model vortical dynamics)

Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrowski%E2%80%93Hadamard_gap...

> For example, there is a continuum of random in the quantum foam that is not predictable with and thus is not describeable [sic]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37712506 :

>> "100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations" https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010330

> The theorems are widely, but not universally, interpreted as showing that Hilbert's program to find a complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible.

If there cannot be a sufficient set of axioms for all mathematics, can there be a Unified field theory?

Unified field theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_field_theory

> translate ASM to mathematical syntax

On the utility of a syntax and typesetting, and whether it gains fidelity at lower levels of description

latexify_py looks neat; compared to sympy's often-unfortunately-reordered latex output: https://github.com/google/latexify_py/blob/main/docs/paramet...

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"systemd-tmpfiles –purge" will delete /home in systemd 256

Why?

man systemd-tmpfiles https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/syst...

man tmpfiles.d https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/tmpf...

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Why doesn't it delete /mnt, and /run/media, too?

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Quantum entangled photons react to Earth's spin

wglb | 2024-06-15 21:25:07 | 130 | # | ^

> "The core of the matter lays in establishing a reference point for our measurement, where light remains unaffected by Earth's rotational effect. Given our inability to halt Earth's from spinning, we devised a workaround: splitting the optical fiber into two equal-length coils and connecting them via an optical switch," explains lead author Raffaele Silvestri.

> By toggling the switch on and off, the researchers could effectively cancel the rotation signal at will, which also allowed them to extend the stability of their large apparatus. "We have basically tricked the light into thinking it's in a non-rotating universe," says Silvestri.

"Experimental observation of Earth's rotation with quantum entanglement" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado0215

Sagnac interferometer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnac_effect

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Wheatstone bridge > Modifications of the basic bridge: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge#Modification... :

> Carey Foster bridge, for measuring small resistances; Kelvin bridge, for measuring small four-terminal resistances; Maxwell bridge, and Wien bridge for measuring reactive components; Anderson's bridge, for measuring the self-inductance of the circuit, an advanced form of Maxwell's bridge

Is there a rectifier for gravitational waves, and what would that do?

Diode bridge > Current flow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_bridge#Current_flow

And actually again, electron flow is fluidic:

- "How does electricity find the "Path of Least Resistance"?" (and the other paths) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo

- "Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40360684 :

> How are spin currents and vorticity in electron vortices related?

But, back to photons from electrons; like in a wheatstone bridge.

Are photonic fields best described with rays, waves, or as fluids in gravitational vortices like in SPH and SQS and CFD? (Superhydrodynamic, Superfluid Quantum Space, Computational Fluid Dynamics)

Actually, photons do interact with photons; as phonons in matter: "Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5315 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40600762

Perhaps there's an even simpler sensor apparatus for this experiment?

[-]

Recycling plastic is a dangerous waste of time

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40335733 :

> "Making hydrogen from waste plastic could pay for itself" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37886955 ; flash heating plastic yields Graphene and Hydrogen

> "Synthesis of Clean Hydrogen Gas from Waste Plastic at Zero Net Cost" (2023) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202306763

"Fungus breaks down ocean plastic" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40676239

What does "Zero Net Cost" mean and how does that relate to margin?

[-]

Voyager 1 is back online: NASA spacecraft returns data from all 4 instruments

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An annual Space Prize, for Engineering.

Maybe people with bonuses these days could fund a prize committee in perpetuity like Alfred Nobel, who invented dynomite.

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WARC-GPT: An open-source tool for exploring web archives using AI

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paper-qa: https://github.com/whitead/paper-qa :

> LLM Chain querying documents with citations [e.g. a scientific Zotero library]

> This is a minimal package for doing question and answering from PDFs or text files (which can be raw HTML). It strives to give very good answers, with no hallucinations, by grounding responses with in-text citations.

  pip install paper-qa
> If you use Zotero to organize your personal bibliography, you can use the paperqa.contrib.ZoteroDB to query papers from your library, which relies on pyzotero. Install pyzotero to use this feature:

  pip install pyzotero
> If you want to use [ paperqa with pyzotero ] in an jupyter notebook or colab, you need to run the following command:

  import nest_asyncio
  nest_asyncio.apply()
... there is also neuml/paper-ai w/ paperetl; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39363115 : gh topic: pdfgpt, chatpdf,

neuml/paperai has a YAML report definition schema: https://github.com/neuml/paperai :

> Semantic search and workflows for medical/scientific paper

  python -m paperai.report report.yml 50 md <path to model directory>
> The following [columns and answers] report [output] formats are supported: [Markdown, CSV], Annotation - Columns and answers are extracted from articles with the results annotated over the original PDF files. Requires passing in a path with the original PDF files.

The Implications of Ending Groundwater Overdraft for Global Food Security

"The Implications of Ending Groundwater Overdraft for Global Food Security" Nature Sustainability (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01376-w

"Study emphasizes trade-offs between arresting groundwater depletion and food security" (2024) by International Food Policy Research Institute https://phys.org/news/2024-06-emphasizes-offs-groundwater-de... :

> [...] a transdisciplinary approach combining regulatory, financial, technological, and awareness measures across water and food systems is essential to achieve sustainable groundwater management while preventing increased food insecurity.

Overdrafting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdrafting :

> Overdrafting is the process of extracting groundwater beyond the equilibrium yield of an aquifer. Groundwater is one of the largest sources of fresh water and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on the environment around the aquifer, such as soil compression and land subsidence, local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment.

From "How a Solar Revolution in Farming Is Depleting Groundwater" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39731290 :

> - "Desalination system could produce freshwater that is cheaper than tap water" (2023) : "Extreme salt-resisting multistage solar distilation with thermohaline convection" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39507692

[-]

ChromeOS will soon be developed on large portions of the Android stack

Android Binder is already rewritten in Rust.

"Industry forms consortium to drive adoption of Rust in safety-critical systems" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40680722

ChromiumOS, ChromeOS Flex,

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36998964 :

> Students can't run `git --help`, `python`, or even `adb` on Chromebooks.

> (Students can't run `git` on a Chromebook without transpiling to WASM (on a different machine) and running all apps as the same user account without SELinux or `ls -Z` on the host).

> Students can run `bash`, `git`, and `python` on Linux / Mac / or Windows computers.

> There should be a "Computers for STEM" spec.

Docker containers can be run on Android with root with termux:

- https://gist.github.com/FreddieOliveira/efe850df7ff3951cb62d...

Podman and podman-desktop run rootless containers (without having root).

containers/container-selinux: https://github.com/containers/container-selinux/tree/main .spec: https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/container-selinux/blob/ra...

"The best WebAssembly runtime may be no runtime" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38609105 : google/minijail, SyscallFilter=,

E.g. https://vscode.dev/ runs in a browser tab on a Chromebook and supports Pyodide and IIUC hopefully more native Python in WASM support soon?

Hopefully Bash, Git, and e.g. Python will work offline on the kids' Chromebooks someday.

[-]

Nvidia Warp: A Python framework for high performance GPU simulation and graphics

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From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37686351 :

>> sympy.utilities.lambdify.lambdify() https://github.com/sympy/sympy/blob/a76b02fcd3a8b7f79b3a88df... :

>> """Convert a SymPy expression into a function that allows for fast numeric evaluation""" [e.g. the CPython math module, mpmath, NumPy, SciPy, CuPy, JAX, TensorFlow, SymPy, numexpr,]

sympy#20516: "re-implementation of torch-lambdify" https://github.com/sympy/sympy/pull/20516

[-]

Fungus breaks down ocean plastic

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Are microplastics fat soluble and/or bound with the cholesterols and sugar alcohols that cake the arteries?

- "Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming" https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6100 https://www.popsci.com/compound-in-powdered-alcohol-can-also...

Cellulose and Lignin are dietary fiber:

- "Dietary cellulose induces anti-inflammatory immunity and transcriptional programs via maturation of the intestinal microbiota" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7583510/ :

> Dietary cellulose is an insoluble fiber and consists exclusively of unbranched β-1,4-linked glucose monomers. It is the major component of plant cell walls and thus a prominent fiber in grains, vegetables and fruits. Whereas the importance of cellulolytic bacteria for ruminants was described already in the 1960s, it still remains enigmatic whether the fermentation of cellulose has physiological effects in monogastric mammals. [6–11] Under experimental conditions, it has been shown that the amount of dietary cellulose influences the richness of the colonic microbiota, the intestinal architecture, metabolic functions and susceptibility to colitis. [12,13] Moreover, mice fed a cellulose-enriched diet were protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through changes in their microbial and metabolic profiles and reduced numbers of pro-inflammatory T cells.

But what about fungi in the body and diet?

What about lignin; Is lignin dietary fiber?

From "Dietary fibre in foods: a review" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7583510/ :

> Dietary fibre includes polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin and associated plant substances.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40649844 re: sustainable food packaging solutions :

> Cellulose and algae are considered safe for human consumption and are also biodegradable; but is that an RCT study?

> CO2 + Lignin is not edible but is biodegradable and could replace plastics.

>> "CO2 and Lignin-Based Sustainable Polymers with Closed-Loop Chemical Recycling" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202403035

> What incentives would incentivize the market to change over to sustainable biodegradable food-safe packaging?

[-]

Industry forms consortium to drive adoption of Rust in safety-critical systems

> The consortium aims to develop guidelines, tools, libraries, and language subsets to meet industrial and legal requirements for safety-critical systems.

> Moreover, the initiative seeks to incorporate lessons learned from years of development in the open source ecosystem to make Rust a valuable component of safety toolkits across various industries and severity levels

Resources and opportunities for a safety critical Rust initiative:

- "The First Rust-Written Network PHY Driver Set to Land in Linux 6.8" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38677600

- awesome-safety-critical > Software safety standards: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#so...

- rust smart pointers: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33563857 ; LLVM signed pointers for pointer authentication: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40307180

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33563857 :

> - Secure Rust Guidelines > Memory management, > Checklist > Memory management: https://anssi-fr.github.io/rust-guide/05_memory.html

Rust OS projects to safety critical with the forthcoming new guidelines: Redox, Cosmic, MotorOS, Maestro, Aerugo

- "MotorOS: a Rust-first operating system for x64 VMs" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38907876: "Maestro: A Linux-compatible kernel in Rust" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38852360#38857185 ; redox-os, cosmic-de , Motūrus OS; MotorOS

- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38861799 : > COSMIC DE (Rust-based) supports rust-windowing/winit apps, which compile to a <canvas> tag in WASM.

> winit: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit

- "Aerugo – RTOS for aerospace uses written in Rust" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39245897

- "The Rust Implementation of GNU Coreutils Is Becoming Remarkably Robust" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34743393

From a previous Ctrl-F rust,; "Rust in the Linux kernel" (2021) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35783214 :

- > Is this the source for the rust port of the Android binder kernel module?: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/native/...

> This guide with unsafe rust that calls into the C, and then with next gen much safer rust right next to it would be a helpful resource too.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34744433 ... From "Are software engineering “best practices” just developer preferences?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28709239 :

>>>>> Which universities teach formal methods?

/?hnlog "TLA" and "side channel"

[-]

Land value tax in online games and virtual worlds (2022)

> Land Crisis [on the internet, too]

Land Value Tax: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax

Virtual economies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_economies

Category:Virtual economies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_economies

Gold farming > Secondary effects on in-game economy; inflation,: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_farming#Secondary_effects...

WSE: World Stock Exchange (2007-2008) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Stock_Exchange

The opportunity costs of spending GPU hours on various alternatives.

Economy of Second Life > Monetary policy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Second_Life

Circle, Centre > History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_(company)

Stablecoin > Reserve-backed stablecoins: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablecoin

Economic stability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stability

Stabilization policy > Crisis stabilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_policy#Crisis_st...

Macroeconomics > Macroeconomic policy; a "policy wonk" may also be a "quant" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics#Macroeconomic_p...

Clearing house (finance) > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance) :

> Impact: A 2019 study in the Journal of Political Economy found that the establishment of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) clearinghouse in 1892 "substantially reduced volatility of NYSE returns caused by settlement risk and increased asset values", indicating "that a clearinghouse can improve market stability and value through a reduction in network contagion and counterparty risk."

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40649612 :

> Interledger > Peering, Clearing and Settling: https://interledger.org/developers/rfcs/peering-clearing-set...

But your problem's this land bubble and then unfortunately unrealized losses and how does that happen

[-]

21.2× faster than llama.cpp? plus 40% memory usage reduction

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> TL;DR PowerInfer is a CPU/GPU LLM inference engine leveraging activation locality for your device.

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From the abstract https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.06282 :

> Notably, PowerInfer-2 is the first system to serve the TurboSparse-Mixtral-47B model with a generation rate of 11.68 tokens per second on a smartphone. For models that fit entirely within the memory, PowerInfer-2 can achieve approximately a 40% reduction in memory usage while maintaining inference speeds comparable to llama.cpp and MLC-LLM

What does this do with a 40 TOPS+ NPU/TPU?

[-]

Python wheel filenames have no canonical form

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Send a PR!

Are there package name and version disclosure considerations when sharing packages between envs with hardlinks and does that matter for this application?

Practically, caching ~/.pip/cache should save resources; From "What to do about GPU packages on PyPI?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27228963 :

> "[Discussions on Python.org] [Packaging] Draft PEP: PyPI cost solutions: CI, mirrors, containers, and caching to scale" [...]

> How to persist ~/.cache/pip between builds with e.g. Docker in order to minimize unnecessary GPU package re-downloads:

  RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip

  RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/home/appuser/.cache/pip

[-]

Researchers make a supercapacitor from water, cement, and carbon black

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- "Low-cost additive turns concrete slabs into super-fast energy storage" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36964735

[-]

Google shuts down GPay app and P2P payments in the US

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/? fednow API: https://www.google.com/search?q=fednow+api [...]

- From https://explore.fednow.org/resources?id=67#_Who_should_downl... :

> Who should download the FedNow ISO 20022 message specifications and how can I access them?

> The Federal Reserve is using the MyStandards® platform to provide access to the FedNow ISO 20022 message specifications and accompanying implementation guide. You can access these on the Federal Reserve Financial Services portal (Off-site) under the FedNow Service. Users need a MyStandards account, which you can create on the SWIFT website (Off-site). View our step-by-step guide (PDF, Off-site) for tips on accessing the specifications.

FedNow charges a $0.045/tx fee. (edit: And a waived $25/mo fee [...] https://explore.fednow.org/explore-the-city?id=3&building=&p... )

From "X starts experimenting with a $1 per year fee for new users" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37933366 ... From "Anatomy of an ACH transaction" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36503888 :

> The WebMonetization spec [4] and docs [5] specifies the `monetization` <meta> tag for indicating where supporting browsers can send payments and micropayments:

  <meta
   name="monetization" content="$<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a href="<a 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And from "Paying Netflix $0.53/H, etc." https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38685348 :

> W3C Web Monetization does micropayments with a <$0.01/tx fee, but not KYC or AML.

> [Web Monetization] is an open spec: https://webmonetization.org/specification/

Built on W3C Interledger: https://interledger.org/interledger :

> Built on modern technologies, Interledger can handle up to 1 million transactions per second per participant

> ILP is not tied to a single company, payment network, or currency.

Interledger > Peering, Clearing and Settling: https://interledger.org/developers/rfcs/peering-clearing-set...

Can FedNow handle micropayments volumes? > Micropayments: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropayment

Does FedNow integrate with Interledger; i.e. is there support for "ILP Addresses"?

[+]

Compared to aigen with citations found for whatever was generated without consideration for truth and ethical reasoning?

The heuristics should be improved, then; we shouldn't ask me to put these in PDFs without typed edges to URLs and schema.org/Datasets, to support a schema.org/Claim or a ClaimReview in a SocialMediaPosting about a NewsArticle about a ScholarlyArticle :about a Thing skos:Concept with a :url.

Would you have deep linked your way to those resources (which are useful enough to be re-cited here for later reference) without the researcher doing it for you?

Technical writing courses for example advise to include the searches that you used in the databases that you found oracles in, in order to help indicate the background research bias prior to the hypothesis at least.

Transparency and Accountability: https://westurner.github.io/hnlog/

So, this sort of cited input is valuable and should be valued not as link spam but as linked edge-dense research sans generatble prose.

[+]

I haven't asked you to do anything.

Thanks for your time

[+]

No, these are all hand prepared.

This is called research, and it does require citations.

Please do not harass overachievers who do the research work instead of just talking to talk.

#areyouarobotorsimilar

[+]
[-]

FDA denies petition against use of phthalates in food packaging

[+]

Which plastics could and should be replaced with other materials?

"How Do You Know If Buckets Are Food Grade" https://epackagesupply.com/blog/how-do-you-know-if-buckets-a... :

> Buckets made of HDPE (number 2) are generally considered the best material for food storage, especially over the long term. A vast majority of plastic buckets that are sold for food storage purposes will be made of HDPE. It’s important to note that not all HDPE buckets are food grade; to be sure, you’ll want to look for the cup and fork logo (described below) or other indication of “food safe” or “food grade” materials.

> Cup and Fork: Elsewhere on the bottom of the bucket, some food-grade buckets will have a symbol consisting of a cup and fork on them. There may also be markings like “USDA approved” or “FDA approved.”

[+]
[+]

Cellulose and algae are considered safe for human consumption and are also biodegradable; but is that an RCT study?

CO2 + Lignin is not edible but is biodegradable and could replace plastics. "CO2 and Lignin-Based Sustainable Polymers with Closed-Loop Chemical Recycling" https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202403035

What incentives would incentivize the market to change over to sustainable biodegradable food-safe packaging?

[-]

Possible exposure of Earth to dense interstellar medium 2-3M years ago

Are there fossil records that correspond to higher levels of dense interstellar medium radiation 2-3M years ago?

Punctuated equilibrium: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium

[+]

Was there a higher rate of cladogenesis 2-3M years ago?

Higher levels of radiation do correlate to higher rates of genetic mutation; presumably because radiation so affects transcription.

Does the punctuated equilibrium theory model radiation level in estimating rate of evolution?

Rate of evolution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_evolution

[-]

Show HN: Thread – AI-powered Jupyter Notebook built using React

Hey HN, we're building Thread (https://thread.dev/) an open-source Jupyter Notebook that has a bunch of AI features built in. The easiest way to think of Thread is if the chat interface of OpenAI code interpreter was fused into a Jupyter Notebook development environment where you could still edit code or re-run cells. To check it out, you can see a video demo here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq1_eoO6w-c

We initially got the idea when building Vizly (https://vizly.fyi/) a tool that lets non-technical users ask questions from their data. While Vizly is powerful at performing data transformations, as engineers, we often felt that natural language didn't give us enough freedom to edit the code that was generated or to explore the data further for ourselves. That is what gave us the inspiration to start Thread.

We made Thread a pip package (`pip install thread-dev`) because we wanted to make Thread as easily accessible as possible. While there are a lot of notebooks that improve on the notebook development experience, they are often cloud hosted tools that are hard to access as an individual contributor unless your company has signed an enterprise agreement.

With Thread, we are hoping to bring the power of LLMs to the local notebook development environment while blending the editing experience that you can get in a cloud hosted notebook. We have many ideas on the roadmap but instead of building in a vacuum (which we have made the mistake of before) our hope was to get some initial feedback to see if others are as interested in a tool like this as we are.

Would love to hear your feedback and see what you think!

[+]
[+]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39363115 :

> https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38355385 : LocalAI, braintrust-proxy; [and promptfoo, chainforge]

(Edit)

From "Show HN: IPython-GPT, a Jupyter/IPython Interface to Chat GPT" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35580959#35584069

[-]

I built an ROV to solve missing person cases

/? underwater infrared camera: https://www.google.com/search?q=underwater+infrared+camera

r/rov: https://www.reddit.com/r/rov/

Bioradiolocation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioradiolocation

FMCW: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-wave_radar

mmWave (60 Ghz) can do heartbeat detection above water FWIU. As can WiFi.

mmwave (millimeter wave), UWA (Underwater Acoustic)

Citations of "Analysis and estimation of the underwater acoustic millimeter-wave communication channel" (2016) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8297460493079369585...

Citations of "Wi-Fi signal analysis for heartbeat and metal detection: a comparative study of reliable contactless systems" https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3926358377223165726...

/? does WiFi work underwater? https://www.google.com/search?q=does+wifi+work+underwater

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1308760257416493671... ... "Environment-independent textile fiber identification using Wi-Fi channel state information", "Measurement of construction materials properties using Wi-Fi and convolutional neural networks"

"Underwater target detection by measuring water-surface vibration with millimeter-wave radar" https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1710768155624387794... :

> UWSN (Underwater Sensor Network)

I'm reminded of Baywatch S09E01; but those aren't actual trained lifeguards. The film Armageddon works as a training film because of all of the [safety,] mistakes: https://www.google.com/search?q=baywatch+s09e01

[-]

Can you pump water without any electricity?

Observed that the Second Law of Thermodynamics holds with water pumps, too

A third way: evaporation due to relative humidity

A fourth way to raise water without electricity: solar concentration to produce steam in a loop

"Using solar energy to generate heat at 1050°C high temperatures" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40419617

[+]

Is solar concentration more or less efficient than loud electric pumps at raising water for a water tower, which stores gravitational potential energy and pressurizes the tubes?

Could heat a water tank full of gravel or sand.

"Engineers develop 90-95% efficient electricity storage with piles of gravel" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39927280

How efficiently does a solar concentrator fill a tank of water at a higher altitude?

(How) Does relative humidity at the top and bottom of the tube significantly affect fill/lift rate?

Is PV to batteries to pumps more or less efficient than solar concentrated steam?

A fifth way to raise water: n-body gravity; wait for the moon and the tides

A sixth way to raise water through a pipe possibly at an angle possibly into a water tank: MHD: Magnetohydrodynamic drive.

- "Designing a Futuristic Magnetic Turbine (MHD drive)" @PlasmaChannel https://youtube.com/watch?v=WgAIPOSc4TA&"

- "A Compact Electrodynamic Pump using Copper and TPU" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40635173

- Is MHD more or less efficient than the other methods?

(Edit) I wouldn't matter whether the pipe to lift water though is at an angle; Is my intuition bad on it this?

Shallower orbital trajectories are preferred to perpendicular to the gravitational field of the greatest local mass because: is it just Max Q or also total energy?

But the downward force of a column of water in a tube at an angle is no greater than the two pointing straight up, is it?

- Herodotus > Life > Early Travels: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#Early_travels ; https://www.secretofthepyramids.com/herodotus:

> For this, they said, the ten years were spent, and for the underground chambers on the hill upon which the pyramids stand, which he caused to be made as sepulchral chambers for himself in an island, having conducted thither a channel from the Nile

- From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39246398:

> According to the video series on "How the pyramids were built" at https://thepump.org/ by The Pharaoh's Pump Society, the later pyramids had a pool of water at the topmost layer of construction such that they could place and set water-tight blocks of carved stone using a crane barge that everybody walked to the side of to lift.

- "Egypt's pyramids may have been built on a long-lost branch of the Nile" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40410572 :

- Edward Kunkel - "The Pharaoh's Pump" (1967,1977) https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Vq04nQEACAAJ?hl=en https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/4049868

- Stephen Myers: https://www.amazon.com/stores/Steven-Myers/author/B003GNIQ4K : "How the Great Pyramid Operated as a Water Pump" https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPD2zVdMCA-gPa6RqoEHX...

- Chris Massey: https://www.amazon.com/stores/Chris-Massey/author/B00DWXY3FU : "How were the pyramids of egypt really built - Part 1" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJcp13hAO3U&t=401s

- Lingams, though, produce electricity; and there may be electrode marks on some ancient prehistoric possibly geopolymer masonry stones. AI suggested that low level electricity in geopolymer would more quickly remove water from forming "blocks".

- Praveen Mohan: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe3OmUXohXrXnNZSRl5Z9kA

- /? praveen mohan lingam: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=praveen+mohan+l...

- Was the Osireon a hydraulic lift facility without electricity? FWIU the Osireon is a floating megalithic stone block island over a different water source which flows when pressure is applied to it? [citation: one of the following yt videos IIRC]

/?youtube osireon https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=osireion :

- "Secrets of the Osirion | Who Built Egypt's Biggest Megalithic Temple? | Megalithomania" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx-zRw8HEAo&t=271s

> [...] it could be much older with its huge megalithic, perfectly cut blocks resembling those in the 4th Dynasty Valley Temple at Giza. Strabo, who visited the Osirion in the first century BC, said that it was constructed by Ismandes, or Mandes (Amenemhet III), the same builder as the Labyrinth at Hawara. John Anthony West says there were huge floods that occurred in the distant past and the river silt is evident at the site, so could easily be dated. The Osirion at Abydos in Egypt could have had therapeutic effects, according to Dorothy Eady (Omm Sety) who says she got healed by its waters, as did many others. It also has beautiful geometric 'flower of life' carvings on one of the uprights which have yet to be explained, and nubs, polygonal masonry and intricate, subtle striations and smoothing of the stones, which would not look out of place in ancient Peru. Whether it was 'discovered' by Seti, or whether he built it during his reign is discussed in this video.

- "Pre-Egyptian Technology Left By an Advanced Civilization That Disappeared" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3uiMsqptOs

- "The Megalithic Osirion of Egypt: Live Walkthrough and New Observations!" (2024) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TtsKKYLxPM

- Osireion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osireion#Purpose

- Interglacial > Specific interglacials: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacial#Specific_intergla...

- Lake Agassiz > Formation of beaches: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Agassiz#Formation_of_beac...

New "X-Ray Vision" Technique Sees Inside Crystals

Wouldn't this be useful if it were possible to match lattice defects to wave operators and wave functions for QC?

- "Single atom defect in 2D material can hold quantum information at room temp" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40461325 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40478219

- "GAN semiconductor defects could boost quantum technology" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39365467

- "Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844

"Enabling three-dimensional real-space analysis of ionic colloidal crystallization” (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-024-01917-w

[-]

Zero Tolerance for Bias

python has random.shuffle() and random.sample() with an MT Mersenne Twister PRNG for random. https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html#random.shuffle Modules/_randommodule.c: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Modules/_randomm... , Library/random.py: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/random.py#L3...

From "Uniting the Linux random-number devices" (2022) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30377944 :

> > In 2020, the Linux kernel version 5.6 /dev/random only blocks when the CPRNG hasn't initialized. Once initialized, /dev/random and /dev/urandom behave the same. [17]

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37712506 :

> "lock-free concurrency" [...] "Ask HN: Why don't PCs have better entropy sources?" [for generating txids/uuids] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30877296

> "100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations" https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010330

google/paranoid_crypto.lib.randomness_tests: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/tree/main/paranoid...

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Google Mesop: Build web apps in Python

[+]

What other use cases is this tool insufficient for?

BentoML already wins at model hosting in Python IMHO.

What limits this to demos?

IIRC there are a few ways to do ~ipywidgets with react patterns in notebooks, and then it's necessary to host notebooks for users with no online kernel, one kernel for all users (not safe), or a container/vm per user (Voila, JupyterHub, BinderHub, jupyter-repo2docker), or you can build a WASM app and host it statically (repo2jupyterlite,) so that users run their own code in their own browser.

[+]

How could their monorepo build system with distributed build component caching be improved? What is faster at that scale?

FWIU Blaze was rewritten as Bazel without the Omega scheduler integration?

gn wraps Ninja build to build Chromium and Fuschia: https://gn.googlesource.com/gn

[+]

And Wt and JWt, which also handle the server side in C++ and Java. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wt_(web_toolkit) :

> The only server-side framework implementing the strategy of progressive enhancement automatically

Is this still true?

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Ask HN: Should Python web frameworks care about ASGI?

Hey Everyone

I am the author of a Python framework called Robyn. Robyn is one of the fastest Python web frameworks with a Rust runtime.

Robyn offers a variety of features designed to enhance your web development experience. However, one topic that has sparked mixed feelings within the community is Robyn's choice of not supporting ASGI. I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. Specifically, what specific features of ASGI do you miss in Robyn?

You can find Robyn's documentation here(https://robyn.tech/documentation). We're aiming for a v1.0 release soon, and your feedback will be invaluable in determining whether introducing ASGI support should be a priority.

Please avoid generic responses like "ASGI is a standard and should be supported." Instead, I request some tangible insights and evidence-based arguments to help me understand the tangible benefits ASGI could bring to Robyn or the lack of a specific ASGI feature that will hinder you from using Robyn.

Looking forward to your input!

Robyn - https://github.com/sparckles/robyn Docs - https://robyn.tech/documentation

If Robyn is not an instrumented SSL terminating load balancer with HTTP/3 support, there must still be an upstream HTTP server that could support ASGI.

ASGI (like WSGI) makes it possible to compose an application with reusable, tested "middleware" because there's an IInterface there.

awesome-asgi: https://github.com/florimondmanca/awesome-asgi

ASGI docs > Implementations: https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/implementations.html

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Ventoy – Bootable USB Solution

> No need to update Ventoy when a new distro is released

> Most types of OS supported, 1200+ iso files tested ... 90%+ distros in distrowatch.com supported